小学教师主观幸福感及其影响因素

目的：研究与小学教师主观幸福感相关的因素，寻找提高教师幸福感的有效途径。方法：用总体幸福感量表和压力来源量表对合肥市经济开发区小学139名教师进行测查。结果：小学教师主观幸福感平均分高于理论平均分；男教师主观幸福感显著高于女教师（t＝2．734，P＜0．01），同时在忧郁与愉快心境（t＝2．236，P＜0．05）对情感行为控制（t＝2．613，P＝0．01）上差异显著；未婚教师在紧张因子上得分显著高于已婚教师（t＝2．147，P＜0．05）；收入高的教师主观幸福感显著高于收入低者（F＝2．905，P＜0．05），忧郁愉快心境差异显著（F＝5．660，P＜0．01）；教师年龄与主观幸福感（r＝0．209，P＜0．05）和忧郁与愉快心境（r＝0．234，P＜0．01）低相关；年龄与主观幸福感（r＝0．415，P＝0．014）及忧郁愉快心境（r＝0．108，P＝0．006）显著线性相关。工作量压力与精力大小（r＝－0．225，P＝0．008）、家庭情感压力与紧张松弛（r＝－0．207，P＝0．015）、人际关系压力与情感行为控制（r＝－0．184，P＝0．030）显著负相关。结论：性别，年龄，收入及压力来源对小学教师主观幸福感有显著影响。     

老年人总体幸福感与人格特征、社会支持的关系

目的：探讨老年人总体幸福感与人格特征、社会支持的关系。方法：采用总体幸福感量表、艾森克人格问卷和社会支持评定量表,对山东6地市的497名60岁以上老年人进行问卷调查。结果：①老年人总体幸福感无明显的性别差异和城乡差异（t＝0．13,P＝0．90;t＝－1．24,P＝0．22）;②外向、低精神质、低神经质的老年人总体幸福感显著高于内向、高精神质、高神经质的老年人（F＝37．39,42．30,47．93;P＜0．01）;③除主观支持外,社会支持各维度与老年人总体幸福感呈显著正相关（r＝0．22,0．17;P＜0．01）。结论：人格特征和社会支持对老年人总体幸福感都有一定预测作用,是影响老年人总体幸福感的两个重要因素。     

大学生社会支持、心理控制源与主观幸福感的关系

目的：探讨大学生社会支持、心理控制源与主观幸福感的关系。方法：采用社会支持、心理控制源及主观幸福感问卷对376名大学生进行测量，结果：①社会支持、心理控制源与总体主观幸福感、生活满意度以及积极情感之间呈显著正相关（r在0．17至0．36之间，P〈0．01）；社会支持、心理控制源与消极情感呈显著负相关（r=-0．20，r=-0．26，P〈0．01）。②社会支持对心理控制源和主观幸福感各维度回归效应显著（β=0．52，β＝0．71）；③心理控制源在社会支持的基础之上对主观幸福感各维度回归效应显著（β=0．64），是社会支持与主观幸福感的中介变量。结论：社会支持通过心理控制源的中介影响主观幸福感。     

农村留守妇女心理韧性及其与社会支持的关系

目的：探讨农村留守妇女心理韧性现状及其与社会支持的关系。方法：采用CD－韧性量表和社会支持评定量表（ SSRS）对农村留守妇女进行问卷调查。结果：①农村留守妇女心理韧性总体得分较高,且婚龄对农村留守妇女的心理韧性有显著正向预测作用（Beta＝0．381,P＜0．01）;②心理韧性总分与社会支持存在显著的正相关（r＝0．253,P＜0．05）。其中,主观支持维度与心理韧性有显著正相关（r＝0．274,P＜0．05）,对心理韧性有显著的正向预测作用（ r＝0．274,P＜0．05）。结论：农村留守妇女的主观支持能预测心理韧性。     

生活事件社会支持对大学生主观幸福感的影响研究

本研究探讨生活事件、社会支持对大学生主观幸福感的影响。采用整体随机取样法，用《社会支持量表》《正负生活事件量表》《主观幸福感量表》对270名在校大学生进行调查分析。结果显示：①不同性别、城乡、是否独生子女大学生主观幸福感得分差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）；②自我意识、学校学习、人际交往、恋爱、工作与社会适应、休闲活动、幸福感总分分别与正性事件总分呈正相关（P〈0．01）；工作与社会适应和经济或身体变坏呈正相关（P〈0．05）；家庭环境与正性事件总分呈正相关（P〈0．05）；幸福感总分与负性事件总分呈负相关（P〈0．05）；③自我意识、学校学习、人际交往、家庭环境、幸福感总分均与家庭内支持、家庭外支持、社会领悟支持总分呈正相关（P〈0．01）；恋爱与家庭外支持呈正相关（P〈0．05）；工作与社会适应和家庭内支持、领悟社会支持总分呈正相关（P〈0．05）；休闲活动与家庭内支持呈正相关（P〈0．05），与家庭外支持、社会领悟支持总分呈正相关（P〈0．01）；④家庭外支持、正性事件总分、独生子女3个因子对大学生主观幸福感有预测作用，其联合解释值为37．3％。本研究表明，可以从刺激增加正性生活事件的发生和提供更多的家庭外支持两个方面对大学生的主观幸福感进行积极干预。     

成人依恋对主观幸福感的影响：积极应对的中介作用

目的：考察不同应对方式在成人依恋对主观幸福感影响中的中介效应。方法：采用亲密关系经历量表、简易应对量表和主观幸福感量表组合对552名大学生进行自评式问卷调查。结果：中介效应分析显示，积极应对方式在依恋焦虑和依恋回避对主观幸福感的影响中起中介作用，中介效应分别为－0．09（P＜0．01）和－0．15（P＜0．001），而消极应对方式的中介效应不显著。路径系数分析显示，依恋焦虑对积极应对和消极应对有显著影响，标准化路径系数分别为－0．17（P＜0．01）和0．33（P＜0．001）；依恋回避对积极应对有显著影响，标准化路径系数为－0．29（P＜0．001），对消极应对无显著影响；积极应对对主观幸福感有显著影响，标准化路径系数为0．50（P＜0．001），消极应对对主观幸福感无显著影响。结论：依恋焦虑和依恋回避的个体缺少相应的积极应对策略，进而在一定程度上影响其主观幸福感水平。     

农村大学生自我接纳与主观幸福感关系研究

目的探讨农村大学生自我接纳与主观幸福感关系。方法采用自我接纳问卷（SAQ）和Campbell幸福感指数量表对320名农村大学生进行团体施测。结果①农村大学生在自我接纳上存在显著性别差异（t=2．378，P〈0．05），其总体情感指数存在文理科差异（t=2．092，P〈0．05）。②农村大学生的自我接纳总分与主观幸福感具有明显正相关（r=0．478，P〈0．01）。自我接纳的2个维度一自我接纳与自我评价与主观幸福感也呈显著正相关（P〈0．01）。③自我接纳、自我评价对主观幸福感的回归方程显著（F=46．799；P〈0．001），可以解释主观幸福感23．4％的变异。结论农村大学生的自我接纳、自我评价对其主观幸福感有一定的预测作用。     

湖南省老年人亲子支持与主观幸福感的相关研究

目的：探讨老年人和成年子女之间的亲子支持对老年人主观幸福感的影响。方法：采用纽纷兰大学幸福度量表（MUNSH）和申继亮等编制的老年人亲子支持问卷对湖南省内5个地市的321名老年人进行问卷调查。结果：经t检验，城市和农村老年人主观幸福感总分的差异不显著（t=-0．569，P〉0，05）。总接受支持、总给予支持与主观幸福感总分的相关系数分别为0．259和0．131。经逐步回归分析．接受经济支持和接受情感支持对主观幸福感总分有显著的正向预测作用，二者贡献率为8-3％。结论：亲子支持与老年人主观幸福感显著相关，接受经济支持和接受情感支持对老年人主观幸福感有显著正向预测作用。     

空巢老人生活质量和心理及社会支持

目的：探讨影响空巢老人生活质量因素,为今后实施社会支持性心理干预方案,提高空巢老人的生活质量,促进社区空巢老人的心理健康提供依据。方法：随机抽取60岁及以上的空巢老人共480名为研究对象,对其进行统一问卷调查。调查内容主要包括一般资料、生活质量（GQOLI－74）、社会支持（SRSS）和心理健康（SCL－90）状况等。结果：空巢老人的生活质量在年龄、性别、居住地、婚姻状况、经济状况、受教育程度间差异均有统计学意义（t＝6．69,2．07,3．65,5．35,19．91,10．00;P＜0．01）,其中在婚姻状况、经济状况和受教育程度方面达到极显著差异（t＝5．35,19．91,10．00;P＜0．001）;生活质量总分和SCL－90总分（r＝－0．583,P＜0．01）及社会支持总分（r＝0．595,P＜0．01）之间均存在显著相关。结论：空巢老人生活质量的好坏与空巢老人的心理健康水平和社会支持水平密切相关。     

医学生人文素质与主观幸福感的关系

目的：在调查医学生人文素质水平的基础上,探究人文素质与主观幸福感的关系,为将积极心理学理念引入到医学生人文素质教育中奠定基础。方法：采用自编的医学生人文素质问卷和幸福感指数量表,对广州某医科大学488名医学生进行调查,使用SPSS 19．0软件对数据进行统计分析。结果：①医学生人文素质得分为（76．70±7．00）,幸福感指数总得分为（10．60±2．20）,幸福感水平中等偏上;②女生的人文素质得分和人文精神得分明显高于男生（P＜0．01）,但幸福感指数总得分没有明显差异,大五学生的幸福感指数总得分显著低于其他年级的学生（P＜0．05）;③医学生人文素质水平与主观幸福感显著正相关（r＝0．301,P＜0．01）。结论：医学生人文素质与幸福感水平正相关,人文素质高的医学生可能会有较高的幸福感,同时幸福感的提升可能也会提升人文素质水平。     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

The universal muscular chain reaction,muscle spasm,Torsions, ruptures and extravasations. Chameleons of pathology and some manifestations of simple muscular disorders

Most bodily functions require the coordinated actions of complementary and supplementary paired muscle groups. Where this essential muscular cooperation is lacking, hollow organs may burst and others become literally screwed up, giving rise to many similar spastic diseases such as Torticollis, Twisted ovarian cyst, Torsion of the Testis, Volvulus of the intestines, Varicose Veins, Megacolon, Aortamegaly, Scoliosis, Erb's Palsy, Peyronie's Disease, Main-en-Griffe, Undescended Foot (Pes Cavus), Talipes, Strabismus. Spasm is “panenepidemic” and unclassified examples of Torsion Dystonia and Dyskinesia really are as common as debt and taxes.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

Hypo- und Hypermagnesämie aus kardiologischer Sicht

Zusammenfassung Eine Reihe pathologischer Zustände bedingen Magnesiummangel. Zustände mit Hypermagnesämie sind ebenfalls bekannt, doch wesentlich seltener. Für den Kardiologen beachtenswert ist, daß unter Therapie mit bestimmten Diuretica bei Herzinsuffizienz, bei Herzinfarkt, Kardiomyopathie, Digitalisintoxikation und bestimmten Herzrhythmusstörungen Hypomagnesämie beobachtet wurde. Leider kann in der klinischen Routine nur ein extracelluläres Magnesiumdefizit durch Serumbestimmungen gemessen werden; über Magnesiummangel einzelner Organe kann nichts ausgesagt werden. Hinweise für Magnesiummangel geben aber neben der Messung des Serumspiegels Anamnese, klinischer Befund, bestimmte EKG-Veränderungen wie auch evtl. Hypokalämie, ein Zustand, bei dem sich oft — besonders bei Aldosteronismus — parallele Veränderungen zeigten.Tierexperimente deuten darauf hin, daß infarktähnliche Läsionen unter Magnesiummangel entstehen, doch ob Herzinfarkt beim Menschen durch Magnesiummangel ausgelöst werden kann, ist noch ungeklärt. In Leichenherzen zeigte sich im Infarktgebiet neben Calciumakkumulation signifikanter Magnesiumverlust, wobei unklar blieb, ob sich Ursache oder Folge des Infarktes widerspiegelten. Falls ein ursächlicher Zusammenhang besteht, ist er im Myokardstoffwechsel selbst zu suchen, wie bei der Alkoholkardiomyopathie, wo myokardialer Magnesiummangel zumindest als pathogenetischer Teilfaktor anerkannt wird. Andererseits versucht man aber auch Beziehungen zwischen Atherosklerose, Blutgerinnung und Hypomagnesämie herzustellen, in der Meinung, daß Magnesiummangel auch über den coronaren Pathomechanismus des Herzinfarktes wirken könnte. Sicher scheint, daß gewisse EKG-Veränderungen und Herzrhythmusstörungen durch einen irritierten Magnesiumhaushalt bedingt sein können, da sie bei Gabe bzw. Entzug von Magnesium verschwinden. Daß Magnesiummangel die Glykosidtoleranz verringert, wird tierexperimentell bestätigt. Unter Hypomagnesämie bewirkt Acetylstrophanthidin eher und länger Rhythmusstörungen als ohne, außerdem lassen diese sich durch Magnesiumgaben eliminieren. Da in gewissen Fällen spontane und digitalisinduzierte Herzrythmusstörungen durch Magnesiuminjektionen beseitigt wurden, scheint Magnesium als Therapeuticum angebracht. Einsatz verschiedener Magnesiumsalze bei Angina pectoris, degenerativen Herzerkrankungen und Herzinsuffizienz ohne geprüften und offensichtlich gestörten Magnesiumhaushalt ist fragwürdig, weil keine eindeutigen klinischen Erfolgsbeweise vorliegen. Immerhin mag es aber larvierte, durch Serumbestimmungen nicht erfaßbare Mangelzustände geben. Allgemein erscheint es aus kardiologischer Sicht ratsam, den Magnesiumhaushalt zu überwachen und in entsprechenden Fällen auszugleichen, um möglichen Myokardläsionen oder fatalen Herzrhythmusstörungen entgegenzuwirken.     

Environmental risk factors and their role in the management of atopic dermatitis

Introduction: The etiology of atopic dermatitis (AD) is multifactorial with interaction between genetics, immune and environmental factors.

Areas covered: We review the role of prenatal exposures, irritants and pruritogens, pathogens, climate factors, including temperature, humidity, ultraviolet radiation, outdoor and indoor air pollutants, tobacco smoke exposure, water hardness, urban vs. rural living, diet, breastfeeding, probiotics and prebiotics on AD.

Expert commentary: The increased global prevalence of AD cannot be attributed to genetics alone, suggesting that evolving environmental exposures may trigger and/or flare disease in predisposed individuals. There is a complex interplay between different environmental factors, including individual use of personal care products and exposure to climate, pollution, food and other exogenous factors. Understanding these complex risk factors is crucial to developing targeted interventions to prevent the disease in millions. Moreover, patients require counseling on optimal regimens for minimization of exposure to irritants and pruritogens and other harmful exposures.     

Class II HLA in Georgia Caucasus Tbilisi Georgians and their Mediterranean ancestry: The Usko Mediterranean languages

Georgia (or Sakartvelo in its own language) is a South Caucasus Mts. country with its easternmost part is enigmatically named Iberia, like the Iberian Peninsula, which may refer to rivers “Kura” and “Ebro” or their valleys respectively. Most of their inhabitants speak Georgian which is included within Dene-Caucasian group and Usko-Mediterranean subgroup of languages. The latter includes Basque, Berber, ancient Iberian-Tartessian, Etruscan, Hittite, Minoan Lineal A and others. In the present paper, HLA class II -DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles has been studied and extended haplotypes calculated. Most frequent haplotypes are also of Mediterranean origin (i. e.: (A*02-B*51)-DRB1*11:01-DQB1*03:01, (A*02-B*51)-DRB1*13:01-DQB1*06:03, or (A*24-B*35)-DRB1*01:01-DQB1*05:01) and DA genetic distances show that closest world populations to Georgians are Mediterraneans. Georgians also show common extended haplotypes ((A*02-B*51)-DRB1*11:01-DQB1*03:01, (A*02-B*13)-DRB1*07:01-DQB1*02:01 and (A*03-B*35)-DRB1*11:01-DQB1*03:01) with Svan people, a secluded population in North Georgia mountains. We can conclude that Georgians belong to a very old Mediterranean substratum according to both linguistics (Usko Mediterranean languages) and HLA genetics.     

HLA genes in Amerindians from Mexico San Vicente Tancuayalab Teenek/Huastecos

Huastecos or Teenek Amerindians are presently living at North East Mexico (San Luis Potosi State). They have probably one of the most ancient culture of Mexico and Central America together with Mayas and Olmec groups with which also show close relationships. Proximity to Atlantic Ocean/Mexican Gulf originated that Spaniards had very early contact with them at about 1519 CE or before. In the present paper we have aimed to study HLA gene profile which may be useful for HLA and disease epidemiology and transplant programs in Teeneks. HLA-DRB1*04:07, -DRB1*14:06 and -DRB1*04:11 have been found in high frequency like in other Amerindian groups. High frequency typical Amerindians HLA extended haplotypes have been found, such as A*02-B*35-DRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02; A*68-B*39-DRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 and A*02-B*39-DRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02; also new haplotypes have been described, like A*02-B*52-DRB1*04:11-DQB1*03:02, A*68-B*35-DRB1*14:02-DQB1*03:01 and A*68-B*40-DRB1*16:02-DQB1*03:01. Genetic proximity is observed not only to linguistically close Mayans, but also to Mazatecans, Mixtecans and Zapotecans, who speak an altogether different languages; it shows once more that genes and languages do not correlate. This population was greatly diminished after European contact between 1500 and 1600 years CE; in fact, North and South America First Inhabitants population was brought from 80 down to 8 million people because of diseases (i.e.: measles, smallpox or influenza), slavery and war.