Effect of age and pregnancy on the antibody and cell-mediated immune responses of horses to equine herpesvirus 1.

The cell-mediated immune response and antibody response of horses of varying ages and of pregnant horses to equine herpesvirus 1 antigen were examined. Six to eight month old horses showed either no increase or slight increases in anti-equine herpesvirus 1 serum neutralizing antibody following vaccination and revaccination with a modified live equine herpesvirus 1 vaccine. However, these same horses showed a marked increase in the cell-mediated immune response to equine herpesvirus 1 as measured by the lymphocyte transformation test. Eighteen to 21 month old horses showed four to 64-fold increases in anti-equine herpesvirus 1 serum neutralizing antibody titer following vaccination, but the cell-mediated immune response to equine herpesvirus 1 was low or absent. Only after revaccination did they show an increased cell-mediated immune response to equine herpesvirus 1. The cell-mediated immune response of mares in the latter stages of pregnancy to equine herpesivurs 1 was suppressed although antibody titers increased as much as 16-fold following exposure to virulent equine herpesvirus 1.     

Studies on the immunogenicity of Streptococcus equi vaccines in foals

The ability of either formalin-treated or heat-inactivated whole Streptococcus equi cell vaccines or partially purified M-protein of S. equi to give rise to protective antibody levels was studied in Standardbred foals by serological means. Two commercial preparations, i.e. a beta-propiolactone killed whole S. equi cell bacterin and a cell-free extract of S. equi cells were included in the study. The mean passive hemagglutination antibody titers (10 X log2) in sera of foals given either four doses of formalin-treated whole cell vaccine or an initial dose of formalin-treated followed by three doses of heat-inactivated vaccine with or without levamisole were significantly higher two weeks after the final dose. These passive hemagglutination antibody titers were higher in foals given formalin-treated whole cell vaccine (6.7 +/- 1.5) than given commercial bacterin (4.5 +/- 2.1). The passive hemagglutination antibody titers in all the groups decreased at 12 to 16 weeks after fourth dose of the vaccine. Foals given a commercial cell-free extract did not show a significant increase in passive hemagglutination antibody titers even up to four weeks after third dose. A group of six pony foals immunized with partially-purified M protein showed mean passive hemagglutination antibody titers lower than those observed in foals given whole cell vaccines. In a challenge experiment with S. equi, two of six foals vaccinated with partially-purified M-protein and all three controls developed clinical disease. The passive hemagglutination antibody of vaccinated foals increased after challenge, while at 28 days postchallenge the passive hemagglutination antibody titers of vaccinates and recovered controls were similar.     

Influenza hemagglutination inhibiting activity in respiratory mucus from horses with chronic obstructive pulmonary disorders (heaves syndrome)

Samples of mucus from the lower trachea were collected from 53 horses with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and from 24 clinically normal horses. Serum samples were collected from 35 of the horses with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and from the 24 normal horses. Samples were tested for inhibition of hemagglutination by influenza A equine 1 and 2 viruses. There were high levels of hemagglutination inhibiting activity against influenza A equine 1 in mucus samples from horses with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.     

A new influenza A virus infection in turkeys. VI. Artificial immunization against the malignant virus strain turkey-Ontario 7732-66

The immune reaction of turkeys and chickens to inactivated preparations of a virulent strain of avian influenza A virus has been examined. In both species any level of antibody detectable by the hemagglutination inhibition or serum neutralization tests was protective against the challenge exposure. However, some vaccinated birds were protected in the absence of detectable antibody. Chickens responded with higher and longer lasting antibody titers than turkeys to identical antigen preparations. Whereas the vaccine induced protection in chickens for at least 84 days, the immune protection in turkeys barely lasted 42 days. Immune birds responded to the live virus challenge with a marked rise in serologic titers which suggest that they were still susceptible to subclinical infection. These findings are discussed in their relationship to available data on classical fowl plague and influenza in mammals.     

Immune response of sows and their offspring to pseudorabies virus: serum neutralization response to vaccination and field virus challenge

One month prior to breeding, sows were vaccinated with an attenuated pseudorabies virus vaccine or challenged with a field strain of pseudorabies virus. A third group of sows were not vaccinated or challenged before breeding. Pigs from these sows were vaccinated at 3, 6, or 12 weeks of age and challenged with virulent virus three weeks later. One pig from each litter served as an unvaccinated, unchallenged control. Serum neutralization titers of these pigs were monitored from birth until 22 weeks of age. Titers of the sows were monitored through breeding, gestation and farrowing. The maximum prefarrowing anti-pseudorabies virus titer in the field virus challenged sows occurred four weeks following challenge. A significant decline in titers occurred at farrowing. Titers rose from one week postfarrowing and then declined. Titers in the field virus infected sows were consistently two to threefold greater than those of the vaccinated sows. The maximum prefarrowing anti-pseudorabies virus titer in the vaccinated sows occurred six weeks following vaccination. The geometric mean titer in these sow's then decreased and increased for two weeks after farrowing. The results in the pigs can be summarized as follows: Pigs from control sows had a greater serological response following field virus challenge than following vaccination with a modified live virus. Pigs from control sows responded serologically to vaccination at 3, 6 and 12 weeks of age. Pigs from control sows which were challenged at 6, 9 and 15 weeks of age had similar antibody responses. Pigs from vaccinated sows had no increase in titer following vaccination at three and six weeks of age. Titers increased when these pigs were vaccinated at 12 weeks of age. There was no significant increase in mean titers of pigs from challenged sows following vaccination at 3, 6 and 12 weeks of age. Vaccinated pigs from control and vaccinated sows had a secondary response following challenge three weeks after vaccination.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Indirect hemagglutination test in equine infectious anemia

An indirect hemagglutination was developed for the diagnosis of equine infectious anemia using sheep red blood cells coated with group specific virus antigen which had been highly purified by affinity chromatography. The presence of indirect hemagglutination antibodies was demonstrated in horses with equine infectious anemia since the cells were specifically agglutinated by all the serum samples obtained from experimentally infected horses. Antibodies appeared within 35 days after inoculation, and development of which coincided well with that of precipitating and complement fixing antibodies. Titer of indirect hemagglutination antibodies were ten to 320 times greater than those of precipitating antibodies. Test results could be read more clearly by the indirect hemagglutination test especially in weakly positive cases. Ninety-six samples from suspected field cases collected from every region of Japan which were positive on the immunodiffusion test were also positive on indirect hemagglutination test. Serum samples from 420 horses in one race track were examined by both the indirect hemagglutination and immunodiffusion tests to determine the reliability of the indirect hemagglutination test for diagnosis of equine infectious anemia. The same result was obtained on both tests. Based on this evidence, the indirect hemagglutination test can be employed as a very sensitive serological test for the diagnosis of equine infectious anemia.     

抗流感病毒血清的制备

目的 :制备抗流感病毒血清为所分离的流感病毒亚型分型和鉴定之用。方法 :用灭活流感病毒免疫家兔 ,使其产生抗体 ,收集兔血清 ,测定抗血清的血凝抑制效价以判定血清的抗体滴度。结果 :抗H5N1 血清和抗H6 N1 血清效价高且与其它病毒抗原不产生交叉反应 ,抗H9N2 (Y2 80 )和抗H9N2 (G1 )两种血清彼此间有较明显的交叉反应 ,可能与两者血凝素结构未发生变化有关 ,故这两种血清均可应用于H9N2 病毒的鉴定。结论 :本方法制备的抗流感病毒血清效价高 ,交叉反应小 ,可作流感病毒的亚型分型及鉴定之用     

季节性流感疫苗对小鼠感染H7N9禽流感病毒的保护效力

目的 评价季节性流感裂解疫苗对流感病毒H7N9的免疫保护效力。方法 用我国2012～2013年度季节性流感裂解疫苗,以腹腔注射方式免疫BALB/c小鼠,并设PBS免疫模型组,末次免疫14 d后以5 LD₅₀ A/Anhui/1（H7N9）进行攻试验。感染后观察记录小鼠临床表现,体重变化,并分别于第2天和第4天每组处死3只小鼠,取肺组织和鼻甲骨测病毒滴度和载量。结果 感染后疫苗与模型组小鼠体重下降明显,疫苗组存活率为10%,模型组全部死亡。感染后第4天疫苗组鼻甲骨滴度显著低于模型组。血凝抑制试验及中和实验表明免疫小鼠血清无中和H7N9病毒抗体。结论 季节性流感疫苗在小鼠中对于H7N9流感病毒感染无明显保护作用。     

A study of complement-fixation and serum agglutination tests on vibrio fetus infected and immunized cattle

Complement-fixation (CF) and tube agglutination (TA) tests for demonstration of Vibrio fetus antibodies were conducted on the sera of three groups of ten heifers. One group was vaccinated subcutaneously with a commercial V. fetus var venerealis bacterin and challenged intra-utero, at the external os cervicus one month later; the second was infected only and the third vaccinated only.The vaccinated cattle developed high CF serum titers, but no such increase was observed in animals infected only. A moderate increase in serum antibody titers was demonstrated by the TA test following either infection or vaccination; although titers observed were not higher than those observed in the sera of some apparently normal uninfected animals. The group receiving both vaccine and challenge was the only one in which significant serum antibody titers were demonstrable by the TA test. The sera of these animals also had significant titers in the CF tests.The CF and TA tests detected serum antibodies produced by the parenteral inoculation of V. fetus antigen. These two tests were of limited value in detecting serum antibodies from animals with genital V. fetus var venerealis infection, although the formation of local antibodies was demonstrable by the vaginal mucus agglutination test.     

Hemagglutination-inhibiting antibodies in vaccinated children with renal disease.

One year after immunization with a single 0.5-mL dose of influenza virus vaccine, serum samples from 30 children with renal diseases were tested for serum hemagglutination-inhibiting (HI) antibody titers to A/New Jersey/76, A/Victoria/75, and A/USSR/77. Eleven unvaccinated children with renal diseases formed a comparison group. In contrast to the comparison group (0/11), 53% (16/30) of the vaccinated group had a protective level of serum HI titers (greater than or equal 1:40) against A/New Jersey. A protective level of serum HI titer against A/Victoria was noted in 83% (25/30) of the vaccinated group, while 54% (6/11) of the unvaccinated group had similar HI titers. None had a detectable HI titer against A/USSR. A minor common cold-like illness occurred in seven of the 30 vaccinated children; one of these had exacerbation of nephrotic syndrome. The data suggest a good protection against influenza one year after vaccination in children with renal disease.     

A/USSR and B/Hong Kong vaccine. Field experiences during an A/Brazil and an influenza B epidemic

Young adults vaccinated in late spring of 1978 with one dose of vaccine containing either 7 microgram or 20 microgram of A/USSR (H1N1) hemagglutinin, followed by a dose of trivalent (A/USSR, A/Texas, B/Hong Kong) vaccine, were observed through an epidemic of A/Brazil influenza in the winter of 1978-1979, and of influenza B in 1979-1980. Influenza infection was diagnosed by virus isolation or serological titer rises between the spring seasons of 1978, 1979, and 1980. During the A/Brazil epidemic, rates of reported influenza-like illness and serologically confirmed H1N1 influenza infections were similar for all vaccine groups and two control groups. Naturally acquired antibody, but not vaccine-induced hemagglutination-inhibiting antibodies (HAI), appeared protective. During the influenza B epidemic, a lower rate of serologically confirmed infections was observed in the 1978 vaccine cohort than in one control group.     

The hamster as a model system for the study of influenza vaccines

A series of experiments was carried out in hamsters to determine their value as an experimental animal for the study of influenza virus infection and immunization. Hamsters could be infected intranasally with approximately 100 EID₅₀ of unadapted influenza A/Port Chalmers/73 virus; infection produced serum HI antibody and virus was recovered from both nasal washings and from lungs. Inoculation of hamsters with influenza virus or inactivated influenza virus vaccine produced immunity to subsequent homologous virus challenge. Groups of hamsters were inoculated with graded doses of a number of different inactivated influenza vaccines: the serum HI antibody response varied greatly for the different vaccines. For some influenza vaccines, the antibody response of hamsters was promoted by prior heterotypic influenza virus infection, but in primed animals the same, wide variation in serum antibody response to different influenza virus vaccines remained. Using the hamster as an experimental model, 60 i.u. of an inactivated A/England/42/72 vaccine gave protection against challenge virus infection; however, 600 i.u. of surface antigen material, including only haemagglutinin and neuraminidase failed to give protection. Inoculation of hamsters with subunit antigens absorbed to alhydrogel gave immunity to challenge virus infection.     

Evidence of prior infection with influenza A/Texas/77 (H3N2( virus in dogs with clinical parainfluenza

Eighty dogs exhibiting clinical signs of respiratory disease were sampled for influenza virus isolation and serologically tested for hemagglutination inhibiting antibody to influenza A/Hong Kong/68, A/Victoria/75, A/Texas/77 and A/USSR/77. Forty-one animals without clinical signs of respiratory disease were also examined serologically. Hemagglutinating agents were isolated from nasal and/or pharyngeal swabs taken from 21 of the 80 dogs with clinical respiratory disease. Twenty of these 21 isolates were canine parainfluenza virus. Twenty-one of 80 clinically ill animals (26.3%) and eight of 41 normal animals (19.5%) had low level hemagglutination inhibiting antibody to influenza A/Texas/77. There was no evidence that human influenza caused the respiratory disease in the dogs included in this study, since none had an increase in hemagglutination inhibiting antibody to influenza in convalescent sera. The presence of antibody to A/Texas/77, however, does suggest the possibility that these dogs had at some time been infected with this virus, and that dogs could play a role in the epidemiology of influenza in man.     

A survey of domestic animals to detect serological responses against Legionella spp. by indirect fluorescent antibody

One hundred ninety-six (196) animal sera were examined for antibodies against heat-killed antigens of Legionella pneumophila serogroups 1 to 5, L. bozemanii, L. dumoffii, L. gormanii and L. micdadei by the indirect fluorescent antibody technique. Only two animals (1%), both sheep, reacted against L. pneumophila serogroups at a titer of 256. However, 29% of the horses and 24% of the sheep tested were reactive to at least one non-L. pneumophila Legionella spp. antigen at a titer of 256. At a titer of 128, 72% of the pigs, 56% of the sheep and 50% of the horses were reactive to at least one Legionella spp. antigen. Despite the presence of high antibody titers against Legionella antigens, conclusive evidence of infection by these agents in animals is dependent upon further studies.     

Equine parvovirus: initial isolation and partial characterization

A viral agent was isolated from the fetal liver of an aborted equine fetus. The isolate hemagglutinated red blood cells from guinea pig, rhesus monkey and rooster. By hemagglutination inhibition tests, the isolate was shown to be antigenically distinct from parvoviruses of bovine and canine origin. Specific hemagglutination inhibiting antibody against the viral isolate was exhibited by 26 of 136 horse sera tested. The isolated virus showed properties compatible with those of an autonomous parvovirus including size, morphology, stability to ether treatment and heating to 56 degrees C, the presence of a 5300 base DNA genome, characteristic protein composition and density (1.405 g/mL). The virus was classified as an equine parvovirus.     

干扰素对M2e-HBc疫苗鼻内免疫的佐剂作用

目的 研究干扰素对鼻腔黏膜免疫M2e-HBc疫苗的佐剂作用.方法 小鼠经鼻腔黏膜免疫,用流感病毒攻击.测定抗体水平和对小鼠的保护.结果 小鼠可产生局部和系统保护性抗体IgA、IgG,对流感病毒的亚致死性攻击产生完全保护.结论 干扰素对M2e-HBc疫苗鼻内免疫具有较强的免疫佐剂作用.     

Influence of immunization procedures on upper respiratory tract immunity in cattle

Aspects of respiratory tract immunity have been investigated in the bovine species. Using Past. hemolytica type I as the antigen for this model the relationship of nasal and serum antibody production to the route of vaccination and type of vaccine was investigated in a series of 15 dairy calves from two to four months of age. Experimental results indicated that an aerosol vaccination with live Past. hemolytica resulted in a significant nasal antibody response while parenterally vaccinated gave calves with equivalent serum titers had no significant nasal antibody response.     

2009年秋冬季住院患者甲型流感血清抗体水平调查研究

目的分析呼吸内科住院患者甲型流感病毒(FluA)抗体水平。方法 2009年10月1日至2010年3月1日采集收住北京军区总医院呼吸科70例住院患者的双份血清,应用血凝抑制试验(HI)测定双份血清FluA的血凝素(HA)抗体。结果住院期间确诊病例集中在重症肺炎和慢性肺源性心脏病患者,新型H1N1甲型流感、季节性H1N1甲型流感和季节性H3N2甲型流感的检出率分别为7.1%、2.9%和5.7%。结论季节性甲型流感散发流行不容忽视,需要计划接种甲型流感疫苗。     

钩端螺旋体DNA疫苗pcD-flaB的构建及其免疫机制的初步研究

观察钩端螺旋本ＤＮＡ疫苗的保护效果,并探讨疫苗的免疫机制。方法：应用定向克隆的方法构建ＤＮＡ疫苗ｐｃＤ－ｆｌａＢ,肌肉途径免疫豚鼠,观察豚鼠攻击感染钩体后保护率,以ＥＬＩＳＡ法检测特异性抗体ＩｇＧ工观察疫苗对豚鼠腹腔巨噬细胞分泌的ＴＮＦ活性的影响。结果该疫苗对同型钩体的保护率为１００％,特异性抗体水平在疫苗注射第６周达到高峰,ＴＮＦ的活性明显增高。结论：ＤＮＡ疫苗ｐｃＤ－ｆｌａＢ对同型钩体感染有较     

分子流行病学调查在一起流感暴发疫情控制中的应用

目的调查分析深圳市某大型企业流感暴发的原因和特点,为流感暴发疫情的监测和控制提供科学依据。方法对流感样病例（ILI）进行流行病学调查,采集患者咽拭子以胶体金法和荧光定量RT-PCR检测流感病毒,采用鸡胚和MDCK细胞分离病毒,采用常量半加敏抑制试验（HI）鉴定病毒,微量半加敏抑制试验测定抗体。结果ILI总罹患率为1．05％,以二分厂罹患率较高,女性罹患率远高于男性,发病年龄以15～岁组居多。15份咽拭子样品中,荧光定量RT—PCR法A型流感病毒核酸阳性15份。培养分离鉴定出2株H3N2亚型流感病毒。血凝抑制试验检测H3亚型流感抗体,9份急性期和恢复期血清抗体滴度呈4倍以上增长。结论该起暴发疫情由H3N2亚型流感病毒引起,采用分子流行病学调查、制定针对性措施对疫情控制有重要的意义。