沈阳市高危人群艾滋病、梅毒、肝炎的调查分析

目的：了解辽宁省高危人群艾滋病，梅毒和肝炎的感染现状。方法：应用固相酶免疫测定（ELISA）法或间接血凝法分别检测了488名吸毒者，暗娼和STD门诊患者及2000例普通患者血清中HIV抗体，HBsAg，抗－HBs，抗－HCV，抗梅毒抗体。结果：吸毒者丙型肝炎感染率为47．5％，显著高于暗娼（6．8％）和STD门诊患者（1．4％），（P＜0．01），吸毒者，暗娼，STD门诊患者梅毒感染率均高于普通患者，且STD门诊梅毒感染率显著高于吸毒者（P＜0．01），吸毒者，暗娼，STD人群和普通患者各组间抗－HBs阳性率无显著差异（P＞0．05），本次调查未发现AIDS患者／HIV感染者，结论：辽宁省高危人群梅毒、丙型肝炎感染率较高，应加强高危人群管理，防止艾滋病在辽宁省的流行。     

有偿献血员中艾滋病病毒、乙型肝炎和丙型肝炎病毒感染状况的研究

目的：探讨有偿献血员艾滋病病毒（HIV）、丙型肝炎（丙肝）病毒（HCV）、乙型肝炎（乙肝）病毒（HBV）感染的特点，方法：71份HIV阳性献血员及89份HIV阴性献血员的血清，经酶联免疫吸附试验（ELISA）检测HCV抗体（抗－HCV）及HBV血清学标志物，比较两组人群的HCV、HBV及HCV／HBV感染情况，结果：HIV阳性献血员的抗－HCIV阳性率为70．49％，乙肝血清学标志物，比较两组人群的HCV、HBV及HCV／HBV感染情况。结果：HIV阳性献血员的抗－HCV阳性率为70．49％，地病毒表面抗原（HBsAg）与抗体（抗－HBs）、乙肝病毒e抗原（HBeAg）与抗体（抗－HBe)、乙肝病毒核心抗体（抗－HBc）和HBV的阳性率分别为8．20％、29．51％、3．28％、44．26％，11．48％、47．54％、1．12％、47．19％、6．74％、47．19％。经统计学分析，两组人群的HCV、HCV／HBV感染率的差异有显著的统计学意义，而HBV血清学标志物则无显著性差异。结论：与HIV阴性献血员相比，HIV阳性献血员的HCV感染率很高，而HBV血清学标志物则无显著性差异，对献血员进行HBV检测而未检测HIV、HCV造成的选择偏倚，可能是中国中部一些省份HIV感染者HCV感染率高而HBV感染并不相应增高这一现象的原因之一。     

沈阳市高危人群艾滋病、梅毒、肝炎的调查分析

目的 了解辽宁省高危人群艾滋病、梅毒和肝炎的感染现状。方法 应用固相酶免疫测定（ELISA）法或间接血凝法分别检测了488名吸毒者、暗娼和 STD门诊患者及2 000例普通患者血清中 HIV抗体、HBsAg、抗-HBs、抗-HCV、抗梅毒抗体。结果 吸毒者丙型肝炎感染率为47.5％,显著高于暗娼（6.8％）和 STD门诊患者（1.4％）（P<0.01）;吸毒者、暗娼、STD门诊患者梅毒感染率均高于普通患者,且STD门诊梅毒感染率显著高于吸毒者（P<0.01）;吸毒者、暗娼、STD人群和普通患者各组间抗-HBs阳性率无显著差异（P>0.05）;本次调查未发现AIDS患者/HIV感染者。结论 辽宁省高危人群梅毒、丙型肝炎感染率较高,应加强高危人群管理,防止艾滋病在辽宁省的流行。     

湖南地区3545例结核病患者梅毒螺旋体感染情况分析

目的：分析湖南地区结核病（ TB）患者中梅毒螺旋体（ TP）感染状况及特征。方法采集3545例TB患者静脉血进行TP相关血清学检测,同时收集患者临床资料并行流行病学调查。结果3545例TB患者中共检出TP感染106例（2．99％）。不同年份TB患者TP感染率差异有统计学意义（P＜0．01）,且总体呈上升趋势。男性TP感染率（3．75％）高于女性（2．04％）,P＜0．01。21～50岁组感染率（4．53％）、51～88岁组感染率（3．20％）高于6～20岁组（1．03％）,P均＜0．01。职业不详（含不便分类者）感染率（5．25％）＞工人组（2．68％）＞农民组（2．56％）,P均＜0．01。检出3种合并感染模式,共计17例（占16．04％）。其中TP合并HBV、TP合并HCV双重感染分别为12例（0．34％）、4例（0．11％）;TP、HBV、HIV三重感染1例（0．28‰）。结论湖南地区TB患者有着较高的TP感染率,且伴有HCV和HIV合并感染的趋势。应进一步加大TB患者中TP、HBV、HIV、HCV监测力度,制定有针对性的防治对策。     

2010-2016年云南省德宏州艾滋病哨点吸毒人员丙型肝炎病毒感染状况及影响因素北大核心CSCD

目的分析云南省德宏州艾滋病监测哨点吸毒人群丙型肝炎病毒（HCV）感染情况及影响因素,为制定HCV防治策略提供依据。方法 2010-2016年,采用重复横断面调查方法,对德宏州吸毒人群进行问卷调查和血清学检测,以艾滋病病毒（HIV）感染状态分层,使用χ~2检验和多因素Logistic回归模型分析HCV感染的影响因素。结果 2010-2016年,德宏州共对11 248名吸毒者采血检测HCV,检出阳性者2 549例,HCV平均阳性率为22.7%,HIV阴性人群的HCV阳性率为18.6%（1 906/10 248）,HIV阳性人群的HCV阳性率为64.3%（643/1000）,注射吸毒人群为74.7%（1 202/1 610）。多因素分析结果显示：年龄、未婚和离异或丧偶、使用传统毒品和混合毒品和最近一年有商业性行为,在HIV阴性人群中与HCV感染有正性关联;年份、男性和缅甸籍,在HIV阳性人群中与HCV感染有正性关联;注射吸毒在HIV阴性人群[比值比（OR）=15.51,95%可信区间（CI）：13.17~18.27]和HIV阳性人群（OR=4.03,95%CI：2.88~5.62）均是HCV感染危险因素。结论德宏州注射吸毒人群HCV感染率较高,HIV阳性人群HCV感染率随年份呈上升趋势,注射吸毒和性行为尤其是HIV阴性人群HCV传播的主要危险因素,应根据吸毒人群不同特征针对性开展健康教育和行为干预。     

上海地区不同人群非输血所致丙型肝炎病毒感染的调查

目的了解上海地区不同人群非输血所致丙型肝炎病毒（HCV）感染状况。方法调查对象共1645人，其中吸毒者99人，医务人员411人，一般人群826人，义务献血人员309人；抽取血标本，并分离出血清测抗-HCV（EIA法）。结果人群HCV感染率吸毒者为38．4％（38／99），医务人员4．62％（19／411），一般人群0．98％（8／826），献血人员0．96％（3／309）。静脉吸毒者HCV感染率60．8％（31／51），明显高于非静脉吸毒者的14．6％（7／48）（P〈0．01）；静脉吸毒者中，共用针头者为86．7％，高于非共用针头者的50％（P〈0．01）。齿科工作者HCV感染率为10．4％（11／106），明显高于其他医务人员的2．62％（8／305）。齿科工作者分属4个单位，其感染率分别为3．3％（1／30）、0（0／17）、14．6％（7／48）、27．3％（3／11）。一般人群成人HCV感染率1．57％（7／446），高于少儿的0．27％（1／370）。结论上海地区非输血所致HCV感染以吸毒人群最高，其次为齿科医务人员，一般人群和献血员很低。     

西藏某VCT门诊自愿咨询检测者HIV感染状况分析

目的分析艾滋病自愿咨询检测（VCT）门诊,自愿咨询检测者的艾滋病病毒（HIV）感染状况,为西藏预防HIV传播提供科学依据。方法收集整理2003-2012年西藏某VCT门诊自愿咨询者的人口学信息及HIV抗体检测结果,用描述性方法进行统计分析。结果1929名自愿咨询检测者中,检出HIV抗体阳性188例,阳性率9．75％;女性阳性率（12．94％）高于男性（8．40％）;15～44岁年龄组阳性率达9．92％,其阳性人数占所有阳性者中的94．15％（177／188）。小学及以下文化程度HIV阳性率较高,为17．92％,无业者高于其他职业;静脉注射吸毒阳性率高达62．50％。性传播占总数的89．89％。结论青壮年、小学及以下文化程度者及无业者是感染HIV的高危人群,性接触是主要的传播方式,应针对高危人群的特点,加强艾滋病的宣传教育以及行为干预工作,阻断HIV传播。     

慢性丙型肝炎患者混合或重叠感染其他病原体状况分析

目的了解丙型肝炎病毒（HCV）感染者混合或重叠感染乙型肝炎病毒（HBV）、人免疫缺陷病毒（HIV）和梅毒螺旋体（TP）的状况,为HCV感染的防治提供依据。方法采用ELISA法检测乙型肝炎病毒标志物、抗TP和抗HIV;采用化学发光法检测抗HCV;采用蛋白印迹法确认HIV感染。结果在169例HCV感染者中,重叠感染HBV 25例（14.8%）、HIV 4例（2.4%）、TP 9例（5.3%）,重叠感染HBV和TP 2例（1.2%）,重叠感染HBV和HIV 2例（1.2%）;静脉吸毒者重叠感染HIV（6.7%）和TP（11.1%）的比例均明显高于非静脉吸毒者（P〈0.05）;男性患者重叠感染HBV的比例（19.7%）明显高于女性患者（3.8%,P〈0.01）,女性患者重叠感染TP的比例（11.5%）明显高于男性患者（2.6%,P〈0.05）。结论随着感染方式的多元化,慢性丙型肝炎患者重叠感染其他病原体的情况更加常见。     

有偿献血员中艾滋病病毒、乙型肝炎和丙型肝炎病毒感染状况的研究

目的 探讨有偿献血员艾滋病病毒(HIV)、丙型肝炎(丙肝)病毒(HCV)、乙型肝炎(乙肝)病毒(HBV)感染的特点。方法61份HIV阳性献血员及89份HIV阴性献血员的血清,经酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)检测HCV抗体(抗-HCV)及HBV血清学标志物,比较两组人群的HCV、HBV及HCV/HBV感染情况。结果HIV阳性献血员的抗-HCV阳性率为70.49％。乙肝病毒表面抗原(HBsAg)与抗体(抗-HBs)、乙肝病毒e抗原(HBeAg)与抗体(抗-HBe)、乙肝病毒核心抗体(抗-HBc)和HBV的阳性率分别为8.20％、29.51％、3.28％、44.26％、11.4896、47.54％;而HIV阴性献血员的抗-HCV阳性率为19.10％,HBsAg、抗-HBs、HBeAg、抗-HBe、抗-HBc、HBV的阳性率分别为2.25％、38.20％、1.12％、47.19％、6.74％、47.19％。经统计学分析,两组人群的HCV、HCV/HBV感染率的差异有显著的统计学意义,而HBV血清学标志物则无显著性差异。结论 与HIV阴性献血员相比。HIV阳性献血员的HCV感染率很高,而HBV血清学标志物则无显著性差异。对献血员进行HBV检测而未检测HIV、HCV造成的选择偏倚,可能是中国中部一些省份HIV感染者HCV感染率高而HBV感染并不相应增高这一现象的原因之一。     

广西梧州市1998—2000年吸毒人群艾滋病流行病学调查

目的：为了了解梧州市吸毒人群中艾滋病的流行情况,以便更好地开展工作,方法：对吸毒人群流行病学调查资料进行分析。结果：1998－2000年对梧州市1178名吸毒者调查结果表明,其静脉注射吸毒率84．8％,HIV感染率逐年上升,1998年对438例吸毒者进行调查,HIV阳性者2例,阳性率为0．5％,1999年调查319例吸毒者,阳性者7例,阳性率为2．2％,2000年调查421例吸毒者,阳性者139例,阳性率高达33．0％,3年间阳性率差异非常显著（P＜0．01）,结论：HIV感染者以本市居民为主,且存在共用注射器行为和婚外,婚前性行为,HIV感染的主要途径是静脉注射吸毒,调查表明梧州市吸毒人群中HIV的感染率已达较高水平,这是广西新发现的吸毒人群HIV流行的又一区域。     

Effects of HAART on hepatitis C, hepatitis G, and TT virus in multiply coinfected HIV-positive patients with haemophilia

In multiply coinfected human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-positive patients, we investigated the effects of high-activity antiretroviral therapy (HAART) using HIV protease inhibitors on three other viruses: hepatitis C virus (HCV), hepatitis G virus (HGV), and TT virus (TTV). Viral concentrations were measured serially by polymerase chain reaction methods in five patients with quadruple infection (HIV, HCV, HGV, and TTV) and in two patients with triple infection (HIV, HCV, and HGV) before and during HAART. In addition, CD4+ cell counts and serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels were measured serially. Generally we observed no difference in serum HCV RNA, HGV RNA, or TTV DNA concentrations between samples obtained before and after initiation of HAART, whereas HIV RNA concentration decreased and CD4 counts increased in most patients. However, two patients had markedly decreased concentrations of HCV RNA and HGV RNA, respectively, more than 12 months after beginning HAART. Normalization of serum ALT levels was observed in a patient with decline of HCV RNA concentrations. No interactions were observed among these four viruses. HAART had no apparent direct effects on HCV, HGV, or TTV. Further studies will be required to elucidate whether the restoration of immune status through suppression of HIV replication by HAART may affect HCV or HGV RNA concentrations.     

Hepatitis C virus antigens enzyme immunoassay for one-step diagnosis of hepatitis C virus coinfection in human immunodeficiency virus infected individuals

BACKGROUND Current diagnosis of hepatitis C virus(HCV) infection requires two sequential steps: testing for anti-HCV followed by HCV RNA PCR to confirm viremia. We have developed a highly sensitive and specific HCV-antigens enzyme immunoassay(HCV-Ags EIA) for one-step diagnosis of viremic HCV infection.AIM To assess the clinical application of the HCV-Ags EIA in one-step diagnosis of viremic HCV infection in human immunodeficiency virus(HIV)-coinfected individuals.METHODS The study blindly tested HCV-Ags EIA for its performance in one-step diagnosing viremic HCV infection in 147 sera: 10 without HCV or HIV infection;54 with viremic HCV monoinfection; 38 with viremic HCV/HIV coinfection; and45 with viremic HCV and non-viremic HIV coinfection.RESULTS Upon decoding, it was 100% accordance of HCV-Ags EIA to HCV infection status by HCV RNA PCR test. In five sera with HCV infection, HCV RNA was as low as50-59 IU/mL, and four out of five tested positive for HCV-Ags EIA. Likewise, it was also 100% accordance of HCV-Ags EIA to HCV infection status by HCV RNA PCR in 83 sera with HCV and HIV coinfection, regardless if HIV infection was active or not.CONCLUSION The modified HCV-Ags EIA has a lower detection limit equivalent to serum HCV RNA levels of approximately 100 IU/mL. It is highly sensitive and specific in the setting of HIV coinfection, regardless of HIV infection status and CD4 count.These data support the clinical application of the HCV-Ags EIA in one-step diagnosis of HCV infection in HIV-infected individuals.     

Drug-addicted prisoners: seroprevalence of human immunodeficiency virus and hepatitis B and C virus soon after the marketing of buprenorphine

PURPOSE: Considering the importance to public health and the frequency with which drug addicts are imprisoned, we studied the prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV), as well as drug addiction of patients admitted to the Elsau prison in Strasbourg (France). METHODS: The prospective study included all entering inmates from 1 September to 31 October 1997 (270 persons) to whom HIV, HBV and HCV blood tests were offered as well as a questionnaire on their drug addiction. RESULTS: Thirty-six percent of the entering inmates were drug addicts, of whom 1% were HIV positive, 11.2% HBV positive and 30% HCV positive, compared to, respectively, 0.6, 9.9 and 6.4% for non-drug addicts. Ninety-five of the 98 patients used several drugs, including buprenorphine for 53 patients. At the beginning of this study, buprenorphine had been available in France for 9 months. CONCLUSION: The results are to be taken seriously regarding the misuse of this product in this selected population (intravenous use, multiple drug use, dealing).     

Full participation in harm reduction programmes is associated with decreased risk for human immunodeficiency virus and hepatitis C virus: evidence from the Amsterdam Cohort Studies among drug users

OBJECTIVES: To investigate the impact of harm-reduction programmes on HIV and hepatitis C virus (HCV) incidence among ever-injecting drug users (DU) from the Amsterdam Cohort Studies (ACS). METHODS: The association between use of harm reduction and seroconversion for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and/or hepatitis C virus (HCV) was evaluated using Poisson regression. A total of 714 DU were at risk for HIV and/or HCV during follow-up. Harm reduction was measured by combining its two most important components--methadone dose and needle exchange programme (NEP) use--and looking at five categories of participation, ranging from no participation (no methadone in the past 6 months, injecting drug use in the past 6 months and no use of NEP) to full participation (> or = 60 mg methadone/day and no current injecting or > or = 60 mg methadone/day and current injecting but all needles exchanged). RESULTS: Methadone dose or NEP use alone were not associated significantly with HIV or HCV seroconversion. However, with combination of these variables and after correction for possibly confounding variables, we found that full participation in a harm reduction programme (HRP) was associated with a lower risk of HIV and HCV infection in ever-injecting drug users (DU), compared to no participation [incidence rate ratio 0.43 (95% CI 0.21-0.87) and 0.36 (95% CI 0.13-1.03), respectively]. CONCLUSIONS: In conclusion, we found that full participation in HRP was associated with a lower incidence of HCV and HIV infection in ever-injecting DU, indicating that combined prevention measures--but not the use of NEP or methadone alone--might contribute to the reduction of the spread of these infections.     

Effect of human immunodeficiency virus infection on hepatitis C virus infection in hemophiliacs

Chronic liver disease due to hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is a major problem in hemophiliacs. Recent reports suggested that hemophiliacs coinfected with hepatitis C virus and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) have an increased incidence of liver failure but the mechanism of accelerated liver injury is not clear. We tested plasma from 100 hemophiliacs for anti-HCV by second generation ELISA, anti-HIV by EIA, and HCV RNA and HIV RNA by branched DNA and polymerase chain reaction assays to determine if hemophiliacs coinfected with HCV and HIV have higher HCV RNA levels and more active liver disease. Seventy-nine (79%) patients were anti-HCV positive, of whom 85% were HCV RNA positive. None of the anti-HCV-negative patients had detectable HCV RNA in plasma. Forty-two (42%) patients were anti-HIV positive, of whom 47% had detectable HIV RNA. All the anti-HIV-positive patients were also anti-HCV positive. The prevalence of both anti-HCV and anti-HIV increased significantly with age. There was no difference in HCV RNA levels between anti-HIV-positive and anti-HIV-negative patients (mean: 21±4 vs 18±5 Meq/ml), although HCV RNA levels were significantly higher in anti-HIV-positive patients with CD4 counts<200/mm³ (P=0.008). There was an inverse correlation between HCV RNA levels and CD4 counts but no correlation was found between HCV RNA and serum aminotransferase levels. We found a high prevalence of HCV and HIV coinfection in our hemophiliacs. Hepatitis C virus replication appears to be increased in patients with severe immunodeficiency secondary to progressive HIV infection. However, there was no correlation between HCV RNA and serum ALT level, suggesting that HCV is not directly cytopathic.     

Alcohol use disorder and its impact on chronic hepatitis C virus and human immunodeficiency virus infections

Alcohol use disorder(AUD) and hepatitis C virus(HCV) infection frequently co-occur. AUD is associated with greater exposure to HCV infection, increased HCV infection persistence, and more extensive liver damage due to interactions between AUD and HCV on immune responses, cytotoxicity, and oxidative stress. Although AUD and HCV infection are associated with increased morbidity and mortality, HCV antiviral therapy is less commonly prescribed in individuals with both conditions. AUD is also common in human immunodeficiency virus(HIV) infection, which negatively impacts proper HIV care and adherence to antiretroviral therapy, and liver disease. In addition, AUD and HCV infection are also frequent within a proportion of patients with HIV infection, which negatively impacts liver disease. This review summarizes the current knowledge regarding pathological interactions of AUD with hepatitis C infection, HIV infection, and HCV/HIV co-infection, as well as relating to AUD treatment interventions in these individuals.     

258名吸毒人员HIV/HCV混合感染及其影响因素研究

目的了解吸毒人群中人类免疫缺陷病毒（HIV）和丙型肝炎病毒（HCV）混合感染情况以及影响其感染的因素。方法对瑞丽市美沙酮维持治疗门诊258名吸毒人员的一般情况、吸毒方式、性行为特点进行问卷调查,并采集血样检测血清中的HIV和HCV抗体。结果在258名被调查者中,HIV和HCV混合感染率为12.79%（33/258）;婚姻状况、是否曾经注射吸毒、是否共用针具、共用针具人数及频率、性伴数量等因素的HIV和HCV混合感染率具有统计学意义（P0.05）。结论吸毒人群是HCV感染的高危人群,并与婚姻状况和吸毒方式等因素有关。