齐拉西酮联合小剂量氯氮平对男性难治性精神分裂症患者认知功能的影响

目的：观察齐拉西酮联合小剂量氯氮平对男性难治性精神分裂症患者认知功能的影响及临床疗效、安全性研究。方法：将100例男性难治性精神分裂症患者随机分为两组各50例,治疗组给予齐拉西酮联合小剂量氯氮平治疗,对照组给予氯氮平治疗。两组均于治疗前后采用阳性与阴性症状量表（ PANSS ）、韦氏成人智力量表（ WAIS－RC）、个人与社会功能量表（ PSP）及不良反应发生量表评定认知功能影响及临床疗效与安全性。结果：两组患者在治疗12周后PANSS总分及各因子分均明显下降,且差异具有统计学意义（t＝16．98,P＜0．05）;治疗后,治疗组WAIS－RC评分及PSP评分均显著提高,且两组差异具有统计学意义（t＝4．76,2．54;P＜0．05）;治疗12周后,两组间临床疗效相当,且治疗期间,治疗组不良反应的发生率明显低于对照组,两组差异具有统计学意义（χ2＝4．24,P＜0．05）。结论：齐拉西酮联合小剂量氯氮平治疗男性难治性精神分裂症与单用氯氮平治疗临床疗效相当,但安全性高,且能更好地改善患者的认知功能。     

齐拉西酮与利培酮治疗首发精神分裂症对照研究

目的评价齐拉西酮治疗首发精神分裂症的疗效和安全性。方法对76例首发精神分裂症患者分别使用齐拉西酮与利培酮治疗8周,采用阳性与阴性症状量表（PANSS）、临床疗效总评量表的病情严重程度（CGI-SI）、副反应量表（TESS）评定疗效和安全性。结果治疗2、4、8周末两组PANSS总分及各因子分与疗前比较差异有显著性（P〈0.01）。两组间比较各周PANSS总分及各因子分差异无显著性（P〉0.05）,TESS评分差异无显著性（P〉0.05）。结论齐拉西酮治疗首发精神分裂症的疗效和安全性与利培酮相当。     

齐拉西酮对精神分裂症患者生活质量的影响

目的比较齐拉西酮与氯氮平对精神分裂症患者生活质量的影响。方法选取84例患者,随机分为齐拉西酮组42例,氯氮平组42例,分别给予齐拉西酮和氯氮平治疗。疗程12周。在治疗前及治疗2、4、6、8、12周末分别采用阳性与阴性症状量表（PANSS）、副反应量表（TESS）进行疗效、不良反应评定。在治疗前及治疗12周末分别采用生活质量综合评定问卷（GQOLI）、健康状况问卷（SF～36）进行生活质量评估,并对影响生活质量的某些因素进行多元逐步回归分析。结果两组治疗前后PANSS评分差异均有显著性（P〈0．05或P〈0．01）,治疗后组间比较差异无显著性（P〉0．05）。治疗后齐拉西酮组GQOLI、SF-36评分均明显高于氯氮平组。精神症状、药物、不良反应和病程依次进入分裂症患者生活质量的多元回归方程。结论齐拉西酮与氯氮平对精神分裂症患者疗效相当,但生活质量优于氯氮平。     

利培酮和齐拉西酮对首发精神分裂症患者认知功能的影响

目的比较利培酮和齐拉西酮对首发精神分裂症患者认知功能的影响。方法80例首发精神分裂症患者随机分成两组,分别给予利培酮、齐拉西酮治疗8周。治疗前和治疗8周末分别进行阳性和阴性症状量表（PANSS）、韦氏成人记忆量表（WMS—R）、威斯康星卡片分类测验（wcsT）和注意力划销测验（cT）评定。结果两组PANSS总分治疗前后均有显著性差异,利培酮组（t=9．22,P=0．00）,齐拉西酮组（t=11．63,P=0．00）;两组韦氏成人记忆量表（WMS—R）在再认（利培酮组t=2．62,P=0．01,齐拉西酮组t=4．74,P=0．00）、联想（利培酮组t=3．88,P=0．00,齐拉西酮组t=4．21,P=0．00）、理解（利培酮组t=3．59,P：0．00,齐拉西酮组t=4．92,P=0．00）、背数（利培酮组t=3．31,P=0．001,齐拉西酮组t=4．99,P=0．00）及记忆商数因子分（利培酮组t=4．35,P=0．00,齐拉西酮组t=5．09,P=0．00）均较治疗前有显著提高（P〈0．05或P〈0．01）。但齐拉西酮组积累因子分（t=2．86,P=0．005）治疗后显著提高,在利培酮组积累因子无明显改善;两组治疗前后威斯康星卡片分类测验（WCST）比较,利培酮组有3;个指标的改善有统计学意义：测查完成总应答数（RA）（t=2．33,P=0．02）、错误应答数（RE）（t=2．43,P=0．02）、完成需应答百分数（RF％）（t=2．20,P=0．03）;齐拉西酮组治疗后9个指标的改善有统计学意义：完成分类数（CC）（t=2．70,P：0．01）、正确应答数（Rc）（t=2．61,P=0．01）、正确应答百分比（RC％）（t=2．52,P=0．01）、错误应答数（RE）（t=2．70,P=0．008）、完成需应答百分数（RF％）（t=3．02,P=0．003）、持续性应答数（RP）（t=4．08,P=0．000）、持续性错误（RPE）（t=2．12,P=0．03）、持续错误的百分数（RPE％）（t=2．47,P=0．02）、不能维持完整分类数（FM）（t=3．77,P=0．000）;治疗后两组注意力划销测验（CT）总分均增加,利培酮组（t=2．33,P=0．022）,齐拉西酮组（t=2．74,P=0．008）。结论利培酮和齐拉西酮与均能有效缓解首发分裂症的阳性症状和阴性症状,但齐拉西酮能更好地改善患者的认知功能,改善患者的注意力和记忆功能。     

奥派对精神分裂症患者认知功能的影响

目的 探讨奥派治疗对分裂症患者认知功能的影响。方法 以入院顺序分层随机法．将奥派与维思通治疗精神分裂症各40例作对照研究,在治疗前和治疗后2、4、8、12周末,用阳性症状及阴性症状量表（PANSS）．不良反应量表（TESS）评定疗效及副反应,用韦氏成人智力量表（WAIS—R）、韦氏记忆量表（WMS）和威斯康星卡片分类测验（WCST）评定治疗前后患者认知功能的改变。分析量表中备领域的计分。结果 两组PANSS总分在治疗后与治疗前比较有显著性差异（P〈0．01）．奥派组有效率92．5％,显效率80％;维思通组有效率90％,显效率80％。两组间疗效无显著性差异（P〉0．05）．且两组言语量表、操作量表、全量表和记忆量表分比治疗前明显提高。治疗后8、12周末TESS评分,研究组均低于对照组．有显著性差异（P〈0．01）。结论 奥派治疗精神分裂症疗效确切,且安全性高,对认知功能的改善彻底。     

帕利哌酮对首发精神分裂症的疗效和认知功能的影响

目的探讨帕利哌酮对首发精神分裂症患者的疗效及认知功能的影响。方法对42例首发精神分裂症患者给予帕利哌酮治疗12周,治疗前后进行修订韦氏成人记忆量表(WMS-RC)记忆广度(MS)、威斯康星卡片分类测验(WCST)和阳性与阴性症状量表(PANSS)等评定,并与45例正常人对照。结果研究组治疗12周后,PANSS量表各项指标分值均较治疗前有显著下降(P<0.01)。研究组治疗前后WCST卡片总数(t=3.93,P=0.000)、持续错误(t=2.09,P=0.039)、随机错误(t=3.78,P=0.000)、WMS-RC总分(t=2.37,P=0.020)、记忆商数(t=4.20,P=0.000)均有显著性差异。研究组治疗后在上述WCST、MS数字广度与对照组比较仍有显著性差异(P均<0.05)。治疗前WCST卡片总数、持续错误、随机错误与PANSS总分呈正相关,而WMS-RC总分、记忆商数与阴性症状因子分呈负相关。结论帕利哌酮对精神分裂症有良好的疗效,并能改善认知功能障碍。     

疏肝解郁胶囊对老年心血管病患者伴发焦虑情绪的疗效观察

目的：探讨疏肝解郁胶囊对老年心血管病患者伴发焦虑情绪的疗效。方法：将88例伴有焦虑情绪的老年心血管病患者随机分为两组,研究组45例,对照组43例。研究组采用疏肝解郁胶囊治疗,对照组采用帕罗西汀治疗。疗效评定采用汉密尔顿焦虑量表（ HAMA）,主观幸福感评定采用费城老年中心信心量表（ PGC）,副反应评定采用治疗中需处理的不良反应症状量表（ TESS）。结果：①有效率比较：分别为88．4％和94．9％（χ2＝0．43,P＞0．05）;②HAMA比较：两组量表评分较治疗前均降低（P＜0．05）,但治疗2周后研究组较对照组下降更明显（t＝2．4002,P＜0．05）;③PGC量表比较：治疗8周后两组量表总分及各项因子分均较治疗前明显改善（P均＜0．05）,但研究组在总分、激越因子、孤独与不满因子较对照组改善明显（ t＝4．0624,2．7058,2．7306,P均＜0．05）;④不良反应发生率比较：分别为6．98％和43．59％（t＝10．34,P＜0．05）。结论：疏肝解郁胶囊对老年心血管病患者伴发焦虑情绪疗效与帕罗西汀疗效相当,不良反应小,适合临床推广使用。     

艾司西酞普兰联合森田疗法治疗强迫症的疗效观察

目的：比较艾司西酞普兰联合森田疗法与单用艾司西酞普兰治疗强迫症的临床疗效。方法：将56例强迫症患者分为研究组和对照组,研究组给予艾司西酞普兰联合森田疗法治疗,对照组只给予艾司西酞普兰治疗。疗程8周。所有患者均评定耶鲁－布朗强迫症状量表（ Y－BOCS ）,并评定康复效果。结果：2周后,研究组Y－BOCS评分低于治疗前（t＝21．5,P＜0．05）,4周后,对照组Y－BOCS评分低于治疗前（t＝2．09,P＜0．05）,且研究组Y－BOCS评分低于对照组（t＝3．27,4．62,6．31;P均＜0．01）;8周后,总有效率研究组高于对照组（χ2＝3．87,P＜0．05）。结论：艾司西酞普兰联合森田疗法治疗强迫症效果优于单纯药物治疗。     

Comparative Study on the Effect of Ziprasidone and Risperdone on Quality of Life of Patients with Schizophrenia

目的 比较齐拉西酮与利培酮对首发精神分裂症患者生活质量的影响.方法 将符合条件的71例首发精神分裂症患者随机给予齐拉西酮和利培酮治疗,用阳性与阴性症状量表(PANSS)评定疗效,副反应量表和相关实验室检查评定副反应,精神分裂症病人生活质量量表评定患者的生活质量.结果 治疗后两组患者在PANSS量表减分率相当(x2=0.40,P＞0.05),副反应发生率上无显著差异(x2=0.40,P＞0.05),而齐拉西酮组在改善病人生活质量方面的效果明显高于利培酮组(P＜0.01).结论 齐拉西酮在提高精神分裂症患者生活质量方面的效果明显优于利培酮.     

齐拉西酮治疗慢性精神分裂症的疗效观察

目的了解齐拉西酮治疗慢性精神分裂症的疗效及安全性。方法100例慢性精神分裂症患者随机分为两组（齐拉西酮组50例，氯氮平组50例），观察组以齐拉西酮治疗8周的起效时间、疗效及不良反应情况与氯氮平相比较，分别在治疗0、1、2、4、8周评定PANSS和TESS量表，在0、2、4、6、8周末检查血常规、心电图和肝肾功能。结果齐拉西酮与氯氮平疗效相当，齐拉西酮能迅速减轻精神症状，不良反应少，严重程度轻。结论齐拉西酮治疗精神分裂症安全有效。     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.     

Der Einfluß von Nahrungsmitteln und Rauchen auf die klinisch-chemische Diagnostik von Phäochromozytom,Neuroblastom und Karzinoid-Syndrom

Zusammenfassung Der Einfluß von verschiedenen Nahrungsmitteln auf Methoden zur Bestimmung von Adrenalin (AD), Noradrenalin (NA), Vanillinmandelsäure (VMS), Metanephrinen (MN), Homovanillinsäure (HVS) und 5-Hydroxyindolessigsäure (5-HIE) im 24 h-Harn zur Diagnose des Phäochromozytoms bzw. Karzinoid-Syndroms wurde untersucht. Die in die Untersuchung einbezogenen Nahrungsmittel waren: Tee, Kaffee, Mandeln, Ananas, Käse, Walnüsse, Vanillepudding, Bananen, Tomaten und Milchschokolade. Außerdem wurde der Einfluß des Zigarettenrauchens auf die Bestimmung von AD, NA, VMS und MN untersucht.Walnüsse führten zu einer starken Erhöhung der 5-HIE-Ausscheidung. Bananen erhöhten die Ausscheidung von AD, NA, VMS, MN und 5-HIE. Kaffee und Ananas bewirkten eine geringe Zunahme der MN-Werte. Rauchen von 20–30 Zigaretten/Tag beeinflußte keine der vier Variablen.Wenn die beschriebenen Methoden benutzt werden, sollte lediglich auf den Verzehr von Bananen und Walnüssen vor und während der Harnsammelperioden verzichtet werden, da die oberen Normgrenzen im Harn überschritten werden könnten. Ein Verzicht auf Kaffee und Ananas in normalen Mengen ist nicht erforderlich. Es besteht kein Anlaß, weiterhin die bisherigen umfangreichen Restriktionen der übrigen Nahrungsmittel beizubehalten.