疗养期间综合心理干预对军事战斗机飞行员心理阳性因子的影响

目的:探讨综合心理干预对军事战斗机飞行员心理阳性因子的影响。方法:采用症状自评量表(SCL一90),对80例1项或多项心理因子阳性的军事战斗机飞行员进行个人和团体的心理干预,主要干预内容为减压放松训练、身心平衡干预训练、团体心理行为训练、"放飞心灵"团体绘画心理辅导及团体心理知识技能讲座,对照干预前后该群体心理阳性因子数的改变情况。结果:(1)军事战斗机飞行员行综合干预前,强迫、敌对、人际关系、躯体化、抑郁等因子阳性检出率均较高,分别为38.75%、36.25%、27.50%,23.75%21.25%;(2)军事战斗机飞行员行综合心理干预后心理阳性因子的检出率低于干预前,强迫、敌对、人际关系、躯体化、抑郁等因子阳性检出率分别为15.0%、10.0%、8.75%、6.25%、7.5%;(3)综合心理干预后,躯体化、强迫、人际关系、抑郁、焦虑、敌对、恐惧、偏执、精神病性等因子阳性检出率均低于干预前(χ~2=12.071,17.052,13.067,9.090,5.143,19.048,4.167,9.090,5.143),差异有统计学意义(P0.01或0.05)。结论:军事战斗机飞行员特殊的工作性质决定了其某些心理因子阳性检出率偏高;综合心理干预可有效改善军事战斗机飞行员的阳性心理症状。     

虚拟现实训练对事故后飞行员应激障碍康复的影响

目的:探讨军事应激条件下事故后飞行员心理健康状况和虚拟现实训练对事故后飞行员应激障碍康复的效果,为临床心理工作提供理论依据。方法:对经历飞行事故后产生军事应激障碍的5名飞行员进行虚拟现实训练,收集训练前后心理测评数据,比较事故后飞行员训练前后心理健康状况。结果:虚拟现实训练后事故后飞行员自我和谐度显著提高(Z=-2.041,-2.032,-2.023,-2.041;P0.05)。症状自评量表中躯体化、抑郁、焦虑、敌对、恐怖因子得分显著降低(Z=-2.032,-2.041,-2.023,-2.023,-2.032;P0.05)。结论:虚拟现实训练能够调节事故后飞行员军事应激反应,改善其心理健康状况。     

综合医院护士心理健康状况及相关因素的调查研究

目的 了解综合医院护士心理健康状况。方法 采用SCL－90、SDS、SAS对522名护士进行调查,将SCL－90各因子分、SDS和SAS总分分别与全国常模进行比较,并与年龄作相关分析。结果 SCL－90的躯体化、强迫、抑郁、焦虑、恐怖、偏执及精神病性因子与年龄为负相关（P＜0．01）,而人际关系因子低于常模（P＜0．05）,敌对与常模无差异;强迫、人际关系、焦虑、偏执及精神病性因子与年龄为负相关（P＜0．05）,躯体化与年龄正相关（P＜0．01）,其余各因子与年龄无关。SDS、SAS决分均高于常模且在统计学上有显著性差异（P＜0．01）,与年龄相关性无统计学意义。结论 护士的心理健康状况有一定的独特性,可针对这种独特性进行心理指导,提高护士的心理素质、减轻她们的心理压力。     

高性能战斗机飞行员心理训练效果

目的探讨心理训练对高性能战斗机飞行员心理健康状况、自我和谐程度及人际信任的影响。方法将高性能战斗机飞行员随机分为训练组(84名)和对照组(62名),训练组接受为期5次的心理训练。比较训练前后两组的SCL-90量表、信任量表和自我和谐量表的差异。结果训练组训练后的SCL-90量表总分(t=3.7103,-2.073;P0.05)、阳性项目数(t=-3.7103,-24.512;P0.01)、人际关系敏感(t=-2.2678,-1.994;P0.05)、忧郁(t=-2.0771,-2.348;P0.05)、焦虑(t=-2.297,-2.096;P0.05)、敌对(t=-2.7548,-2.138;P0.05)和其它(t=-2.349,-3.427;P0.05)共7个因子的得分显著低于训练前及未经训练者,而强迫(t=-2.3751,P0.05)、偏执(t=-3.4932,P0.01)、精神病性(t=-2.0766,P0.05)3因子的得分显著低于训练前;训练后的人际信任总分(t=3.4970,P0.01)显著高于训练前及未经心理训练者(t=2.5031,P0.01);训练后的自我和谐总分(t=-3.0697,P0.01)显著低于训练前及未经心理训练者(t=-2.3324,P0.05)。结论心理训练对高性能战斗机飞行员的心理健康水平、人际信任及自我和谐程度有明显改善,并优于未经训练者。     

不同军兵种优秀官兵认知能力、个性与心理特征

目的：探讨不同军兵种优秀官兵的认知能力、个性特征与心理状况,了解其各自的特点。方法：采用李德明编制《基本认知能力测验》2．0版、艾森克个性问卷（EPQ）和症状自评量表（SCL－90）,选取陆（装甲兵）、海（潜艇兵）、空（飞行员）3兵种具有代表性的优秀岗位人员进行调查,并将结果进行比较。结果：3组官兵认知能力特征方面得分存在显著性差异（F＝3．24～4．58,P＜0．05）。3组官兵EPQ调查显示,E分方面飞行员、装甲兵和潜艇兵依次降低（F＝8．54,P＜0．05）,N、P分方面装甲兵、潜艇兵和飞行员依次增高（F＝4．67,5．35;P＜0．05或0．01）;SCL－90总分及各因子分之间存在明显差异,潜艇兵SCL－90总分、躯体化及人际关系敏感高于其他两个兵种,强迫和恐怖两因子得分飞行员明显高于其它两兵种,而焦虑、抑郁因子装甲兵得分最高（F＝3．26～4．87,P＜0．05）。结论：不同兵种优秀官兵之间认知能力、EPQ和SCL－90存在显著性差异,不同岗位有其各自特点,总体来说,飞行员要优于其它两兵种,可能同飞行员的心理选拔起步早,检测和心理训练系统更加完善有关。     

黎族大一新生的症状自评量表研究

目的：探究海南少数民族大学新生的心理健康状况及其影响因素,进一步提出针对黎族大学生的心理健康教育对策,探讨少数民族大学生心理健康干预体系的构建。方法：运用国内外广泛引用的症状自评量表（ SCL－9O）对180名海南省黎族大一新生展开心理健康测查。结果：SCL－90总均分的阳性筛选率为17．8％;男生在人际（t＝－2．577,P＜0．05）、忧郁、焦虑和恐怖（t＝－3．902,－3．899,－5．934;P＜0．01）4个因子上的得分显著低于女生,差异有统计学意义;来自农村的学生在人际（t＝－4．498,P＜0．01）、忧郁（t＝－2．553,P＜0．05）、焦虑（t＝－2．706,P＜0．05）、恐怖（t＝－4．154,P＜0．01）和精神病性（t＝－2．008,P＜0．05）5个因子上的得分显著高于来自城镇的学生,差异有统计学意义。结论：与全国大学生心理健康常模相比,黎族大一新生的心理健康状况较好,但是又在多个因子上存在着一定的生源和性别差异。     

Effect of Psychological Quality Training on Recruits' Mental Health

目的 探讨团体心理素质训练对新兵心理健康水平的影响.方法 将110名新兵随机分为两组(A组,B组),并在训练期间接受心理健康教育辅导,其中B组在接受辅导的同时进行团体心理素质训练.采用症状自评量表(SCL- 90)在训练前后对两组新兵进行心理测试.结果 ①干预后A组新兵在躯体、人际关系、焦虑、敌对、偏执、阳性项目数上得分显著低于干预前(P＜0.05),B组新兵在躯体、强迫、人际关系、焦虑、敌对、偏执、精神、阳性项目上得分显著低于干预前(P＜0.05);②干预前A、B两组新兵在各项因子得分上无显著差异;干预后A组新兵在强迫、人际关系、敌对、阳性项目数上的得分显著高于B组新兵(P＜0.05),在躯体、抑郁、焦虑、恐怖、偏执、精神因子得分上高于B组新兵,但无显著差异.说明B组新兵接受的干预模式效果好.结论 团体心理素质训练结合心理健康教育可以提高新兵适应能力,提高心理健康水平.     

精神分裂症患者一级亲属心理调查

目的：探讨精神分裂症患者一级亲属心理状态及个性特征。方法：采用SCL－90症状自评量表及艾森克个性量表对研究组230例精神分裂症患者一级亲属进行心理测试,并将调查结果与常模对照分析研究。结果：在SCL－90评定中,研究组与对照总分、躯体化、抑郁、焦虑、恐怖、偏执、精神病等因子分高于常模（t＝8．86,16．11,6．19,9．22,15．78,17．07,16．43;P＜0．05）。 EPQ评定中研究组与对照组比较,E分男女均低于常模（ t＝6．57,6．55;P＜0．05）;N分男女均高于常模（t＝7．29,4．85;P＜0．05）。结论：精神分裂症亲属存在明显心理问题,具有不良的性格特征,应对其进行必要的心理干预。     

中等职业学校学生心理健康状况

目的 了解中职学生心理健康状况,为学校开展心理健康教育提供科学依据.方法 采取整群抽样,用症状自评量表(SCL—90)评估广东省肇庆市某中等职业学校1220名学生的心理健康状况.结果 至少有1个因子得分≥2,3,4分的学生依次占70.66％、21.23％、4.10％;单因子得分≥2分的学生比例均较高,其中强迫症状和人际关系敏感因子最突出,均超过50％;躯体化因子最低,为18.2％;其余各因子主要集中在30％～40％之间;女生躯体化、强迫症状、人际关系敏感、抑郁、焦虑、敌对性、恐怖因子得分高于男生(t=2.70,3.81,2.56,6.02,6.20,2.21,10.40;P＜0.05);新生强迫症状、人际关系敏感、抑郁、焦虑、敌对、精神病性因子得分低于高年级学生(t=-2.25,-2.54,-2.83,-3.09,-2.48,-2.41;P＜0.05);躯体化和敌对因子得分低于全国中学生常模(t=-2.47,-1.98;P＜0.05),人际关系敏感、恐怖和偏执因子得分高于全国中学生常模(t=10.03,15.34,2.30;P＜0.05).结论 中职学生心理问题检出率高,心理健康水平相对较低,需加强心理健康教育.     

团体心理素质训练对新兵心理健康状况的影响研究

目的探讨团体心理素质训练对新兵心理健康水平的影响。方法将110名新兵随机分为两组(A组,B组),并在训练期间接受心理健康教育辅导,其中B组在接受辅导的同时进行团体心理素质训练。采用症状自评量表(SCL-90)在训练前后对两组新兵进行心理测试。结果①干预后A组新兵在躯体、人际关系、焦虑、敌对、偏执、阳性项目数上得分显著低于干预前(P<0.05),B组新兵在躯体、强迫、人际关系、焦虑、敌对、偏执、精神、阳性项目上得分显著低于干预前(P<0.05);②干预前A、B两组新兵在各项因子得分上无显著差异;干预后A组新兵在强迫、人际关系、敌对、阳性项目数上的得分显著高于B组新兵(P<0.05),在躯体、抑郁、焦虑、恐怖、偏执、精神因子得分上高于B组新兵,但无显著差异。说明B组新兵接受的干预模式效果好。结论团体心理素质训练结合心理健康教育可以提高新兵适应能力,提高心理健康水平。     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.