食管癌体外照射加腔内~（192）铱治疗疗效分析

食管癌外照射加腔内后装治疗４０例与单纯外照射６０例。腔内治疗在外照射肿瘤量５０－６０Ｇｙ后进行，４－６Ｇｙ／次周，治疗２－３次，总量６０－６５Ｇｙ。单纯外照射总量也达６０－６５Ｇｙ／６－７周。外照射加腔内组ＣＲ７５％、ＰＲ２２．５％、ＮＲ２．５％，一年生存率８０％。单纯外照射组分别为４３％，５２％，５％，５６．７％。提示外照射加腔内治疗能提高食管癌的生存率及生存质量。腔内治疗在食管癌的根治性放疗中成为不可缺少的手段。     

食管癌内外放射治疗剂量与疗效关系的随机前瞻研究

目的研究内外放射剂量和放射治疗中食管Ｘ线片变化对中晚期食管癌局部控制和生存率的影响。方法１４６例食管鳞癌病人随机分外照射５０Ｇｙ、外照射７０Ｇｙ、外照射５０Ｇｙ＋腔内照射６Ｇｙ、外照射５０Ｇｙ＋腔内照射１２Ｇｙ,２分次４个组,分析各剂量组生存率和外放射４０Ｇｙ时Ｘ线片变化与生存率的关系;并观察５９例食管癌病人术前放射治疗剂量与切除标本病理反应的关系。结果（１）各组病人的１,２,３年生存率差异无显著意义;（２）外照射４０Ｇｙ时的食管Ｘ线片变化与预后有关。外照射４０Ｇｙ时Ｘ线片为１,２级者和３,４级者,中位生存期分别为２３个月和１２个月;１,２,３年累积生存率分别为７３．７％,５６．４％,３３．３％和４８．９％,２２．３％,１３．０％,Ｐ＝０．０００２６;（３）术前放射４０～４９Ｇｙ与５０～７０Ｇｙ比较,标本无癌率分别为３２．２％和３９．３％,差异无显著意义。结论不论是外照射还是腔内照射,在本研究采用的剂量范围内,高剂量并不能提高中晚期食管癌放射治疗效果。外照射４０Ｇｙ时食管Ｘ线片变化可作为估计放射治疗预后的指标。     

内外照射加卡铂化疗治疗食管癌的前瞻性随机分组研究

目的;评价内外照结合加卡铂化疗综合治疗中晚期食管癌的远期疗效和并发症。方法：１９９３年８月至１９９４年５月,对１２９例地前瞻性随机分组研究。全部病例病理证实,随访均满４年,随访率９８．５％。Ａ组３３例单纯外照射总量６０Ｇｙ／３０次／６周。Ｂ组３２例先常规外照射肿瘤量达３８Ｇｙ／１９次时,开始腔内照射,结束时外照总量５０Ｇｙ／５．５周,腔内一１５－１６Ｇｙ／３次／３周,Ｃ组３１例放疗同Ｂ组,仅在第１     

食管腔内加温合并体外放疗食管癌的临床研究

１９８６年２月～１９８８年２月，作者开展了前瞻性食管腔内微波加温合并体外照射治疗食管癌的研究。随机分食管腔内加温合并体外照射（Ｒ＋Ｈ）和单纯照射（ＲＴ）两组，Ｒ＋Ｈ组外照射ＤＴ４０Ｇｙ，腔内加温每周１～２次，每次４５分钟，要求肿瘤表面温度＞４３℃。ＲＴ组仅体外照射ＤＴ６０Ｇｙ，每次２Ｇｙ，每周５次。近期疗效显示，Ｒ＋Ｈ组ＣＲ率达４６．０％，ＲＴ组为２４．０％，统计学处理有意义（Ｐ＜０．０５）。１、３、５年生存率Ｒ＋Ｈ组分别为８１．２％、４２．４％、２３．７％，ＲＴ组为５９．０％、２４．２％、１６．７％，两组比较，１、３年生存率有统计学意义（Ｐ＜０．０５）。将加温热剂量Ｔ９０＜４３℃者定为加温不合格，仅将平均Ｔ９０≥４３℃的病例进行计算，其５年生存率为２６．９％。因标本数较少，与ＲＴ组比较，统计学处理无明显差别。加温次数与疗效无明显相关因素。     

体外加腔内照射治疗食管癌与单纯体外照射的疗效探讨

目的 探讨食管癌体外加腔内照射与单纯外照射治疗的疗效及副作用。材料 本文收集１９９３年１２月－１９９５年５月收治经病理证实的１００例食管癌病人。方法 病变长度不超过８ｃｍ，分体外加腔内照射（腔内组）和单纯体外照射（对照组）两组。腔内组先给外照射肿瘤量６００ｃＧｙ，体外照射治疗结束的下一周开始腔内治疗。每周一次剂量５００－７００ｃＧｙ，共给２次。     

前程加卡铂后程野中野加速超分割放射治疗食管癌90例临床观察

目的探讨前程加卡铂后程野中野加速超分割放射治疗食管癌的疗效。材料与方法自１９９１年１０月至１９９３年６月对９０例食管癌病人随机分常规放射治疗组（常规组）和前程加卡铂后程野中野加速超分割放疗组（前化后超组）各４５例。两组临床资料相近，具备可比性。常规组每周照５次，每次２Ｇｙ，总量６０～７０Ｇｙ；前化后超组前３周放疗同常规组，配合卡铂每周两次，每次１００ｍｇ，总量６００ｍｇ。第４，５周在原照射野中设小野（同病变长度），每次１．５Ｇｙ，每周５次，上午照大野，下午照小野，总量５周６５Ｇｙ，其中大野５周５０Ｇｙ，小野后两周１５Ｇｙ。结果放疗结束时Ｘ线改善前化后超组病灶全消和消失１／２以上８６．７％（３９／４５），常规组５７．８％（２６／４５）（Ｐ＜０．０１）。１，２，３，４年生存率分别为７５．６％、５３．３％、４２．２％、３３．３％和５５．６％、３１．１％、２０．０％、１５．６％。前化后超组明显好于常规组（Ｐ＜０．０５）。结论前程配合卡铂后程大野套小野加速超分割放射治疗能显著提高食管癌１，２，３，４年生存率，病人能顺利完成疗程。     

Ⅰ、Ⅱ期鼻咽癌外照射联合高剂量率腔内后装治疗

目的探讨高剂量率腔内后装治疗在鼻咽癌放疗中的作用。材料与方法从１９９２年１月至１９９３年６月，１１０例Ⅰ、Ⅱ期鼻咽癌患者随机分为外照射加高剂量率腔内后装治疗组（综合放疗组）和单纯外照射组（对照组）。综合放疗组外照射鼻咽剂量５６～６０Ｇｙ／２８～３０次／５、６～６周，腔内治疗鼻咽顶壁粘膜下０．３ｃｍ给量８Ｇｙ３次／１．５～２周。对照组外照射鼻咽剂量６６～７２Ｇｙ／３３～３６次／６．６～７．２周。结果治疗后３６个月局部控制率综合放疗组优于对照组（９８，２％对８５．５％，Ｐ＜０．０５）；张口困难发生率，综合放疗组低于对照组（７．３％对４７．３％，Ｐ＜０．００５）。结论外照射加高剂量率腔内后装治疗可提高早期（Ⅰ、Ⅱ期）鼻咽癌的局部控制率。     

体外加腔内放射治疗115例鼻咽癌的远期疗效

为探讨腔内照射在鼻咽癌治疗中的作用，作者自１９７３年３月至１９７８年８月，对１１５例鼻咽癌患者作体外加腔内放射治疗。原发灶外照射剂量５３～７６Ｇｙ／６～８周，腔内照射剂量１５～４０Ｇｙ／１～２次。全部病人均随访１０年以上，３年、５年和１０年生存率分别为７１．３０％、５７．３９％、４０．００％。影响预后的主要因素是临床分期，Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ和Ⅳ期的５年生存率分别为８３．３３％、６７．４４％、５７．１７％和０。作者认为腔内照射对Ｔ１、Ｔ２和部分Ｔ３期患者是一种有效的治疗方法。     

高剂量率腔内放射治疗原发性支气管肺癌合并肺不张

目的研究高剂量率（ＨＤＲ）腔内放疗加外照射治疗原发性支气管肺癌合并肺不张的肺复张和近期疗效。方法原发性支气管肺癌９５例，Ｋａｒｎｏｆｓｋｙ评分２０～５０分。治疗分两组：Ａ组５７例，先用ＨＤＲＩｒ－１９２腔内照射，７～１０Ｇｙ，每周１次，共２～３次，总剂量为２０～３０Ｇｙ，而后常规外照射，剂量与Ｂ组相同。Ｂ组３８例，单纯外照射，先大野每次２Ｇｙ，总剂量为４０Ｇｙ／４Ｗ，后缩野每次２Ｇｙ，总剂量为２０～３０Ｇｙ／２～３Ｗ。结果Ａ组肺复张率较Ｂ组为高（Ｐ＜０．０５）。肺不张时间超过６个月者复张困难。一年生存率分别为４２％（２４／５７）和３９．５％（１５／３８），无明显差异。结论高剂量率腔内放射结合外照射可改善原发性支气管肺癌合并肺不张的症状。     

120例超长食管癌放射治疗疗效分析

目的：探讨超长食管癌放射治疗的价值及影响预后因素。方法：１９８５年３月￣１９９２年１２月收治超长食管癌１２０例,均采用＾６０Ｃｏ外照射,ＤＴ６０￣７０Ｇｙ。结果：治疗后的１、３、５年生存率分别为３０％、６．７％、５．８％;病变〈１１ｃｍ和≥１１ｃｍ的５年生存率分别为７％、０;疗终Ｘ线表现基本消失与部分消失的５年生存率分别为１３．７％、０（Ｐ〈０．０５）;超长食管癌的锁骨上淋巴结转移率２４．２％,明     

High-dose-rate brachytherapy boost following concurrent chemoradiotherapy for esophageal carcinoma.

PURPOSE: To assess the efficacy, toxicity, and the optimum dose of high-dose-rate brachytherapy following chemoradiotherapy (CRT) compared with a historical group of patients treated with a combination of external beam and brachytherapy (RT alone). METHODS AND MATERIALS: Fifty-three patients with localized esophageal cancer received concurrent chemoradiotherapy followed by brachytherapy. The chemotherapy regimen was a combination of cisplatin 60 mg/m2 on day 1 and fluorouracil 600 mg/m2 continuous infusion from days 1-4 during the first and last week of external irradiation. Radiotherapy consisted of external irradiation to a total dose of 40-61 Gy (median 50 Gy) and brachytherapy to 8-24 Gy (median 16 Gy) in 2-4 fractions. RESULTS: Acute toxicity was well tolerated. A fistula occurred in one patient 1 week after completion of external irradiation. Local control was achieved in 32/53 (60%) compared with 42% of the RT group (p = 0.029). Local control rates of the CRT group were significantly better than those of the RT group in Stages II and III. Late toxicity (esophageal ulceration and strictures) occurred in 18 (34%) of the CRT group compared with 12% in the RT group (p = 0.013). Severe late toxicity (RTOG/EORTC criteria Grade 3-4) occurred in six patients (15%) whose chemotherapy was followed by 16-24 Gy via brachytherapy compared with 2.5% in the RT group (p = 0.010). CONCLUSION: Combined chemoradiotherapy and brachytherapy boost achieved better local control than radiotherapy alone. However, a high level of severe late toxicity was observed especially with 16-24 Gy via brachytherapy.     

Clinical results of radiation therapy for stage I esophageal cancer: a single institutional experience

From 1992 through 2001, 29 patients with stage I esophageal cancer were treated with radiation therapy. All patients had squamous cell carcinoma. Seventeen patients were treated with radiotherapy alone, and 12 were treated with a combination of chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Most of the chemotherapy regimens included cisplatin and/or 5-fluorouracil (5-FU). Twelve patients were treated with intracavitary irradiation (low-dose rate: 6, high-dose rate: 6) after external radiotherapy. Median fraction and total doses of external radiotherapy given were 2.0 Gy and 60.6 Gy, respectively. Median doses of intracavitary irradiation were 18 Gy/6 fractions in low-dose-rate brachytherapy and 13.5 Gy/4.5 fractions in high-dose-rate brachytherapy. The 5-year overall survival rate was 62%. The 5-year local control rate was 44%. Of the 29 patients, 9 had in-field recurrence in the esophagus and 1 had recurrence in the esophagus outside of the irradiated field. Of 9 patients with in-field local recurrence, 1 also developed mediastinal lymph node metastases and 1 had distant metastasis. Radiation therapy is an effective treatment modality for stage I esophageal cancer.     

放疗加诱导化疗治疗中晚期鼻咽癌疗效分析

目的　探讨化疗对中晚期鼻咽癌生存率的影响。方法　将 10 0例初次治疗被确诊为中晚期鼻咽癌 (Ⅲ、Ⅳ期 )的患者随机分为两组 :单纯放疗组 (单放组 )与诱导化疗加放疗组 (放化组 ) ,每组各 5 0例。单放组鼻咽平均剂量 70Gy 7周 (6 6～ 76Gy) ,颈部平均剂量 6 5Gy 6 .5周 (5 0～ 74Gy) ;放化组在照射前行顺铂 (DDP)加氟尿嘧啶 (5 Fu)化疗 2～ 3个疗程 ,1周后行放疗 ,鼻咽平均剂量 70 .4Gy 7.5周 (6 8～ 74Gy) ,颈部平均剂量 6 6Gy 7周 (5 0～ 72Gy)。结果　单放组与放化组 1,2 ,3年生存率分别为 88.0 %和 90 .0 %、6 0 .0 %和 78.0 %、4 4 .0 %和 6 8.0 % ,两组比较差异有显著性。单放组与放化组 1,2 ,3年局控率分别为 78.0 %和 86 .0 %、4 6 .0 %和 6 8.0 %、4 0 .0 %和 6 2 .0 % ,两组比较差异有显著性。单放组与放化组Ⅰ、Ⅱ级白细胞下降发生率分别为 10 .0 %、2 8.0 %、2 .0 %和 16 .0 % ;单放组与放化组Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ级咽黏膜反应发生率分别为 8.0 %和 4 .0 %、82 .0 %和 76 .0 %、10 .0 %和 2 0 .0 %。无因毒副作用而延迟或中断治疗者。结论　放疗前行 2～ 3疗程诱导化疗能提高中晚期鼻咽癌生存率和局控率。     

The safety and usefulness of high-dose-rate endoluminal brachytherapy as a boost in the treatment of patients with esophageal cancer with external beam radiation with or without chemotherapy

PURPOSE: This study reports the results of a single-institution experience with high-dose-rate brachytherapy (HDRBT) used as a boost in the treatment of esophageal cancer with external beam radiation therapy (ERT) with or without chemotherapy. METHODS AND MATERIALS: Patients without evidence of metastatic disease were identified. HDRBT was given before ERT with a dose of 20 Gy in 5 fractions. Patients with a Karnofsky performance of more than 70 received treatment with 50 Gy in 25 fractions and concurrent 5-fluorouracil and cis-platinum during Weeks 1 and 5, whereas patients with a Karnofsky performance of less than 70 were treated with radiation therapy alone with 35 Gy in 14 fractions. RESULTS: Fifty-three patients received HDRBT treatment with combined ERT and chemotherapy and 17 patients with ERT alone. The incidence of acute bone marrow toxicity was 55% Grade 2 and 15% Grade 3, and 85% of patients had Grade 2 esophagitis. With a median follow-up time of 26 months, the median survival was 21 months; the 2-year local recurrence was 25%, and the 5-year survival rate was 28%. CONCLUSION: HDRBT is safe and beneficial for local control in the radical treatment of patients with esophageal cancer.     

食管癌放射治疗同步化疗临床疗效观察

目的探讨食管癌放射治疗同步化疗的临床疗效和毒副反应。方法将符合入组条件的95例食管癌随机分为放化组（47例）和常规放疗组（48例）,放化组外照射同常规放疗组,放射治疗当日及外照射剂量达阱36～40Gy时同时合并化疗,化疗方案：氟尿嘧啶（5-Fu）750mg／d,5d;顺铂（DDP）20mg／d,5d;亚叶酸钙（CF）100mg／d,5d;常规放疗组食管癌常规外照射总量D,60～65Cy／6—7周,每次1．8—2．0Gy,每周5次。均采用6MVX线照射。结果放化组和单放组完全缓解率分别为95．8％和83．4％（X^2=3．88,P〈0．05）。放化组毒副反应高于单放组,但可以耐受。结论放射治疗同步DF方案加CF化疗优于单纯放疗,是治疗中晚期食管癌的一种有效方法。     

Cancer of the tonsil. Improved survival with combination therapy

One hundred seventy-four cases of squamous cell cancer of the tonsil (SCCT) were reviewed. Radiation therapy (RT) alone was used in 81 patients, surgery alone (S) in 19 patients, preoperative RT + S in 49 patients, and chemotherapy [( C] methotrexate plus bleomycin plus cisplatin) in 25 patients. The 5-year survival was 83% in Stage I (n = 21), 72% in Stage II (n = 19), 23% in Stage III (n = 34), and 15% in Stage IV (n = 100). RT and S were equally effective in Stages I and II. In Stage III, the 5-year survival for RT + S was 31% versus 11% for RT alone; and in Stage IV, the respective 3- and 5-year survivals for RT + S were 24% and 15% versus 6% and 0%, respectively, for RT alone. There was an 84% response rate to C, and the patients who completed C + RT + S had 3- and 5-year survival rates of 41.7% and 32%, respectively. Our results indicate that RT + S appears to offer better survival in Stage III and IV SCCT. The high response rate in early survival data seen with C + RT + S suggests a promising role for this approach.     

高剂量率192铱后装机腔内加外照射治疗宫颈癌60例临床分析

目的:探讨高剂量率192铱后装腔内加体外照射治疗宫颈癌的疗效及副作用等。方法:2005年3月至2007年1月本院放疗中心共60例宫颈癌患者,采用8MV-X线直线加速器全盆照射,开始体外全盆腔照射,5次/周,2Gy/次,剂量25-40Gy;然后中间挡铅,4个野照射,5次/周,2Gy/次,宫旁剂量20-25Gy:同时腔内治疗,1次/周,6Gy/次,剂量为35-40Gy。腔内治疗采用ZL-HDR18铱高剂量率后装治疗机,全部病例均宫颈阴道同时进行。腔内治疗每周1次,A点剂量36-40GY/6-7F/6-7w,腔内治疗当日停体外照射,治疗时间56-77天。结果:CR+PR 100%,随访超过3年,随访率达95%,3年生存率Ⅱ期88.3%,Ⅲ期82.9%;早期放射性直肠反应发生率为12.4%,膀胱反应发生率5.2%;晚期放射性直肠炎发生率13.8%,膀胱炎3.8%。结论:高剂量率192铱后装机腔内加体外治疗宫颈癌的疗效满意,患者生存率较高,耐受好,并发症少。     

Comparison of low and high dose rate brachytherapy in the treatment of uterine cervix cancer. Retrospective analysis of two sequential series

PURPOSE: This retrospective analysis aims to report on the comparative outcome of cervical cancer patients treated with low dose rate (LDR) and high dose rate (HDR) brachytherapy. METHODS AND MATERIALS: From 1989 to 1995, 190 patients were treated with low dose rate (LDR) brachytherapy (LDR group) and from 1994 to 2001, 118 patients were treated with high dose rate (HDR) brachytherapy (HDR group). FIGO stage distribution for the LDR group was Stage I: 6.3%; Stage II: 57.4%; and Stage III: 36.3% and for the HDR group Stage I: 9.3%; Stage II: 43.2%; and Stage III: 47.4%. All patients were treated with telecobalt external-beam radiotherapy (EBR). Median doses of LDR brachytherapy at Point A were 40 Gy and 50 Gy for patients treated with 1 and 2 implants, respectively. All patients from the HDR group were treated with 24 Gy in 4 fractions of 6 Gy to Point A. Survival, disease-free survival, local control, and late complications at 5 years, were endpoints compared for both groups. RESULTS: Median follow-up time for LDR and HDR groups was 70 months (range, 8-127 months) and 33 months (range, 4-117 months), respectively. For all stages combined, overall survival, disease-free survival, and local control at 5 years were better in the LDR group (69% vs. 55%, p = 0.007; 73% vs. 56%, p = 0.002; and 74% vs. 65%; p = 0.04, respectively). For clinical Stages I and II, no differences was seen in overall survival, disease-free survival, and local control at 5 years between the two groups. For clinical Stage III, overall survival and disease-free survival at 5 years were better in the LDR group than in the HDR group (46% vs. 36%, p = 0.04 and 49% vs. 37%, p = 0.03, respectively), and local control was marginally higher in the LDR group than in the HDR group (58% vs. 50%, p = 0.19). The 5-year probability of rectal complications was higher in the LDR group than in the HDR group (16% vs. 8%, p = 0.03) and 5-year probability of small bowel and urinary complications was not statistically different between the the LDR group and the HDR group (4.6% vs. 8.9%, p = 0.17 and 6% vs. 3%, p = 0.13, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: This comparative series suggests similar outcome for Stages I and II patients treated with either HDR or LDR brachytherapy. Lower overall and disease-free survival and marginally lower local control were observed for Stage III patients treated with HDR brachytherapy. Less late rectal complications were observed in the HDR group patients. These findings were probably the result of the relatively low HDR brachytherapy dose delivered at Point A.     

Concurrent weekly cisplatin plus external beam radiotherapy and high-dose rate brachytherapy for advanced cervical cancer: a control cohort comparison with radiation alone on treatment outcome and complications

PURPOSE: To test, though a control-cohort study, the hypothesis that concurrent chemoradiotherapy (CCRT) using weekly cisplatin, plus high-dose rate intracavitary brachytherapy (HDRICB) is superior to radiation (RT) alone in patients with advanced cervical cancer. METHODS AND MATERIALS: A total of 171 patients with Stage IIB-III cervical cancer were enrolled in this study. Seventy patients were treated with CCRT and the results were compared with those of 101 patients who had been treated with RT using the same protocol at an early period. RT consisted of 45 Gy in 25 fractions to the whole pelvis, followed by a 12.6-Gy boost to the parametrium. Four courses of HDRICB using 6.0 Gy to Point A were performed. Chemotherapy consisted of weekly cisplatin at a dose of 40 mg/m(2) for 5-6 cycles. RESULTS: The 4-year actuarial survival was 74% for the CCRT group and 68% for the RT group (p = 0.60). The 4-year pelvic relapse-free survival was 87% for the CCRT group and 85% for the RT group (p = 0.37). The 4-year distant metastases-free survival was 75% for the CCRT group and 76% for the RT group (p = 0.44). The cumulative incidence of gastrointestinal and genitourinary injuries of grade 3 or above was 14.3% for the CCRT group and 7.9% for the RT group (p = 0.19). CONCLUSION: This study did not show a survival benefit of CCRT with weekly cisplatin and HDRICB for Stage II-III cervical cancer, nor did it demonstrate a significant increase of late complications when comparing with RT alone.     

Concurrent chemoradiotherapy with protracted infusion of 5-FU and cisplatin for postoperative recurrent or residual esophageal cancer

BACKGROUND: We carried out the present study to investigate the feasibility and effectiveness of concurrent chemoradiotherapy (CT-RT) for postoperative recurrent esophageal cancer, which are, at present, unclear. METHODS: Between 1998 and 2002, 16 patients with postoperative loco-regional recurrence of esophageal cancer, and two patients with incompletely resected esophageal cancer were treated with concurrent CT-RT. Patients received protracted infusion of 5-FU 250-300 mg/m(2) on days 1 to 14, 1 hour infusion of cisplatin 10 mg/body on days 1 to 5 and 8 to 12, and a concurrent radiotherapy (RT) dose of 30 Gy in 15 fractions over 3 weeks. This treatment schedule was repeated twice with a gap of 1 week, for a total RT dose of 60 Gy administered over 7 weeks. RESULTS: Of the 18 patients, 13 (72%) completed the CT-RT protocol. A total RT dose of 60 Gy was administered for all except two patients, and doses of chemotherapy were reduced for five patients. Although grade 3 hematological toxicities were frequently noted, non-hematological toxicities of grades 3 and 4 were few. Of the 18 tumors, five (28%) showed complete response (CR). For patients without prior chemotherapy, the CR rate was 40% (4/10). The 2-year survival rate of 13 patients without distant metastases was 19%, with a median survival time of 9.5 months. CONCLUSION: The concurrent CT-RT protocol appears feasible and effective for patients with postoperative recurrent or residual esophageal cancer.