异丙酚用于硬膜外-全麻联合麻醉的临床观察

目的:探讨异丙酚用于硬膜外-全麻联合麻醉的效果。方法:40例择期行胆囊切除术的患者随机分为两组:观察组和对照组,每组各20例。观察组使用异丙酚硬膜外-全麻联合麻醉,对照组使用异氟醚硬膜外-全麻联合麻醉。比较两组术中血压(MAP)、心率(HR)变化以及术后拔管时间、苏醒评分差异。结果:两组在诱导插管后均出现一度的MAP及HR显著性下降(P<0.01),术中进腹探查时两组病人均出现一定程度的MAP回升,使用异丙酚者回升幅度稍大(P>0.05),以后两组病人术中MAP及HR均较平稳。观察组异丙酚术中注速平均为(4.7±1.3)mg/(kg.h)。观察组术中芬太尼的用量与对照组比较,有显著性差异(P<0.05)。拔管时间:观察组为(3.5±5.7)min,对照组(3.6±8.6)min,两组比较,无显著性差异(P>0.05)。苏醒评分:两组在术后10 min、30 min时组间比较无显著性差异(P>0.05),观察组在术后60 min以后苏醒评分明显高于对照组(P<0.01)。结论:异丙酚用于硬膜外-全麻联合麻醉时,可使用较小剂量的异丙酚维持麻醉,诱导后和进腹探查时血压波动较大,且术中芬太尼用量较大,与使用异氟醚硬膜外-全麻联合麻醉的拔管时间及苏醒质量相似,不具有显著优势。     

吸入全麻和吸入全麻联合硬膜外麻醉对胃癌根治术患者清醒时MAC的影响

目的:比较吸入全麻和吸入全麻联合硬膜外麻醉对术后清醒时M AC和S tew ard苏醒评分的影响。方法:30例择期行胃癌根治术的患者,随机分成两组:吸入全麻组(全麻组)和吸入全麻联合硬膜外麻醉组(联合组),每组15例。联合组硬膜外给予1.6%利多卡因12~14 m l,两组均采用异丙酚2 m g/kg和琥珀胆碱1.5 m g/kg诱导插管,用维库溴铵、异氟醚维持麻醉,两组异氟醚用量相同。手术结束时快速洗出体内异氟醚,进行S tew ard苏醒评分。结果:全麻组清醒M AC为(0.40±0.06)%,S tew ard苏醒评分4.10±0.04;联合组清醒M AC为(0.25±0.05)%,S tew ard苏醒评分为4.70±0.05。结论:吸入麻醉联合硬膜外麻醉术后清醒时M AC降低,S tew ard苏醒评分高。     

硬膜外阻滞复合浅全麻在开胸手术中的应用

硬膜外麻醉复合浅全麻因其可减少全麻药用量、缓解围手术期应激反应、术后苏醒快、术后镇痛效果好及降低术后肺部感染和心衰的发生[1] 、有利于病人呼吸功能的恢复而日益受到人们的重视。本文以硬膜外复合浅全麻的病人进行观察 ,以单纯全麻为对照 ,探讨胸段硬膜外复合吸入全麻对在开胸手术中的氧合及循环功能的影响。1　资料与方法1 1　一般资料　选择ASAI II级开胸行食管及肺部肿瘤手术的病人 60例 ,年龄 45～ 67岁。为减少误差 ,排除有心脑血管疾病、术前肺功、血气、肝功、肾功异常者。分为硬膜外组 (TEA组 )和全麻组 (GA组 )各 3 …     

全麻复合硬膜外阻滞用于胸腹部手术的临床研究

目的 对比观察全麻复合硬膜外阻滞与单纯全麻在开胸及上腹部手术中的麻醉效果。方法 选择76例开胸及上腹部择期手术病人，随机分成两组：全麻复合硬膜外阻滞（GE）组，全麻（G）组，各38例。全部76例术前肌注东莨菪碱0．3mg；麻醉诱导：静注咪唑安定0．1mg／kg、维库溴铵0．1mg／kg、芬太尼3～5μg／kg快诱导气管插管，控制呼吸Ⅵ10ml／kg、RRl0次／min、氧气流量500～1000ml／min。术中维持：G组吸入安氟醚加维库溴铵间断静注；GE组全麻成功后行T8-9或T9-10间隙硬膜外穿刺，以2％利多卡因8～12ml为首量，术中间断追加维持并吸入安氟醚，必要时追加维库溴铵。观察两组术中吸入剂呼出浓度、肌松剂的用量及术毕至清醒拔管时间。结果 G组安氟醚吸入，呼出浓度、肌松剂的用量明显高于GE组，且多数病人需要拮抗肌松；GE组病人自主呼吸恢复好、清醒快。结论 全麻加硬膜外阻滞麻醉是开胸及上腹部手术较理想的麻醉方法。     

单纯全身麻醉与全身麻醉复合硬脊膜外阻滞用于开胸手术的比较

目的观察全身麻醉复合硬脊膜外阻滞用于开胸手术的麻醉效果。方法将48例择期行开胸手术病人按随机数字表法分为2组,单纯全身麻醉组（GA组）和全身麻醉复合硬脊膜外阻滞组（GEA组）,每组24例。对2组病人术中血流动力学、全麻用药量、苏醒时间及术后镇痛效果进行比较弱。结果与GA组比较,GEA组血流动力学平稳、全麻用药量少、苏醒快、术后镇痛满意度高（均P〈0.05）。结论开胸手术时全身麻醉复合硬脊膜外阻滞优于单纯全身麻醉。     

全麻硬膜外复合麻醉对维吾尔族上腹部手术病人的影响

目的观察全麻硬膜外复合麻醉对维吾尔族上腹部手术病人血流动力学及血糖的影响。方法随机将择期上腹部维吾尔族手术病人30例分为两组(n=15),A组先行硬膜外穿刺置管,成功后用芬太尼4μg/kg、维库溴铵0.1mg/kg、咪唑安定0.15mg/kg、异丙酚4mg/kg诱导行气管插管,用异氟醚吸入和异丙酚3mg/(kg·h)恒速输注维持麻醉,并于切皮前由硬膜外导管注入局麻药;B组仅为单纯气管插管全麻。分别监测术前、全麻诱导后、插管后5min及术毕的血流动力学,观察两组全麻药用量及血糖变化情况。结果A组全麻药用量较B组显著减少(P<0.05),血流动力学及血糖无明显变化(P>0.05);B组心率及收缩压、血糖在插管后5min较A组明显升高(P<0.05)。结论全麻硬膜外复合麻醉对维吾尔族上腹部手术血流动力学及血糖影响轻微,但应注意硬膜外局麻药及时追加,以防麻醉减浅和病人术中知晓的发生。     

硬膜外阻滞复合全麻与单纯全麻用于腹腔镜肾上腺手术的比较

目的 :比较硬膜外阻滞复合全麻与单纯全麻用于腹腔镜肾上腺手术对围术期血流动力学及术毕清醒时间等的影响。方法 :60例 (ASAⅠ～Ⅱ级 )肾上腺手术病人随机分为硬膜外阻滞复合全麻组 (GE组 ) (n =30 )与单纯全麻组 (G组 ) (n =30 ) ,两组诱导用药相同。GE组选择T9～ 1 0 或T1 0～ 1 1 行硬膜外穿刺置管 ,待硬膜外阻滞作用确切后开始诱导插管。G组术中持续吸入异氟醚 ,GE组连续输注异丙酚 ,硬膜外按需追加局麻药 ;两组均用维库溴铵维持肌松。分别于全麻诱导前 (或硬膜外注药后 )、诱导后、气管插管后、切皮、术中以及术毕记录HR及MAP值。术后观察并记录病人苏醒过程和时间。结果 :两组病人麻醉前基础HR、MAP均无显著性差别。全麻诱导后 ,两组病人HR、MAP与基础值相比有显著下降 ,GE组较G组下降更显著 (P <0 .0 5) ;气管插管后 ,G组于 1min、3min时HR增快 ,与基础值相比有显著性差别 ,而GE组HR始终保持在较稳定水平。G组插管后MAP有一过性增高 ,且在切皮、分离肾上腺或肿瘤、手术 1 .5h三个时点的HR、MAP均高于GE组 (P <0 .0 5) ;GE组插管后MAP仍略低于基础值 ,随后及术中MAP保持在基础值水平。术毕停药后 ,G组病人 (2 1 .8± 9.2 )min时可唤醒 ,而GE组病人 (6 .2± 3 .1 )min即可唤醒 ,两组间有显著性差     

硬膜外阻滞复合全麻对上腹部手术病人异氟醚MAC的影响

目的:观察复合硬膜外阻滞对上腹部手术病人吸入全麻药异氟醚最低肺泡气浓度（MAC）和麻醉深度的影响。方法:40例择期上腹部手术病人随机分为两组。GE组（实验组,n=20）,硬膜外穿刺置管,测试平面后快速诱导气管插管,术中每隔40～50min硬膜外给予1％利多卡因和0.15％地卡因混合液5ml,辅以异氟醚吸入。GC组（对照组,n=20）,气管插管方法同GE组,吸入异氟醚维持麻醉。结果:GC组病人术中血压、心率及吸入麻醉药浓度均显著高于GE组。双频谱指数GE组大于GC组。术后随访两组病人均无术中知晓。结论:全麻复合硬膜外阻滞术中异氟醚仅需小MAC,可以减少吸入麻醉药的用量,达到满意的麻醉效果。     

硬膜外阻滞复全全麻对上腹部手术病人异氟醚MAC的影响

目的：观察复合硬膜外阻滞对上腹部手术病人吸入全麻药异氟醚最低肺泡气浓度（MAC）和麻醉深度的影响。方法：40例择期上腹部手术病人随机分为两组。GE组（实验组，n=20），硬膜外穿刺置管，测试平面后快速诱导气管插管，术中每隔40－50min硬膜外给予1％利多卡因和0.15%地卡因混合液5ml，辅以异氟醚吸入。GC组（对照组，n=20），气管插管方法同GE组，吸入异氟醚维持麻醉。结果：GC组病人术中血压、心率及吸入麻醉药浓度均显著高于GE组。双频谱指数GE组大于GC组。术后随访两组病人均无术中知晓。结论：全麻复合硬膜外阻滞术中异氟醚仅需小MAC，可以减少吸入麻醉药的用量，达到满意的麻醉效果。     

全麻复合硬膜外阻滞在胸腔手术中的应用

目的:观察全麻复合硬膜外阻滞用于胸腔手术的临床效果。方法:90例择期行胸腔手术患者ASAⅠⅡ级,随机分为单纯全麻组(GA组)和全麻复合硬膜外阻滞组(GEA组),每组45例。两组全麻诱导和维持方法相同。GEA组于诱导前取T7～8椎间隙行硬膜外穿刺置管,注入2%利多卡因5ml,测定麻醉平面后给追加量。GEA组术毕行硬膜外镇痛。观察术中全麻药用量,苏醒、躁动和催醒例数,血液动力学、肺功能、术后疼痛和肺部并发症的情况。结果:GEA组较GA组全麻药用量少,苏醒快,躁动和催醒例数少,血压较GA组明显低,HR也相对较慢(P<0.05)。肺功能无显著性差异(P>0.05),GEA组术后无明显疼痛及出现肺部并发症。结论:全麻复合硬膜外阻滞用于胸腔手术病人可减轻应激反应,循环状态稳定,是安全可行的麻醉方法。     

儿童遗传性心律失常的诊治进展

回顾在遗传性心律失常领域最新发表的相关研究,主要关注与儿童心源性猝死关系密切的离子通道病,包括长QT综合征（LQTS）、短QT综合征（SQTS）、Brugada综合征（BrS）和儿茶酚胺敏感性多形性室性心动过速（CPVT）,总结它们在发病机制及诊治方面的进展。     

The acoustic characteristics of the skull

Many investigators have stated that the difficulties of imaging with acoustical energy through the skull result from the marked attenuation of the energy by the skull. In the literature measurements of total attenuation have been confused with those for absorption.Measurements made by us show that absorption by compact bone varies between 2–3 dB cm^?1 MHz^?1 and, in the low megaHertz region appears to be directly proportional to frequency.It has also between shown that the convoluted inner surface of the ivory bone of the inner table of the skull may degrade the collimation and directionality of the beam by refraction.Cancellous bone, such as is present in the dipole of the skull, greatly attenuates the energy. It is postulated that this largely results from scattering. It is also postulated that the energy propagates through cancellous bone as two components, one in the soft tissues and the other partly in the bony spicules. Observations suggest that attenuation due to scattering much more markedly affects the latter of these components and scatters more greatly the higher frequencies in a pulse of broad bandwidth.The energy in each component has varying propagation paths so that the later cycles in the pulse of each component are subject to increasing interference as a result of the variations in propagation times. The two components moreover may have different propagation times so that interference may occur between the pulses of each component as well.All of these phenomena degrade the collimation, coherence, directionality, beam width, pulse length, frequency and other properties of the ultrasonic energy upon which imaging through the skull depends.The interference effects described above are least for the first cycle in the pulse which usually is not the cycle of highest amplitude. Since, in the free field, most of the energy is concentrated around the beam axis, most of the energy in the field which is deflected from its normal propagation path is deflected away from the beam axis. Thus the directionality of the beam is least degraded in the beam axis. The effects of the skull in degrading the properties of the ultrasonic pulse would therefore be lessened if the amplitude of the first cycle of the pulse and the directionality of its energy could be used for imaging.     

Organ Preservation: Current Concepts and New Strategies for the Next Decade

SUMMARY: Organ transplantation has developed over the past 50 years to reach the sophisticated and integrated clinical service of today through several advances in science. One of the most important of these has been the ability to apply organ preservation protocols to deliver donor organs of high quality, via a network of organ exchange to match the most suitable recipient patient to the best available organ, capable of rapid resumption of life-sustaining function in the recipient patient. This has only been possible by amassing a good understanding of the potential effects of hypoxic injury on donated organs, and how to prevent these by applying organ preservation. This review sets out the history of organ preservation, how applications of hypothermia have become central to the process, and what the current status is for the range of solid organs commonly transplanted. The science of organ preservation is constantly being updated with new knowledge and ideas, and the review also discusses what innovations are coming close to clinical reality to meet the growing demands for high quality organs in transplantation over the next few years.     

2017年呼吸疾病主要进展

2017年,国内外学者在呼吸系统疾病的临床和基础领域均进行了深入研究,不仅对相关指南进行了更新,并且针对一些临床热点、难点问题达成专家共识,现就2017年呼吸疾病相关进展作一简单介绍。     

家族性噬血细胞性淋巴组织细胞增生症1例并文献复习

目的加强对家族性噬血细胞性淋巴组织细胞增生症（familially hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis,FHL）的认识。方法报道确诊为FHL的新病例1例,结合国内外报道的FHL的病例,对该病的临床特点进行汇总分析。结果FHL2常与PRF1基因突变相关,约20%~40%的患者存在穿孔素基因突变。结论对于有阳性家族史,基因诊断明确,应尽早行化疗或者造血干细胞移植。若无家族史,未发现与继发性HLH相关的原发病因,可考虑行基因筛查以明确是否存在FHL的可能。     

COVID‐19 and COVID‐19 vaccine‐related dermatological reactions: An interesting case series with a narrative review of the potential critical and non‐critical mucocutaneous adverse effects related to virus,therapy, and the vaccination

This narrative review article was conducted to lay out a summarized but exhaustive review of current literature over mucocutaneous manifestations in 4 dimensions of SARS‐CoV‐2 pandemic: virus itself, treatment‐related, vaccine‐induced, and alteration of chronic dermatologic diseases following infection. Virus and vaccine‐related were mainly self‐limited and non‐severe. Treatment‐related reactions could be life‐threatening.     

Burkitt's lymphoma of maxillary gingiva: A case report

Burkitt's lymphoma(BL) is an aggressive form of nonHodgkin's B-cell lymphoma with three variants namely endemic, sporadic, and immunodeficiency-associated types. It is endemic in Africa and sporadic in other parts of the world. While the endemic form is widely reported to occur in early childhood and commonly involves the jaw bones, the sporadic form typically presents as an abdominal mass. This presentation reports a rare case of sporadic form of BL clinically manifesting as a generalized gingival enlargement in an immunocompetent adult male which demonstrated an aggressive behavior. The patient reported with a prominent anterior gingival swelling of 6 mo duration which slowly enlarged in size and associated with multiple lymph node involvement. Microscopic examination of the lesion using H, E and immunohistochemical diagnosis confirmed the diagnosis as BL. The patient succumbed to the disease before any therapy could be instituted. Since a wide array of causes can be attributed to gingival enlargements, it is necessary to consider malignancies as one of the important differential diagnosis so as to facilitate the need for appropriate diagnosis and prompt treatment.     

Real‐life effectiveness of biological therapies on symptoms in severe asthma with comorbid CRSwNP

BackgroundWe aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of different antibody therapies on nasal polyp symptoms in patients treated for severe asthma.MethodsWe performed a retrospective analysis of patients with severe asthma and comorbid CRSwNP who were treated with anti‐IgE, anti‐IL‐5/R or anti‐IL‐4R. CRSwNP symptom burden was evaluated before and after 6 months of therapy.ResultsFifty patients were included hereof treated with anti‐IgE: 9, anti‐IL‐5/R: 26 and anti‐IL‐4R: 15 patients. At baseline median SNOT‐20 was similar among groups (anti‐IgE: 55, anti‐IL‐5/R: 52 and anti‐IL‐4R: 56, p = 0.76), median visual analogue scale (VAS) for nasal symptoms was 4, 7 and 8 (p = 0.14) and VAS for total symptoms was higher in the anti‐IL‐4R group (4, 5 and 8, p = 0.002). After 6 months SNOT‐20 improved significantly in all patient groups with median improvement of anti‐IgE: −8 (p < 0.01), anti‐IL‐5/R: −13 (p < 0.001) and anti‐IL‐4R: −18 (p < 0.001), with larger improvement in the anti‐IL‐4R group than in anti‐IgE (p < 0.001) and anti‐IL‐5/R (p < 0.001) groups. VAS nasal symptoms improved by median anti‐IgE: 0 (n.s.), anti‐IL‐5/R: −1 (p < 0.01) and anti‐IL‐4R: −3 (p < 0.001), VAS total symptoms by anti‐IgE: −1 (n.s.), anti‐IL‐5/R: −2 (p < 0.001) and anti‐IL‐4R: −2 (p < 0.001).ConclusionsTreatment by all antibodies showed effectiveness in reducing symptoms of CRSwNP in patients with severe asthma, with the largest reduction observed in anti‐IL‐4R‐treated patients.     

Recalcitrant giant orf recurrence after amputation: A case report and review of the literature

Orf is caused by a parapoxvirus. We present a recurrent, giant digital orf case in a female patient with a history of hairy cell leukemia. In spite of shave excision, the lesion progressed and recurred after digital amputation. Treatment with topical imiquimod cream and systemic subcutaneous interferon alfa‐2a was successful.