腓骨骨折术后并发(足母)趾屈曲畸形的治疗

目的 探讨腓骨骨折切开复位内固定术后并发拇趾屈曲畸形的病因、临床表现、解剖学特征、诊断及治疗方法。方法 1996年10月至2004年3月，腓骨骨折术后并发拇趾屈曲畸形患者33例，男19例，女14例；年龄22-49岁，平均33．2岁。其中合并踝关节骨折24例，根据Lauge—Hansen分型：旋前-外旋型18例，旋后-外旋型4例，旋前-外翻型2例；胫腓骨远端1／3螺旋形骨折9例。腓骨骨折均行切开复位钢板螺钉内固定术。患者均于术后1-5个月，平均3个月出现拇趾屈曲畸形。其中单纯拇趾屈曲畸形19例，伴二、三趾屈曲畸形8例，伴二至五趾屈曲畸形6例。采用单纯肌腱粘连松解术、单纯拇长屈肌腱延长或合并趾长屈肌腱延长术矫正畸形。结果19例单纯拇趾屈曲畸形患者，7例行单纯拇长屈肌腱粘连松解术，12例行拇长屈肌腱延长术。14例合并其余足趾屈曲畸形患者，6例行单纯拇长屈肌腱延长术，8例行拇长屈肌腱合并趾长屈肌腱延长术。术后随访2-10个月，平均6个月，所有患者足趾畸形完全矫正，疼痛缓解，步态及穿鞋改善，无畸形复发。结论 腓骨骨折术后并发拇趾屈曲畸形，拇长屈肌腱与骨折处粘连是重要因素。在Henry结部位，拇长屈肌腱与趾长屈肌腱之间存在腱性连接的解剖变异，对于足部矫形手术具有特殊的临床意义。     

趾“勒马缰”畸形2例报告

1病例介绍男,22岁,学生。膝及小腿创伤后右足趾呈爪形状畸形伴行走疼痛10个月入院。患者入院1 a前,因车祸创伤致右侧髌骨和胫骨中段骨折及踝关节周围软组织挫裂伤在本院行髌骨张力带和胫骨带锁髓内钉固定术,术后石膏托固定2个月。拆除石膏后发现足趾呈爪形状畸形,踝关节背伸时加重,跖屈时消失。穿鞋行走时伴有疼痛。入院查体:小腿手术切口和踝关节上方皮肤挫裂伤已愈合,膝关节活动:屈曲100,°伸0°;踝关节活动:背屈10°,跖屈30°;但踝关节背屈时第1~3足趾屈曲畸形,且随背伸角度增大畸形越明显,以母趾最明显,而跖屈时上述畸形全部消失(图1…     

手术治疗胫腓骨骨折致足拇长伸肌功能障碍原因分析

目的分析手术治疗胫腓骨骨折致足拇长伸肌功能障碍原因及特点,探讨预防及治疗方法。方法对1996年1月～2005年12月手术治疗的1023例胫腓骨中下段骨折,术后发现拇长伸肌功能障碍17例进行回顾和分析。结果胫腓骨骨折手术后足拇长伸肌功能障碍概率为1．66％,足拇长伸肌功能障碍表现为拇长伸肌背伸肌力下降。非手术治疗75％的患者肌力恢复至5级,少数经手术治疗后肌力恢复至5级。结论足拇长伸肌本身损伤和腓深神经肌支损伤是胫腓骨骨折手术后足拇背伸障碍的原因,熟悉足拇长伸肌及腓深神经解剖是预防损伤的关键,术后早期制动是治疗的关键。     

(足母)趾"勒马缰"畸形2例报告

1 病例介绍 男，22岁，学生。膝及小腿创伤后右足趾呈爪形状畸形伴行走疼痛10个月入院。患者入院1a前，因车祸创伤致右侧髌骨和胫骨中段骨折及踝关节周围软组织挫裂伤在本院行髌骨张力带和胫骨带锁髓内钉固定术，术后石膏托固定2个月。拆除石膏后发现足趾呈爪形状畸形，踝关节背伸时加重，跖屈时消失。穿鞋行走时伴有疼痛。     

保留腱鞘修复Ⅱ区拇长屈肌腱损伤的疗效分析

目的 探讨急诊保留腱鞘修复Ⅱ区拇长屈肌腱损伤的临床疗效。方法 2016年9月-2020年6月,对35例Ⅱ区拇长屈肌腱损伤患者采用改良Kessler法修复同时完整地保留屈肌腱鞘,所有患者均行急诊手术修复,观察术后临床效果以及并发症。结果 术后患者伤口愈合良好,无肌腱断裂发生,肌腱粘连1例。术后对35例进行3～9个月随访,平均5.5个月。根据屈肌腱修复术后Kleinert评定标准,治疗的优良率为91.4%。结论 保留腱鞘急诊修复Ⅱ区拇长屈肌腱损伤的手术方法安全有效,能有效地恢复拇指屈曲功能。     

屈指浅肌腱移位修复拇长屈肌腱损伤

目的：介绍一种修复拇指屈曲功能的手术方法。方法：利用屈指浅肌腱移位治疗屈拇长肌腱损伤。结果：经美国手外科学会T－A－M法评定,术后1．5年随访,优良率90％。结论：屈指浅肌腱移位治疗屈拇长肌腱Ⅱ、Ⅲ区陈旧损伤和肌腱损伤缺损患应首选。     

胫骨锁式髓内钉内固定术并发拇长伸肌腱损伤二例

锁式髓内钉内固定治疗胫骨干骨折在临床已广泛应用,并发症时有发生,但术中并发拇长伸肌腱损伤未见报道,我院自2000年4月～2003年6月发生2例。报告如下。     

伸腕、伸指和伸拇功能重建的手术图解

因桡神经不可逆损伤,造成伸腕、伸指、伸拇和拇指桡侧外展功能丧失,可用正中神经和尺神经支配的前臂屈肌移位重建其功能。修复的方式较多,至今在临床上被公认为是标准的、疗效最好的肌腱移位术,是1960年Boyes提出的肌腱移位组合方式:即用旋前圆肌移位修复桡侧腕长短伸肌,尺侧腕屈肌移位修复指总伸肌,掌长肌移位修复拇长伸肌的方式。1 适应证用正中神经、尺神经支配的前臂屈肌移位,修复伸腕、伸指和伸拇功能,主要用于桡神经不可逆     

克雷氏骨折合并拇长伸肌腱损伤的诊治

我院于１９９０年～１９９３年收治克雷氏骨折７１６例，其中合并拇长伸肌腱损伤２１例。现就拇长伸肌腱损伤的诊断治疗报告如下。临床资料本组２１例中，男６例，女１５例；年龄４２～６６岁。１９例伤后２～４８小时就诊，２例经外院治疗克雷氏骨折后因拇指屈曲下垂畸形、主动伸指障碍分别于伤后３个月、５个月就诊。克雷氏骨折合并拇长伸肌腱不全损伤的诊断依据：（１）骨折后拇指屈曲下垂畸形、不能主动伸指，经骨折愈合后能恢复伸指功能，本组９例；（２）或拇指伸指无力、疼痛，本组１０例。治疗方法和结果克雷氏骨折手法复位后检查拇…     

游离旋股外侧动脉降支穿支皮瓣联合同种异体肌腱修复儿童足背复合软组织缺损一例

<正>1病例介绍患儿女,4岁11个月。因“交通事故伤致左足背皮肤软组织缺损5 h”于2017年8月入院。检查：左足背皮肤软组织缺损,面积约14 cm×7 cm,创面挫伤污染严重;伴踇长伸肌腱、胫骨前肌肌腱止点缺损,部分骨质外露;足部关节囊部分破损,各足趾远端血运良好,踇趾背伸不能、踝关节背伸受限。诊断：左足背皮肤软组织缺损、左足踇长伸肌腱及胫骨前肌肌腱缺损。     

Flexor hallucis longus tendon branch test: Development and validation of a new method to assess anatomical variation of the tendinous slip

BackgroundThe flexor hallucis longus (FHL) muscle often has a tendinous slip with a variable number of branches. We aimed at developing the FHL branch test to determine the number of FHL branches.MethodsIn anatomical validation study, 6 intact cadavers were used. The toe flexion angles were measured while the FHL and flexor digitorum longus (FDL) were manually pulled individually. For electrophysiological studies, 4 healthy men participated. The FHL was electrically stimulated, and electromyography (EMG) of the FHL and FDL were recorded during the FHL branch test.ResultsThe toe flexion angles’ changes in the FHL pulling condition were equivalent with pulling FDL in toes with FHL branching. The electrical stimulation of the FHL produced similar flexion as the FHL branch test. EMG of the FHL was higher than FDL during the FHL branch test (p = 0.036).ConclusionsThe FHL branch test could be used to evaluate the number of FHL branches.     

Surgical Correction of Checkrein Deformity after Malunited Distal Tibia Fracture: A Case Report

Checkrein deformities are rare and involve entrapment or tethering of the flexor hallucis longus and, occasionally, flexor digitorum longus tendons. The deformity has typically been secondary to traumatic fractures of the talus, calcaneus, or deep posterior compartment syndrome resulting from fractures of the tibia and fibula and most fractures of the ankle. These result in flexion contractures at the interphalangeal joint of the hallux. Because of the rarity of this deformity, no single surgical technique has been defined as the standard. Previous interventions have included release of adhesions with or without Z-plasty lengthening of the involved tendons. The present study reports a case of checkrein deformity secondary to a malunited distal tibia fracture, with flexion deformities to digits 1 through 3. The patient underwent successful surgical correction with flexor tenotomies to the affected digits with interphalangeal arthrodesis to the hallux.     

Improving calf muscle strength in patients with spastic equinovarus deformity by transfer of the long toe flexors to the Os calcis

The split tibialis anterior tendon transfer (SPLATT), Achilles tendon lengthening, and toe flexor release are proven and effective procedures for correcting a spastic equinovarus deformity of the foot. Paresis is a prominent feature of upper motoneuron syndrome. Lengthening the Achilles tendon, although necessary to correct the equinus, further weakens the gastrocnemius-soleus muscle group. The calf paresis commonly results in the need for an ankle-foot orthosis (AFO) during ambulation. Previous studies have shown that despite the correction of the equinovarus deformity, only one third of patients were able to ambulate without an AFO. The need for continued use of an AFO was because of insufficient calf strength to stabilize the tibia during late stance when the body mass is anterior to the ankle joint. This study prospectively evaluated the results of transfer of the flexor hallucis longus (FHL) and flexor digitorum longus (FDL) to the os calcis in 30 patients. The transfer was done in an effort to augment the strength of the gastrocnemius-soleus muscle complex. Twenty-five patients in group I (the control group) underwent SPLATT, Achilles tendon lengthening, and toe flexor release. Thirty patients in group II (the study group) underwent the identical procedures plus the additional FHL and FDL transfer to the os calcis. Postoperatively, the varus and toe flexion deformities were corrected in all feet. In group II, two feet had a mild residual equinus that did not interfere with ambulation. Of the 11 patients who were not independent community ambulators in group I, 7 (64%) improved ambulatory status by at least one level after surgery. Of the 15 patients who were not independent community ambulators in group II, 14 (93%) improved ambulatory status by at least one level after surgery. In group I, 10 of 25 (40%) of the patients were brace free at follow-up. In group II, 21 of 30 (70%) were brace free at follow-up (c2, P =.025). These results indicate that the addition of an FHL and FDL transfer to the os calcis at the time of SPLATT, Achilles tendon lengthening, and toe flexor release improves calf strength and allows greater increase in function and less reliance on orthotics.     

Checkrein deformity--flexor hallucis tethering: two case reports

The authors present two cases of checkrein deformity, a tethering of the flexor hallucis longus (FHL) tendon, following ankle surgery. The first case was treated by tenolysis and tendon lengthening posterior to the ankle. The second case was treated by lengthening of the FHL at the midfoot, a more simple procedure which produced a better outcome and faster recovery. The authors recommend this latter treatment should be considered to treat this problem.     

Checkrein deformity--an unusual complication associated with a closed Salter-Harris Type II ankle fracture: a case report.

This article presents a case of tethering of the flexor hallucis longus (FHL) tendon (checkrein deformity) and rupture of the posterior tibialis tendon after a closed Salter-Harris Type II ankle fracture. Delayed repair was affected by tenolysis of the FHL and flexor digitorum longus tendons and tenodesis of the posterior tibialis to the flexor digitorum longus tendon. This case represents the first such report of concomitant entrapment of the FHL tendon and rupture of the posterior tibialis tendon after a closed ankle fracture.     

Anatomical Study of the Compositions and Internal Connections of the Chiasma Plantare (Master Knot of Henry): Exploring Its Possible Clinical Impact

The purposes of this study were to integrate the types of interconnecting fibers among components of the chiasma plantare and to deduce their flexion actions. The chiasma plantare and the long flexor tendons in 52 cadaveric feet (26 left feet and 25 right feet) were dissected and removed via gross anatomic dissection. The connections among the flexor digitorum longus (FDL), flexor hallucis longus (FHL), and quadratus plantae (QP) were then classified and analyzed. The connection between the FHL and FDL was type I in 43 (86%) cases, type III in 2 (4%) cases, and type V in 5 (10%) cases, with the FHL manipulating the first through third toes and the FDL manipulating the first through the fifth toes. The shape of the QP in 28 (56%) cases exhibited a 2-headed QP, and in 22 (44%) cases, a medial-headed QP. The composition of the chiasma plantare was 2 layers in 28 (56%) cases and 3 layers in 22 (44%) cases: 9 (18%) cases were type a, 2 (4%) cases were type b₁, and 1 (2%) case each was classified as type b₂ and b₃. The FHL controlled the second toe in 10 (20%) cases; both the second and third toes in 27 (54%) cases; and the second, third, and fourth toes in 13 (26%) cases. The QP manipulated the third and fourth toes in all cases, the second toe in 38 (76%) cases, and the fifth toe in 11 (22%) cases. These data suggest that such variations might result from tendon transfer. In conclusion, we considered the FDL to be more advanced for the recovery of both the ankle and the forefoot based on this study.     

Treatment of extrinsic flexion deformity of the toes associated with previous removal of a vascularized fibular graft

BACKGROUND: Complications from vascularized fibular bone-grafting are infrequent. We saw six patients who had a painful flexion deformity of the great and lesser toes after a free vascularized fibular graft had been obtained from the ipsilateral leg. In this report, we discuss our management of these patients. METHODS: Painful flexion deformity of the toes that had developed in six adults after removal of a free vascularized fibular graft was treated by cutting of the flexor hallucis longus alone in three patients, by lengthening of the flexor hallucis longus alone in one, and by cutting of both the flexor hallucis longus and the flexor digitorum longus in two. RESULTS: After an average duration of follow-up of six years and eleven months, the flexion deformity of the great and lesser toes had decreased or disappeared, leading to improved or full extension of the digits. Preoperative and postoperative measurements of muscle strength for plantar flexion of the interphalangeal joints did not change appreciably. CONCLUSIONS: Cutting or lengthening of the flexor hallucis longus behind the ankle provides an adequate release of digital flexion deformities that occur after removal of a vascularized fibular bone graft.     

Anatomy of Master Knot of Henry: A morphometric study on cadavers

Objective

The objective of this study was to evaluate the features of flexor hallucis longus (FHL), flexor digitorum longus (FDL) and flexor digitorum accessorius (FDA) muscles with relevance to the tendon grafts and to reveal the location of Master Knot of Henry (MKH).

Flexor tendon lengthening for hammer toes and curly toes in paediatric patients

The purpose of this retrospective study was to evaluate the outcome of flexor tendon lengthening performed for hammer toes or curly toes in children, after a mean follow up of 31 months. Specific attention was given to postoperative active flexion of the toe. The deformity improved in all patients, but less in the fourth and fifth toe. Active flexion returned and strength was recovered in all patients. We think that open flexor tendon lengthening for hammer and curly toes is a safe and reliable procedure. We recommend a transverse skin incision, Z-lengthening of the flexor digitorum longus in hammer toes and an associated tenotomy of the flexor digitorum brevis in curly toes.