输尿管囊肿的腔内手术治疗(附16例报告)

目的总结经尿道输尿管囊肿腔内手术的诊治经验.方法16例患者术前均由B超、IVU或膀胱镜确诊.均行经尿道输尿管囊肿内切开或开窗术,对伴有囊内结石的5例同时行机械碎石术.结果16例手术一次成功,临床症状改善,肾积水减轻,感染得到控制,结石已排出.9例术后随访1～4年,平均2年,未见输尿管囊肿复发,无管口狭窄及反流.结论经尿道输尿管囊肿的腔内手术疗效显著,减少了手术创伤及术后并发症,缩短了手术及住院时间,现在已经被认为是治疗输尿管囊肿的首选方法,尤其是膀胱内型输尿管囊肿,为输尿管囊肿治疗开辟了新途径.     

一例钬激光治疗小儿输尿管囊肿的护理

输尿管囊肿又称输尿管膨出,关于发病率各家的报告各异[1].目前手术是治疗输尿管囊肿确切有效的方法.小儿输尿管囊肿现多采用开放手术治疗,但开放性手术创伤大、住院时间长,而腔镜手术治疗鲜有报道[2].我院2010年9月收治1例小儿输尿管囊肿患儿,经输尿管镜钬激光治疗,术后患儿排尿通畅,无输尿管尿液返流,效果满意.现将围术期护理报告如下.     

输尿管囊肿的微创手术治疗

目的 探讨输尿管囊肿的诊断和经尿道输尿管囊肿内镜下的治疗方法.方法 通过对14例输尿管囊肿患者临床资料的回顾性分析,讨论经尿道输尿管囊肿电切术的操作要点.结果 行B超、KUB+IVU、膀胱镜检可确诊该症.14例均一次手术成功,术中无并发症发生.术后随访4～24个月,平均14.5个月,患者术后血尿、尿流中断、膀胱刺激征等症状缓解,未出现反复尿路感染及排尿时腰部疼痛等症状.无1例出现囊肿切口粘连、管口狭窄.结论 经尿道输尿管囊肿电切术具有疗效好、微创伤、操作简单、无严重并发症等优点,是治疗输尿管囊肿的有效方法之一.     

经尿道等离子汽化电切治疗输尿管口囊肿6例

目的 探讨输尿管口囊肿的微创治疗方法.方法 回顾性分析2006年至2010年安徽医科大学附属安庆医院收治的6例输尿管口囊肿患者的临床资料.结果 6例患者经B超、静脉尿路造影(IVU)、膀胱镜检查得以确诊.6例均行经尿道输尿管囊肿等离子电切术.术后随访2个月～2年,临床症状均消失,经B超或IVU检查肾积水明显减轻或消失,未见输尿管反流.结论 经尿道输尿管囊肿等离子电切术是治疗成人输尿管口囊肿的有效方法.     

腔内微创治疗输尿管囊肿伴发结石12例围术期护理

目的:探讨腔内微创治疗输尿管囊肿伴发结石围术期的护理方法.方法:对12例输尿管囊肿伴发结石患者行腔内微创治疗,即输尿管囊肿行经尿道输尿管囊肿切除术,结石行输尿管镜钬激光碎石术.结果:本组患者术后恢复良好,无严重血尿、感染及穿孔发生,术后4～7 d均痊愈出院.结论:使用腔内镜微创治疗输尿管囊肿伴发结石是一种简单、有效的治疗方法,对患者实施术前、术后身心护理,有利于患者轻松顺利地接受手术,可缩短患者住院时间、节省患者住院费用.     

成人输尿管囊肿脱出的鉴别诊断(附1例误诊报告)

目的:提高对成人输尿管囊肿脱出的认识.方法:分析1例成人输尿管囊肿脱出误诊病例资料.结果:患者主要表现为排尿困难,排尿后外阴部有异物感伴疼痛、出血,尿道口有葡萄大小红色肿物,易出血,肿物被挤压、平卧或站立后逐渐消失.曾在外院诊断为尿道肉阜、尿道黏膜脱垂.经相关检查确诊输尿管囊肿脱出,行输尿管囊肿远侧下部横行电切,术后病理证实诊断.结论:成人输尿管囊肿脱出临床罕见,应注意与尿道肉阜、尿道黏膜脱垂、尿道息肉及子宫脱垂等的鉴别诊断.     

输尿管口囊肿微创治疗及文献复习(附31例报告)

目的 总结经输尿管口囊肿腔内手术治疗的经验.方法 31例患者术前由B超、静脉尿路造影(IVU)或膀胧镜确诊.均行经尿道输尿管口囊肿内切开或开窗术.结果 31例手术1次成功,临床症状消失或改善.结石排出,肾脏积水减轻.25例术后随访半年～2年,未见输尿管口囊肿复发,无输尿管口狭窄,无尿液反流.结论 经尿道输尿管口囊肿的腔内手术疗效显著,减少了手术创伤及术后并发症,缩短了手术及住院时间,值得推荐.     

经尿道内镜手术治疗成人单纯输尿管囊肿(附23例报告)

目的 探讨经尿道内镜手术治疗单纯输尿管囊肿的疗效和并发症.方法 回顾性分析该院2003年1月至～2009年7月间23例经尿道内镜手术治疗输尿管囊肿患者的临床资料,23例患者术前均通过B超、IVP或膀胱镜确诊,24个囊肿直径1.0～4.0 cm.均行经尿道内镜手术治疗.结果 23例手术1次成功,共切除24个囊肿,18个囊肿行保留部分囊肿壁术,6个行囊肿切除术,手术时间15～45 min,平均28 min,出血量平均低于10 ML;术后住院2～6d,平均3d.随访3月至24月所有患者临床症状消失.1例患者术后出现膀胱输尿管反流,经保守治疗后好转.结论 经尿道内镜治疗单纯输尿管囊肿具有疗效好、创伤小、无严重并发症等优点,是治疗输尿管囊肿的首选方法.     

输尿管囊肿患者超声表现与漏误诊分析

目的 分析输尿管囊肿超声检查漏诊、误诊原因.方法 回顾性分析53例输尿管囊肿患者的超声声像图,所有病例均经膀胱镜或手术病理证实.患者均适度充盈膀胱,行泌尿系常规超声检查,适当调节增益,多角度扫查,注意输尿管末端有无呈规律性膨大-缩小的囊状物,并观察囊状物的部位、大小、开口位置及形态变化规律.彩色多普勒血流显像实时观察囊肿开口处喷尿及输尿管向囊肿内喷尿情况.结果 本组53例输尿管囊肿患者中,左侧30例,右侧17例,双侧6例.合并囊肿内结石3例,伴重复肾3例,合并患侧肾发育不全2例,合并患侧孤立肾及巨输尿管1例,伴马蹄肾1例.伴肾功能损害21例,伴泌尿系感染9例.二维超声可直接显示出囊肿的部位、形态、大小及其变化,彩色多普勒血流显像可实时显示输尿管口喷尿征象.经过随访复查,超声首次检查漏诊4例,均在再次超声检查时发现病变.误诊4例,分别误诊为输尿管口脱垂、膀胱结石、输尿管结石、卵巢囊肿.结论 超声检查是输尿管囊肿首选检查方法.仪器调节不当、对本病的特殊超声征象认识不足是导致本病超声检查漏诊、误诊的主要原因.适当调节超声仪器,实时动态观察,充分认识本病,与相关疾病仔细鉴别,可以减少对本病的漏诊和误诊.     

输尿管镜对输尿管非结石梗阻性疾病诊疗的临床应用

目的 探讨输尿管镜对输尿管非结石梗阻性疾病的诊疗价值.方法 回顾分析63例输尿管息肉、输尿管肿瘤、输尿管狭窄及输尿管囊肿等患者进行输尿管镜检及治疗的临床资料.结果 63例输尿管疾病患者中输尿管狭窄28例,输尿管息肉17例,输尿管肿瘤12例、输尿管囊肿6例.活检33例,治疗49例,治愈率为94.0%(47/50).结论 输尿管镜有助于对输尿管非结石梗阻性疾病的诊断和治疗,具有微创、高效、安全的特点.     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

Evidence-Based Pain Management and Palliative Care in Issue Four for 2009 of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly. Issue 4 for 2009 contains 4027 complete reviews, 1906 protocols for reviews in production, and 11447 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 600,000 randomized controlled trials, and 12,200 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 7500 citations. This edition of the Library contains 90 new reviews, of which 19 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Wie zuverlässig sind Angaben zu nichtentzündlichen ausgedehnten Schmerzen?

ZusammenfassungFragestellung Es wurde geprüft, wie sich der Differenziertheitsgrad zweier Schmerzmessmethoden auf Angaben zur Ausgedehntheit klinischer Schmerzen auswirkt. Zugleich wurde der Referenzzeitraum variiert, über den die Patienten berichten sollten.Methode Erfasst wurde der Einfluss zu Lasten der Befragungsdifferenziertheit durch den Vergleich zweier Körperschema-Bildvorlagen. Drei Referenzzeiträume (Schmerz aktuell, letzte Woche, letztes halbes Jahr) wurden vorgegeben.Ergebnisse Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen gaben bei differenzierter Befragung um so mehr Schmerzen an, je weiter die Schmerzen zurück lagen und je größer der Berichtszeitraum war. Patienten mit gelenknahen Schmerzen gaben bei hoch differenzierter Befragung weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen in der Vergangenheit an als bei globaler Einschätzung. Patienten mit Rückenschmerzen berichteten bei differenzierter Befragung zum aktuellen Schmerz über weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen als bei globaler Befragung.Schlussfolgerung Die Angaben zur Schmerzausdehnung variieren vor allem bei Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen in Abhängigkeit von der Differenziertheit der Befragung. In diesen Fällen ist die Wahrscheinlichkeit erhöht, dass sich die Beschwerdesymptomatik zumindest teilweise erst in der Reaktion auf die situativen Befragungsbedingungen konstituiert und daher nicht auf andere Befragungsbedingungen generalisiert werden kann.