面孔识别的意识加工和自动加工及其发展性

目的:区别面孔识别的意识加工和自动加工,探讨其发展机制。方法:39名儿童和大学生进行东西方面孔识别和面孔再认,应用加工分离程序(PDP)区分再认过程的意识加工和自动加工,记录其正确率和错误率,进行组间和组内效应检验。结果:(1)在分类正确率上,年龄主效应显著(F=5.744,P0.05);(2)在分类错误率上,本异族面孔差异主效应显著(F=59.117,P0.01);本异族面孔差异及年龄存在显著的交互作用(F=7.167,P0.01);(3)在意识性及自动性提取比例上,年龄主效应达显著水平(F=6.06,P0.05),意识性/自动性提取与本异族面孔差异之间交互作用显著(F=7.459,P0.05),年龄、本异族面孔及意识性/自动性提取三者交互作用达显著水平(F=4.647,P0.05);(4)儿童被试在加工异族面孔时意识性提取与自动提取呈正相关(r=0.568,P0.01)。结论:(1)支持面孔识别的特殊性发展理论;(2)知觉专家理论更适合解释儿童异族效应机制;(3)成人在对面孔深加工的前提下,双加工理论能较好地解释其异族效应的产生。     

正常成人在面孔识别过程中的脑事件相关电位特征

目的:应用脑事件相关电位(ERP)技术对于人的面孔识别机制进行研究,为评价早期认知功能障碍提供依据。方法:对30名正常志愿者进行面孔识别ERP实验,使用E-Prime软件进行面孔和房子等刺激目标的程序编辑,采用64导Neuroscan脑电信号采集系统进行脑电信号采集,并用Curry 7软件进行离线数据分析,应用SPSS17.0统计软件包统计学分析。结果:P100波幅的性别主效应显著(F=9.529,P0.01),刺激类型主效应显著(F=7.365,P0.01)。P100的潜伏期性别主效应显著(F=6.967,P0.01),刺激类型主效应显著(F=13.270,P0.01)。N170潜伏期的性别主效应显著(F=48.356,P0.01),波幅和潜伏期的刺激类型主效应也均显著(F=36.782,38.309;P0.01),其中面孔刺激的波幅和潜伏期均大于房子(-8.847±4.453、-6.787±4.730μv,162.356±13.834、148.352±16.917ms;F=74.243,75.140;P0.01),倒立面孔波幅和潜伏期均大于正立面孔(P=0.010,0.020),但倒立房子的波幅和潜伏期与正立房子均无显著差异(P0.05)。VPP波幅的刺激类型主效应显著(F=58.104,P0.01),电极部位主效应显著(F=9.136,P0.01)。N300波幅的性别主效应显著(F=10.936,P0.01),刺激类型主效应显著(F=4.595,P0.01),电极部位主效应也显著(F=6.396,P0.01)。结论:给予面孔视觉刺激后,首先同时在两侧大脑枕叶产生同等强度,没有面孔翻转效应的P100电位;随后同时在两侧大脑颞枕部产生具有明显右侧大脑优势和面孔翻转效应的特异性N170;最后,在额中央区产生晚期对于面孔进行分析加工的N300成分。     

维吾尔族和汉族大学生的族际友谊与面孔识别跨民族效应的关系

目的:考察维吾尔族(简称维)和汉族(简称汉)人口比例不同地区,维汉大学生的异族友谊经验与面孔识别跨民族效应的关系。方法:按照人口统计学标准选取维汉比例为1∶9地区汉族大学生33人(与维吾尔族低接触组),维汉比例为9∶1地区维吾尔族大学生32人(与汉族低接触组),以及维汉比例4∶6地区维吾尔大学生32人(与汉族高接触组)和汉族大学生34人(与维吾尔族高接触组),利用E-prime程序编程让被试执行"学习-再认"范式以考察识别本族和异族面孔(汉面孔/维面孔)的能力,采用自我报告的异族友谊卷入时间和自我表露程度考察异族友谊水平。结果:与汉族高、低接触组对本族面孔的再认正确率、鉴别力均高于对异族面孔的判断,而虚报率低于对异族面孔的判断(均P0.01);与维吾尔族高、低接触组对本族和异族面孔的再认正确率、鉴别力和虚报率差异均无统计学意义(均P0.05)。逐步回归分析显示,与异族朋友相处的时间和族际友谊亲密度对跨民族效应幅度负向关联(β=-0.87、-0.56,均P0.01)。结论:维吾尔族和汉族大学生在再认维汉面孔时采用不同的编码策略,族际友谊水平是预测维汉大学生面孔识别跨民族效应的有效指标。     

个体对不同情绪变化的本族和异族面孔识别

目的:本研究采用事件相关电位(ERPs)技术考察个体对不同情绪变化的本族和异族面孔识别。方法:本研究采用S1-S2范式,让20名大学生被试观看三种情绪变化的视频并判断前后两段视频中的人是否是同一个人,通过ERP技术来采集他们的脑电活动。结果:(1)行为结果显示,被试可以更准确地识别负性情绪变化的面孔,这说明知觉者表现出对负性情绪变化的识别偏向。(2)ERP研究结果显示,与异族面孔相比,本族面孔诱发了较长的P100和P200潜伏期。重要的是,在大脑的右半球,负性情绪变化条件下的异族面孔所诱发的N170波幅显著高于本族面孔所诱发的波幅。结论:个体对负性情绪的异族面孔比本族面孔更敏感,这说明个体会认为负性情绪的异族面孔比本族面孔更具有威胁性。     

族际内隐态度对维哈大学生面孔识别本族偏好的影响

目的:考察了族际内隐态度对维哈大学生面孔识别本族偏好的影响。方法:以144名维吾尔族及哈萨克族大学生为研究对象,依据"学习-再认"范式测试面孔加工的本族偏好,依据情感错误归因程序测量他们对彼此的内隐态度。结果:重复测量方差分析显示,维吾尔族大学生对维哈面孔再认正确率差异不显著(P0.05),但哈萨克族大学生对哈面孔的再认正确率显著高于对维面孔的判断(F=8.93,P0.01);维哈大学生均对本民族积极判断比例显著高于对异族的判断[(F=54.92,6.93;P0.01);启动效应幅度对本族偏好幅度回归系数显著(F=4.28,P=0.05)。结论:与哈萨克族被试不同,维吾尔族被试并未表现出本族偏好,群体规模可能是影响面孔加工本族偏好的重要变量;群际内隐态度能稳定预测面孔加工的本族偏好。     

大学生手机依赖与自尊、孤独感的关系

目的：了解大学生手机依赖、自尊和孤独感的现状,探讨自尊、孤独感与手机依赖间的关系。方法：利用手机依赖、自尊、孤独感量表对600名在校大学生发放问卷。结果：大学生手机依赖者达33．8％;大学生手机依赖在性别和生源地上差异显著（t＝－2．62,P＜0．05;t＝3．41,P＜0．01）,自尊水平在生源地上差异显著（t＝－2．23,P＜0．05）;孤独感在性别、生源地上差异显著（ t＝－2．32,2．02;P＜0．05）;大学生自尊与手机依赖显著负相关（ r＝－0．114,P＜0．05）,孤独感与手机依赖显著正相关（r＝0．120,P＜0．05）;大学生自尊和孤独感能显著预测手机依赖（P＜0．05）,预测量为13％和14％。结论：大学生对手机依赖的总体情况较差;自尊水平低、孤独感高的大学生可能会有更高的手机依赖。     

孤独症儿童面孔认知ERP的PrN170研究

目的：探讨孤独症儿童与普通儿童在面孔识别事件相关电位（ERP）的差异。方法：以中性表情的面孔以及物件照片为刺激材料，以儿童喜欢物件的照片作为靶刺激，采用32通道ERP仪，分别记录20名孤独症儿童与22名普通儿童的ERP，比较两类儿童在不同刺激下N170电位的前体（Pre—cursorN170，PrN170）成分。采用SPSS13．0进行数据处理分析。结果：孤独症儿童组按键任务反应时较普通儿童组长（P〈0．05），正确率无差别（P〉0．05）；两组儿童在面孔刺激呈现后约220ms颞枕叶导联发现PrN170，两组问对于不同类型的图片刺激，PrN170电位波幅与潜伏期均未见差异（P〉0．05）。结论：孤独症儿童的面孔结构编码过程无显著异常。     

孤独症儿童面孔熟悉性识别的ERP研究

目的：探讨孤独症儿童与普通儿童在面孔熟悉性识别上的差异。方法：以中性表情的熟悉人面孔、陌生人面孔为刺激材料,选择儿童喜欢的物件照片作为靶刺激,采用32道事件相关电位仪,分别记录24例孤独症儿童与27例普通儿童的诱发脑电活动,比较两类儿童在不同刺激下的脑电变化。采用SPSS13．0进行数据处理分析。结果：孤独症儿童组按键任务反应时较普通儿童组延长（P〈0．05）,正确率无差别（P〉O．05）;两组儿童在刺激呈现后约220ms颞枕叶导联出现延迟的先行负波170（PrN170）,两组间对于不同类型的面孔刺激,PrN170波幅与潜伏期均未见差异（P〉0．05）;在枕叶导联260～320ms,面孔刺激诱发孤独症儿童产生波幅更大的正波,差异有显著意义（P=0．047）;在400～600ms,两组儿童对于面孔刺激的平均波幅在多处导联出现差异（P〈0．05）,其中在前部导联最明显。本试验两组儿童均未发现熟悉人面孔以及陌生人面孔间的波形差异（P〉0．05）,两种面孔的差异波在两组儿童各导联中均未见差异（P〉0．05）。结论：孤独症儿童面孔认知的后期加工模式与普通儿童有所差异。     

小学教师主观幸福感及其影响因素

目的：研究与小学教师主观幸福感相关的因素，寻找提高教师幸福感的有效途径。方法：用总体幸福感量表和压力来源量表对合肥市经济开发区小学139名教师进行测查。结果：小学教师主观幸福感平均分高于理论平均分；男教师主观幸福感显著高于女教师（t＝2．734，P＜0．01），同时在忧郁与愉快心境（t＝2．236，P＜0．05）对情感行为控制（t＝2．613，P＝0．01）上差异显著；未婚教师在紧张因子上得分显著高于已婚教师（t＝2．147，P＜0．05）；收入高的教师主观幸福感显著高于收入低者（F＝2．905，P＜0．05），忧郁愉快心境差异显著（F＝5．660，P＜0．01）；教师年龄与主观幸福感（r＝0．209，P＜0．05）和忧郁与愉快心境（r＝0．234，P＜0．01）低相关；年龄与主观幸福感（r＝0．415，P＝0．014）及忧郁愉快心境（r＝0．108，P＝0．006）显著线性相关。工作量压力与精力大小（r＝－0．225，P＝0．008）、家庭情感压力与紧张松弛（r＝－0．207，P＝0．015）、人际关系压力与情感行为控制（r＝－0．184，P＝0．030）显著负相关。结论：性别，年龄，收入及压力来源对小学教师主观幸福感有显著影响。     

爱情嫉妒与性驱力的关系

目的：探讨在校大学生的性驱力水平及其与爱情嫉妒的关系。方法：采用性驱力问卷和Hupka爱情嫉妒量表对大连市5所高校的132名在校大学生进行大学生的性驱力与爱情嫉妒现状调查并对二者关系进行分析。结果：①大学生的爱情嫉妒与性驱力总分存在显著正相关（r＝0．227,P＜0．01）,其中在排他关系受威胁感（r＝0．179,P＜0．05）、依赖（r＝0．320,P＜0．01）、性占有欲（r＝0．320,P＜0．01）、竞争与报复（r＝0．213,P＜0．05）4个维度上,爱情嫉妒与性驱力均存在显著正相关;②不同性别的大学生的性驱力总体水平及各个项目性别差异显著（F＝0．638,P＜0．001）,不同恋爱经历情况下的大学生在爱情嫉妒各维度及总分上差异不显著,在性驱力水平上也不存在显著差异。结论：性驱力对大学生爱情嫉妒,尤其是在排他性关系受威胁感、依赖、性占有、竞争与报复这4个维度上具有一定的预测作用。这对了解大学生的需求并以恰当的方式对大学生性与爱情观念进行教育和指导以维护大学生的心理健康有着重要意义。     

中长跑运动员运动心电图的研究

观察中长跑运动员蹬车运动前及运动过程中的心电图特征。采用SchillerAT-10运动心电图机记录蹬车运动前和运动过程中的心电图变化，并进行分析。中长跑运动员运动前心电图表现有多种形式的电活动，运动心电图显示，随运动负荷的增加，心率逐渐上升，J点下降，J80上升，STS坡度增加。结果表明，多年的运动训练能改善心血管活动，但是在运动试验中所发生的心电图变化应与病理性改变加以鉴别。     

Race as a moderator of parent and family outcomes following pediatric traumatic brain injury

OBJECTIVE: To use data from a prospective, longitudinal study to determine whether race moderates parent and family outcomes during the first year following pediatric traumatic brain injuries (TBI). METHOD: Participants included 73 white and 18 black children with moderate to severe TBI and their families, and 32 white and 23 black children with orthopedic injuries only (OI) and their families. Assessments of parent and family functioning occurred shortly after injury (baseline) and at 6- and 12-month follow-ups. RESULTS: Race was a significant moderator of group differences in parental psychological distress and perceived family burden, by and large independent of socioeconomic status. The negative consequences of TBI were relatively less pronounced for parents of black children than for parents of white children at baseline, but became more pronounced at the two follow-ups. Black and white parents differed in preferred coping strategies, which may partially account for their different reactions to their children's injuries. CONCLUSIONS: The sociocultural factors associated with race may moderate the effects of pediatric TBI and OI on parents and families.     

Genetic and Shared Environmental Influences on Adolescent BMI: Interactions with Race and Sex

The present study uses a behavioral genetic design to investigate the genetic and environmental influences on variation in adolescent body mass index (BMI) and to determine whether the relative influences of genetic and environmental factors on variation in BMI are similar across racial groups and sexes. Data for the present study come from the National Longitudinal Study on Adolescent Health (Add Health), a large, nationally representative study of adolescent health and health-related behaviors. The Add Health sample contains a subset of sibling pairs that differs in levels of genetic relatedness, making it well suited for behavioral genetics analyses. The present study examines whether genetic and environmental influences on adolescent BMI are the same for males and females and for Black and White adolescents. Results indicate that genetic factors contribute substantially to individual differences in adolescent BMI, explaining between 45 and 85% of the variance in BMI. Furthermore, based on an analysis of opposite-sex sibling pairs, the genes that influence variation in adolescent BMI are similar for males and females. However, the relative importance of genetic and environmental influences on variation in BMI differs for males and females and for Blacks and Whites. Although parameter estimates could be constrained to be equal for Black and White males, they could not be constrained to be equal for Black and White females. Moreover, the best-fitting model for Black females was an ADE model, for White females it was an ACE model, and for males it was an AE model. Thus, shared environmental influences are significant for White female adolescents, but not for Black females or males. Likewise, nonadditive genetic influences are indicated for Black females, but not for White females or males. Implications of these results are discussed.     

Race and Sex Differences in Health Locus of Control Beliefs and Cardiovascular Reactivity

Examined the effects of race, sex, health locus of control (HLC),and the interactions of these variables on cardiovascular reactivityin 214 children. Participants completed the MultidimensionalHLC scales for children. Systolic and diastolic blood pressureswere measured at rest and during a reactivity task. Black boyshad significantly higher scores on the powerful others (externalHLC) subscale (p < 0.01) than white boys and girls. Furthermore,black boys showed greater systolic blood pressure reactivitywhen they were low on internality (vs. high) as compared tothe other race-sex groups. Social and cultural factors may explainthese differential findings across race and sex.     

Race and Financial Strain are Independent Correlates of Sleep in Midlife Women: The SWAN Sleep Study

Study Objectives:

To examine racial differences in sleep in a large cohort of midlife women and to evaluate whether indices of socioeconomic status (SES) are associated with racial differences in sleep.

Design:

Cross-sectional study.

Setting:

Participants'' homes.

Participants:

Caucasian (n = 171), African American (n = 138) and Chinese women (n = 59).

Interventions:

None.

Measurements:

Sleep quality was assessed with the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index. Polysomnographically assessed sleep duration, continuity, architecture, and NREM electroencephalograhic (EEG) power were calculated over multiple nights. Sleep disordered breathing and periodic leg movements were measured on a separate night. Linear regression analysis was used to model the independent and synergistic effects of race and SES on sleep after adjusting for other factors that impact sleep in midlife women. Indices of SES were self-reported educational attainment and financial strain.

Results:

Sleep was worse in African American women than Caucasian participants as measured by self-report, visual sleep stage scoring, and NREM EEG power. Slow wave sleep differences were also observed between Chinese and Caucasian participants. Racial differences persisted after adjustment for indices of SES. Although educational attainment was unrelated to sleep, financial strain was associated with decreased sleep quality and lower sleep efficiency. Financial strain-by-race interactions were not statistically significant, suggesting that financial strain has additive effects on sleep, independent of race.

Conclusions:

Independent relationships between race and financial strain with sleep were observed despite statistical adjustment for other factors that might account for these relationships. Results do not suggest that assessed indices of SES moderate the race-sleep relationship, perhaps due to too few women of low SES in the study.

Citation:

Hall MH; Matthews KA; Kravitz HM; Gold EB; Buysse DJ; Bromberger JT; Owens JF; Sowers M. Race and financial strain are independent correlates of sleep in midlife women: the SWAN sleep study. SLEEP 2009;32(1):73-82.     

Critical Race Theory as a Lens for Examining Primary Care Provider Responses to Persistently-Elevated HbA1c

IntroductionClinical inertia remains a persistent problem in the treatment of diabetes in clinical care. Primary care provider behavior is thought to be a significant contributor to diabetes clinical inertia. This study used the lens of Critical Race Theory to examine whether provider's diabetes management activities differ by patient race and frame implications for future research.MethodsChart abstractors retrospectively reviewed a random sample of charts from primary care patients with persistently-elevated HbA1c to assess providers' diabetes management activities in the subsequent year. Provider activities aligned with the American Diabetes Association's standards of medical care and included HbA1c test ordering, documentation of patient medication adherence, counseling on lifestyle modification, lifestyle modification referral, endocrinologist participation in care, and medication titration. Differences in provider actions by patient race (Black, white, or other) were examined using chi-square tests.ResultsA total of 188 patient charts were reviewed. For all provider actions, there were statistically-significant differences by patient race. Black patients were least likely to be counseled on dietary changes (72.0%) or physical activity (57.7%) by their primary care provider, but most likely to be referred to an outside specialist for this counseling (46.2%). Black patients were also least likely to have medication adjustments made (72%).DiscussionStudy findings showed an association between provider diabetes management behaviors and patient race, Future studies showed explore providers' racial beliefs, attitudes and clinical decision-making, and patients’ experiences with historical exclusion from medical care and racism in healthcare encounters In addition, more research is needed to explore the role of structural racism in clinical inertia.     

Race/ethnicity is an independent risk factor for autoimmune hepatitis among the San Francisco underserved

Abstract

Although autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) is more common in women and affects people of all races/ethnicities, there is currently limited information regarding the relationship between race/ethnicity and AIH, especially in the context of underserved populations. We aim to evaluate the relationship between race/ethnicity and AIH and better characterize its clinical features among different racial groups. We conducted a 15-year retrospective analysis, from January 2002 to June 2017, of patients seen at Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital (ZSFG). Sixty-three AIH patients and 2049 non-AIH controls were eligible for the study. The main predictor of interest was race/ethnicity, and the main outcome of interest was AIH diagnosis; other secondary measures recorded include clinical features such as ALT, bilirubin, and biopsy fibrosis at presentation. In a multivariable model adjusting for age and sex, we found that black (OR 9.6, 95% CI 1.8–178), Latino (OR 25.0, 95% CI 5.3–448), and Asian/Pacific Islander (API) (OR 10.8, 95% CI 2.2–196) race/ethnicity were associated with increased odds of an AIH diagnosis compared to the white reference group. Among people of colour with AIH, there were no significant differences in baseline ALT (p?=?.45), total bilirubin at presentation (p?=?.06), fibrosis at presentation (p?=?.74), and hospitalization (p?=?.27). Race/ethnicity is an independent risk factor for AIH. The clinical features of AIH did not differ significantly among black, Latino, and API patients.     

A New Derived and Highly Polymorphic Chromosomal Race of Liolaemus Monticola (Iguanidae) from the 'Norte Chico' of Chile

A multiple Robertsonian fission chromosomal race of the Liolaemus monticola complex in Chile is described and is shown to be the most derived and the most complex among the Liolaemus examined thus far. The 29 karyotyped lizards analysed from the locality of Mina Hierro Viejo, Petorca, Provincia de ValparaUso, Chile, exhibited a diploid chromosomal number ranging from 42 to 44, and several polymorphisms. The polymorphisms included: a pair 1 fission; a pair 2 fission plus a pericentric inversion in one of the fission products, which moved the NOR and satellite from the tip of the long arm of the metacentric 2 to the short arm of the fission product; a fission in pair 3; a polymorphism for an enlarged chromosome pair 6; and a polymorphism for a pericentric inversion in pair 7. This population is fixed for a fission of chromosome pair 4. A total of 76% of the lizards analysed were polymorphic for one or more pairs of chromosomes. We have compared these data with other Liolaemus monticola chromosomal races and calculated the Hardy–Weinberg ratios for the polymorphic chromosome pairs in this Multiple-Fission race. Karyotypic differences between the Northern (2n = 38–40) and the Multiple-Fission (2n = 42–44) races were attributed mainly to Robertsonian fissions, an enlarged chromosome and pericentric inversions involving the macrochromosomes and one microchromosome pair.     

Race Differences and Experimenter Race Effect in Galvanic Skin Response

The present study was designed to ascertain whether racial differences exist in the several components of the skin resistance response and to assess the importance of the role of the experimenter's race in determining the subject's responsiveness. Basal measures, GSR magnitude, and spontaneous GSR activity of 12 Negro and 12 Caucasian Ss were recorded by 2 Negro and 2 Caucasian experimental assistants matched for age, physical stature, and dress. Following a 15 min resting phase, all Ss received 14 1-sec bursts of 75 dB white noise. Variable stimulus intervals were employed. Significant subject-race effects, but no experimenter-race effects, were found for base level measures. Negro Ss evidenced significantly higher basal resistance levels. Conversely, experimenter-race effects, but no subject-race effects, were apparent in the GSR magnitude data. White Ss showed a significantly slower rate of response magnitude decrease over trials when paired with black Es. A significant decrease in spontaneous activity over time was observed for all Ss.