腹腔镜切除肾囊肿

１９９２～１９９３年应用腹腔镜切除肾囊肿１６例，男性１０例，女性６例。平均年龄５４岁。囊肿直径平均８ｃｍ。临床应用证明腹腔镜切除肾囊肿对病人打击小，术后痛苦少，是一种新的理想的手术途径。     

Laparoscopic liver resection: a systematic review

Background  Outcomes of laparoscopic liver resection (LLR) are not clarified. The objective of this article is to depict the state of the art of LLR by means of a systematic review of the literature. Methods  Studies about LLR published before September 2008 were identified and their results summarized. Results  Indications for laparoscopic hepatectomy do not differ from those for open surgery. Technical feasibility is the only limiting factor. Bleeding is the major intraoperative concern, but, if managed by an expert surgeon, do not worsen outcomes. Hand assistance can be useful in selected cases to avoid conversion. Patient selection must take both tumor location and size into consideration. Potentially good candidates are patients with peripheral lesions requiring limited hepatectomy or left lateral sectionectomy; their outcomes, including reduced blood loss, morbidity, and hospital stay, are better than those of their laparotomic counterparts. The same advantages have been observed in cirrhotics. Laparoscopic major hepatectomies and resections of postero-superior segments need further evaluation. The results of LLR in cancer patients seem to be similar to those obtained with the laparotomic approach, especially in cases of hepatocellular carcinoma, but further analysis is required. Conclusions  Laparoscopic liver resection is safe and feasible. The laparoscopic approach can be recommended for peripheral lesions requiring limited hepatectomy or left lateral sectionectomy. Preliminary oncological results suggest non-inferiority of laparoscopic to laparotomic procedures.     

腹腔镜肝切除16例临床分析

目的　探讨腹腔镜肝切除手术的解剖基础与技术问题。　方法　选择病灶位于肝脏边缘、右肝表面或左半肝且肝功能Child分级B级以上 1 6例 ,其中原发性肝癌 8例 ,肝血管瘤 3例 ,左肝管胆管癌、肝细胞腺瘤、局灶性结节性增生、肝脓肿和肝囊肿伴感染各 1例。在上腹部放置 4～ 6个Trocar,应用电刀、超声刀和腔内直线形切割钉合器等多种断肝方法 ,采用钛夹夹闭、医用生物蛋白胶粘封等处理肝断面。　结果　对 1 6例在全气腹条件下完成 1 8个病灶的腹腔镜肝切除手术 ,包括左肝规则性切除 8例 ,肝局部切除 8例。手术时间 (2 0 6± 75 )min ,出血量 (35 4± 2 82 )ml,2例出血 1 0 0 0ml,术中输血 80 0ml。腹腔引流管放置时间 2天～ 4天 ,术后未发生胆漏和出血等并发症 ,术后住院 (5 8± 1 6 )天。　结论　腹腔镜肝切除手术的关键是恰当处理要切除肝的蒂部脉管 ,对次级肝门脉管的解剖分离是行肝段或左半肝切除时控制出血的关键     

Laparoscopic liver resection assisted with radiofrequency

BACKGROUND: Radiofrequency-assisted laparoscopic liver resection is reported. METHODS: Patients suitable for liver resection were carefully assessed for laparoscopic resection. Patient and intraoperative and postoperative data were prospectively collected and analyzed. RESULTS: Eighteen patients underwent laparoscopic liver resection. All operations were performed without vascular clamping and consisting of tumorectomy (n = 9), multiple tumoretcomies (n = 2), segmentectomy (n = 2), and bisegmentectomies (n = 2). Mean blood loss was 121 +/- 68 mL, and mean resection was time 167 +/- 45 minutes. There was no need for perioperative or postoperative transfusion of blood or blood products. One patient developed pneumothorax during surgery as a result of direct puncture of pleura with the radiofrequency probe, and 1 patient had transient liver failure and required supportive care after surgery. The mean length of hospital stay was 6.0 +/-1.5 days. At follow-up, those with liver cancer had no recurrence. CONCLUSIONS: Radiofrequency-assist laparoscopic liver resection can decrease the risk of intraoperative bleeding and blood transfusion.     

Laparoscopic removal of pheochromocytoma

Until now, the need for wide exposure and nonmanipulative dissection of pheochromocytoma has dictated the use of a large intraperitoneal transabdominal approach, which unfortunately results in a significant incidence of morbidity. A unilateral retroperitoneal approach guided by the refinements of new imaging techniques is less invasive but is associated with a small risk of incomplete cure. In one case report, we tested the hypothesis that laparoscopic surgery could combine the beneficial effects of both operative strategies without their respective side effects. We concluded that a laparoscopic approach combined with exclusive intraoperative infusion of nicardipine, a calcium-channel blocker, can be used to surgically remove pheochromocytoma under stable hemodynamic conditions. This provides better exposure of the anatomical structures than open surgery and allows a visual exploration of the entire abdominal cavity to exclude tumor multicentricity or ectopic sites in the case of inconclusive preoperative imaging investigations. Moreover, conversion to open surgery is always possible if needed.     

Laparoscopic gastric resection for gastric leiomyoma

Less than 2% of gastric neoplasms that are resected surgically are of smooth-muscle origin. Gastric leiomyomas are not encapsulated, and the distinction of benign from malignant leiomyoma may be difficult. Some of these tumors manifest malignant behavior. The histological basis for the diagnosis of benign or malignant smooth-muscle tumor is not entirely satisfactory, and misclassification occurs in some cases. The aggressiveness of those tumors reported as malignant is usually low, and the term malignant leiomyoma is usually used rather than the more ominous leiomyosarcoma. A case is presented of a patient with a 4.5-cm leiomyoma of the gastric antrum resected by the laparoscopic approach. Four laparoscopy trocars were used and multiple applications of the Endo-GIA were needed. Satisfactory margins of resection were obtained. The patient made an excellent recovery with minimal pain. She promptly returned to work and full physical activity.     

Laparoscopic liver resection with the water-jet dissector

Laparoscopic liver resection requires careful patient selection. Tumor size and location have a major influence on the feasibility of a laparoscopic operation. Isolation and ligation of blood vessels and bile ducts after selective liver dissection by suitable techniques are important for visual control of the operating field.Since the Jet-Cutter has proven to give excellent clinical results in conventional liver surgery, we carried out laparoscopic liver resections with the Jet-Cutter in six patients. Five tumors were located in the left liver lobe; the fifth was in segment 6. There were no intra- or postoperative complications. The patients were discharged from the hospital after a mean of 5.4±2.1 days.     

Laparoscopic resection of large adrenal tumors

Background The maximum size of adrenal tumors that should be removed with a laparoscopic approach is controversial. It has been suggested that laparoscopic adrenalectomy is appropriate only for adrenal tumors <6 cm in size. We report our experience with laparoscopic adrenalectomy in patients with adrenal tumors of ≥6 cm compared with patients with smaller tumors. Methods We retrospectively reviewed a consecutive series of patients who had a laparoscopic adrenalectomy. Patients were considered candidates for laparoscopic adrenalectomy if their computed tomography (CT) scan showed a well-encapsulated tumor confined to the adrenal gland. Results Sixty laparoscopic adrenalectomies were performed in 53 patients. Twelve of the adrenalectomies (20%) were for tumors that were ≥6 cm (median, 8 cm; range, 6 to 12 cm). There have been no local or regional recurrences but one patient with adrenocortical carcinoma developed pulmonary metastases. When the 12 patients with large tumors were compared with the 36 patients with tumors <6 cm, the median operative time (190 vs. 180 minutes;P=.32), operative blood loss (100 vs. 50 mL;P=.53), and postoperative hospital stay (2 vs. 2 days;P=1.0) were similar. Conclusions The size of an adrenal tumor should not be the primary factor in determining whether a laparoscopic adrenalectomy should be performed. Large adrenal tumors that are confined to the adrenal gland on CT can be removed with a laparoscopic approach.     

Laparoscopic resection of a gastric diverticulum: a case report.

A 30-year-old woman presented with halitosis, sour taste, bloating, and right-sided abdominal pain of 3-months' duration. An upper gastrointestinal series revealed a diverticulum in the posterior cardia of the stomach. The patient underwent a laparoscopic resection of the diverticulum. Postoperatively, the patient did well; at a 28-month follow-up, no further symptoms were reported. Laparoscopic removal of a diverticulum produced an excellent outcome.     

Laparoscopic colorectal resection for polyps not suitable for colonoscopic removal

Background Endoscopic removal of large sessile polyps is sometimes technically difficult and is associated with an increased risk of complications. Moreover, the incidence of invasive carcinoma within these polyps is not negligible. Laparoscopic colorectal resection has been recommended in the treatment of these large polyps. This study aimed to evaluate the outcomes of laparoscopic colorectal resection for polyps that were not suitable for colonoscopic removal. Methods Forty-five patients (28 men and 17 women) who underwent laparoscopic colorectal resection with the preoperative diagnosis of colorectal polyps were analyzed. The reasons for surgical resection were large sessile polyps (n = 34), difficult position (n = 2), recurrence after transanal endoscopic microsurgery (n = 1), and the presence of intramucosal malignancy on histology after colonoscopic polypectomy (n = 8). Results The mean age of the patients was 66.7 years (range, 33–89). Previous abdominal operation had been performed in 12 patients (26.7%). Two patients underwent subtotal colectomy because of multiple polyps (14 and 19, respectively). Synchronous resection of other organs was performed in two patients (a right salpingo-oophorectomy and a right adrenalectomy). Intraoperative complications occurred in two patients, and two patients (4.5%) required conversion because of perforation of the colon during dissection and dense adhesions, respectively. There was no postoperative mortality. Complications occurred in seven patients (15.6%), and they included postoperative ileus (n = 4), anastomotic leakage (n = 1), urinary retention (n = 1), and urinary tract infection (n = 1). Reoperation was required in one patient for anastomotic leakage. The median hospital stay was 6 days. The histopathology of colorectal polyps showed tubular (n = 12), tubulovillous (n = 13), and villous adenoma (n = 12); mixed adenomatous/hyperolastic polyps (n = 2); inflammatory polyp (n = 1); and colonic lipoma (n = 1). Four patients, who had previous polypectoray with intramucosal malignancy, had no residual pathology. The median size was 3.0 cm. Invasive carcinoma was found in 16 patients (35.6%). The median number of lymph node sampling was six, and two patients had lymph node metastases. Conclusions Colonic polyps that were not amendable for colonoscopic removal were associated with a high incidence of malignant invasion. Laparoscopic colectomy offers safe and effective management of these polyps with the benefits of early postoperative recovery. Paper presented at the 19th World Congress of Digestive Surgery, the biennial scientific meeting of the International Society for Digestive Surgery, Yokohama, Japan, December 2004     

腹腔镜手术治疗肾上腺嗜铬细胞瘤安全性评价

目的　评价腹腔镜治疗肾上腺嗜铬细胞瘤的安全性。　方法　采用腹腔镜技术治疗肾上腺嗜铬细胞瘤 20例 (A组),同期 20例开放手术者作为对照组 (B组)。选取术中血压、心率、血浆去甲肾上腺素(NE)浓度以及手术时间、术中出血量、术中输血例数、术后下床活动时间、术后住院时间等指标进行比较。NE的测定用反向高效液相色谱串联电化学检测内标法 (RP HPLC ECD)。　结果　两组患者手术均获成功。术中出现血压、心率剧烈波动者A组 3例 ( 15. 0% ),血压最高达220 /110mmHg( 1mmHg=0. 133kPa)、最低至 88 /57mmHg,心率最高 122次 /min;B组 12例( 60. 0% ),血压最高达 210 /115mmHg,最低至 85 /60mmHg,心率最高 120次 /min。每次血压及心率波动都伴有NE的明显升高,达 6. 28~16. 82ng/ml(正常值: 0. 32ng/ml) (P<0. 01)。A、B两组的手术时间分别为(70±15)min和(130±35)min,t=5.331,P<0. 001;出血量 ( 35±15 )ml和 ( 210±80 )ml,t=8.852,P<0. 001;A组术中无输血,B组 15例输血;术后下床活动时间分别为 (2. 4±0. 5)d和(5. 0±0. 5)d,t=10.728,P<0. 001;术后住院时间分别为 (6. 0±1. 5)d和 (9. 0±2. 5)d,t=6.021,P<0. 001,差异均有统计学意义。随诊 2~36个月未见复发。　结论　有腹腔镜肾上腺瘤手术操作经验者,     

Laparoscopic adrenalectomy for pheochromocytoma

Background Laparoscopic adrenalectomy is a safe and effective treatment for most surgical diseases of the adrenal gland. However it has been suggested that catecholamine effects associated with pheochromocytoma render the laparoscopic approach a more challenging and a more morbid procedure. The purpose of this study was to compare the operative characteristics and outcomes of laparoscopic adrenalectomy for pheochromocytoma to those of aldosteronoma and incidentaloma.Method Patient records and operative reports were retrospectively reviewed for demographics, diagnoses, operative management, and outcomes for patients undergoing laparoscopic adrenalectomy between June 1994 and July 2002 at two academic medical centers. A total of 74 patients were included and analyzed by diagnosis. Differences were considered statistically significant at p < 0.05.Results Twenty-eight patients with pheochromocytoma, 27 with aldosteronoma, and 19 with incidentally discovered nonfunctioning adrenal masses underwent laparascopic adrenalectomy. Patients undergoing resection for pheochromocytoma trended toward more operative blood loss (150 ml) compared to aldosteronoma (88 ml) and incidentaloma (75 ml). Eight patients were converted to an open procedure for a 10.8% conversion rate. The mean operative time was 171 min and there was a 10.8% perioperative complication rate. The mean hospital stay was 3.4 days. These results were not statistically significant between diagnostic groups.Conclusion Despite concern about increased operative times and morbidity associated with pheochromocytoma, our experience supports that laparoscopic adrenalectomy may be performed as safely as, and achieve outcomes similar to, those for other diseases.Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Society of American Gastrointestinal Endoscopic Surgeons (SAGES), Los Angeles, California, USA, March 2003     

Laparoscopic gastric resection for gastrointestinal stromal tumors

Background  This study aimed to review clinical outcomes for patients selected to undergo laparoscopic resection for gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST) of the stomach. Methods  All 112 laparoscopic gastric resections performed from February 1995 to March 2007 were reviewed. Pre- and postoperative variables were analyzed, and data are given as mean ± standard deviation. Results  Laparoscopic gastric resection was attempted for 63 GIST in 61 patients (31 men and 30 women) with a mean age was 59.1 ± 19 years. The tumors were located at the fundus (n = 19), antrum (n = 18), body (n = 17), gastroesophageal junction/cardia (n = 7), and pylorus (n = 2). Common presentations were upper gastrointestinal bleed (n = 29) and incidental finding on esophagogastroduodenoscopy (n = 17). The laparoscopic procedures performed were partial gastrectomy (n = 52), antrectomy (n = 4), esophagogastrectomy (n = 3), and endoscopically assisted and/or transgastric resection (n = 3). There was one conversion to open procedure for control of bleeding from the spleen. The mean tumor size was 3.8 ± 1.8 cm. Negative surgical margins were achieved in all but one case. The mean operative time was 151.9 ± 67.3 min, and the mean estimated blood loss was 97.4 ± 200.7 ml. A regular diet was resumed at a mean of 2.9 ± 1.6 days, and the mean length of hospital stay was 3.9 ± 2.2 days. The perioperative complication rate was 16.4% including deep vein thrombosis postoperative bleed, anastomotic stricture, and incisional hernia. One mortality occurred, due to respiratory failure. The GISTs included 48 rated as low risk, six rated as intermediate risk, and nine rated as high malignant potential. At a mean follow-up period of 15 ± 21.8 months (range, 0–103 months), three of nine patients with high malignant potential GIST experienced, respectively, metastatic disease to the liver, liver and lung, and peritoneum. At this writing, all the other patients are disease free. Conclusions  Laparoscopic gastric resection for GIST is a feasible option. Adequate oncologic resection was achieved with 98.4% of patients chosen for laparoscopic resection. Resection margin positivity and recurrence rates are low after laparoscopic approaches for appropriately selected patients with GIST, demonstrating favorable characteristics.     

Laparoscopic wedge resection for benign gastric tumors

BACKGROUND: Both laparoscopic wedge resection and formal laparoscopic resection are used in the treatment of benign and malignant gastric diseases. METHODS: We performed totally laparoscopic wedge resection using stapling devices and three or four trocars. Patients: Four patients were treated with this technique. All four suffered from gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST), and one presented with an additional gastric adenoma. Two were morbidly obese, and two had additional operations performed at the same time. Two patients were admitted for acute upper GI bleeding. RESULTS: All of the tumors were removed successfully. Operating time ranged from 135 to 215 min. Oral feeding commenced on days 2-4. Postoperative hospital stay ranged from 5 to 11 days. CONCLUSION: Laparoscopic wedge resection of benign gastric tumors is a safe, reliable method that should be further investigated and used on a broader scale.     

Laparoscopic ultrasound-guided resection of gastric submucosal tumors

Background The laparoscopic resection of gastric stromal tumors is being performed with increased frequency. Wedge resection of anterior wall lesions is generally performed. The treatment of posterior wall lesions is still controversial. Methods We report three cases of gastric submucosal tumors treated by a laparoscopic wedge resection of the stomach. All lesions were localized anterior gastric wall by intraoperative ultrasound on the. In the first patient the resection was performed with an endoscopic stapler; in the other patients, ultrasonic coagulation in association with an intracorporeal suture has been used. Results All patients were successfully treated laparoscopically; there were no conversions to open surgery. In all cases the operative course was uneventful. The postoperative hospital stay ranged from 6 to 8 days. Conclusions The results suggest that laparoscopic surgery is an adequate strategy for gastric submucosal neoplasms including gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST). Intraoperative ultrasound is very useful in the selection of the technical approach with or without the endoscopic stapler. This article contains a supplementary video.     

腹腔镜手术治疗肾上腺外嗜铬细胞瘤8例临床分析

目的:探讨腹腔镜手术治疗肾上腺外嗜铬细胞瘤的有效性和安全性。方法:采用腹腔镜手术治疗肾上腺外嗜铬细胞瘤患者8例,其中经腹腔的腹腔镜手术治疗3例,经后腹腔镜手术治疗5例。结果:手术均获得成功,手术时间104±37(65~185)min,出血量95.4±76.3(20~250)ml,术后住院时间5.1±1.7(3~8)d,无明显并发症。结论:腹腔镜手术治疗肾上腺外嗜铬细胞瘤并不增加手术的危险性,可作为治疗肾上腺外嗜铬细胞瘤的方法之一。     

Laparoscopic wedge resection for gastric perforation after endoscopic mucosal resection: report of a case

We performed laparoscopic wedge resection to treat gastric perforation that occurred as a complication of endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR) in a 53-year-old man. We believe this is an appropriate procedure to treat gastric perforation after EMR for early gastric cancer because it is safe and minimally invasive, and faster recovery can be expected than after conservative therapy. Received: October 31, 2001 / Accepted: March 5, 2002     

腹腔镜左肝叶切除治疗肝胆管结石

目的 探讨胆道镜联合腹腔镜左肝叶切除治疗肝胆管结石的可行性及临床疗效.方法 选择肝胆管结石患者49例,全麻下行腹腔镜左肝外叶切除、左肝内叶切除、左半肝切除,联合胆道镜胆管探查取石.结果 29例患者在完全腹腔镜下行解剖性左肝外叶切除(ⅡⅢ段),2例行左肝内叶切除(Ⅳ段),18例行左半肝切除(ⅡⅢⅣ段).所有患者均联合胆道镜胆管探查和取石,11例联合腹腔镜胆囊切除(LC).平均手术时间为226 min,联合LC者平均手术时间为243 min.术中平均出血378 ml.术后未发生胆漏和出血等并发症.术后1～3 d肛门排气,胃肠功能恢复、进食,7～12d 痊愈出院.患者术后复查MRI、MRCP未发现结石残留.随访47例,平均16个月,患者恢复良好,未发现结石再发.结论 胆道镜联合腹腔镜左肝切除治疗肝胆管结石具有创伤小、恢复快、治疗彻底、临床疗效好等优点,是一种安全、有效、微创、可行的新手术方式.