保护性通气策略对老年人术中肺顺应性及氧合的影响

目的研究保护性通气策略[低潮气量(LV)加机械通气(PEEP)]对老年人术中肺顺应性(CL)及氧合的影响。方法选在气管插管全身麻醉下实施择期开腹手术的老年患者60例(ASAⅠ～Ⅱ级,年龄60～81岁),随机分为(1)LV组:VT(潮气量)为7 ml/kg PBW(预测体重);(2)LV+PEEP组:VT为7ml/kgPBW,PEEP为5 cmH_2O;(3)C组(常规通气量组):VT为12 ml/kg PBW。分别于插管后5 min(TO)、30 min(T1)、1 h(T2)、3 h(T3)4个时点记录心搏率(HR)、平均动脉压(MAP)、血氧饱和度(SpO_2)、呼气末二氧化碳分压(P_(ET)CO_2)、气道峰压(Ppeak)、气道平台压(Pplat)及CL变化,并于各时点桡动脉处抽血测血气指标。结果三组患者各时点HR、MAP、SpO_2、P_(ET)CO_2及手术种类比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05);C组在机械通气期间Pplat、Ppeak明显高于LV组(P=0.001;P=0.012)及LV+PEEP组(P=0.006;P=0.011);LV组、LV+PEEP组、C组CL均随着时间延长呈下降趋势(P=0.003;P=0.001;P=0.000),C组明显低于LV组与LV+PEEP组(P=0.004;P=0.001);LV组与LV+PEEP组差异无统计学意义(P=0.340)。动脉血氧分压(PaO_2)在LV组、LV+PEEP组、C组均随着时间延长呈下降趋势((P=0.002;P=0.002;P=0.000),C组较LV组与ILV+PEEP组降低明显(P=0.001;P=0.001),LV组与LV+PEEP组差异无统计学意义(P=0.231)。结论与常规大潮气量相比,小潮气量通气(7 m/kg PBW)能改善老年人术中的氧合及肺顺应性;小PEEP未显示出进一步的肺保护作用。     

两种通气策略对老年人腹部手术中肺顺应性及外周血IL-6和IL-8的影响

目的探讨两种通气策略(低潮气量+小PEEP机械通气及常规大潮气量)对老年病人腹部手术短期机械通气肺外周血白细胞介素-6(IL-6)、白细胞介素-8(IL-8)的影响。方法选择腹部择期手术的老年患者(年龄60岁,ASAⅠ～Ⅱ级)40例,根据机械通气方式不同,随机分为两组。LV+P组(A组):低潮气量+小PEEP(呼气末正压),潮气量(VT)为7 ml/kg PBW(预测体重),PEEP为5 cmH2O;常规大潮气量组(B组),VT 12 ml/kg PBW,PEEP为0。分别于气管插管后机械通气5 min、3 h这2个时点,采集静脉血测定血清IL-6、IL-8浓度。结果两组肺顺应性(CL)均随着时间延长呈下降趋势,B组明显低于A组(P0.01)。机械通气3 h时A组肺外周血IL-6、IL-8增加量较B组明显降低(P=0.000,P=0.002)。结论在老年病人腹部手术中低潮气量加小PEEP机械通气与常规大潮气量均可引起老年病人血浆IL-6和IL-8水平升高,肺顺应性降低,但低潮气量加小PEEP可以减轻该变化。     

低潮气量机械通气的临床应用进展

传统机械通气习惯选用大潮气量和低频率,有时配合低呼气末正压通气（PEEP）。研究表明,这种通气方式存在许多弊端：增加了炎性因子的释放或造成急性肺损伤（ALI）。近年低潮气量机械通气作为一种肺保护策略,被用于ALI及急性呼吸窘迫综合征（ARDS）的治疗;而且,一些数据表明,低潮气量通气对非ALI／ARDS也同样有益。     

肺动脉-左心房无泵肺辅助联合低潮气量机械通气治疗猪急性肺损伤的实验研究

目的::观察肺动脉-左心房无泵肺辅助联合低潮气量机械通气对急性肺损伤的治疗效果。方法:健康中华小型猪12只,用油酸诱导建立急性肺损伤模型后,随机分两组,每组6只:低潮气量机械通气组(LM组);低潮气量机械通气+肺动脉-左心房无泵肺辅助组(LMP组)。观察两组呼吸、循环系统指标在不同时间点的变化。外科操作后稳定30分钟,定义为T1,后每隔1小时,分别为T2、T3、T4和T5。结果:两组间幼猪在注射油酸前各项指标均无明显差异,但在注射油酸后T2时间点各项指标均有明显变化(P<0.05),其中p H值、氧分压、动脉血压明显降低,二氧化碳分压、气道压及中心静脉压明显升高,测氧合指数提示模型制作成功。在无泵肺辅助开始后,与LM组相比,LMP组动脉血PH值、氧分压、二氧化碳分压、血压在T3、T4、T5时间点均有明显改善(P<0.05);中心静脉压在T3、T5时间点有明显差异(P<0.05);LMP组在T5时气道压明显低于LM组(P<0.05)。结论:肺动脉-左心房无泵肺辅助联合低潮气量保护机械通气能够维持循环稳定并且有效改善实验猪急性肺损伤后的顽固性低氧和二氧化碳潴留。     

低潮气量加呼气末正压通气对急性肺损伤氧代谢的影响

目的 采用低潮气量加呼气末正压(PEEP)通气,观察对急性肺损伤(ALI)氧代谢的影响。方法 对14例ALI患者,最初采用辅助/控制(A/C)通气,并逐渐增加PEEP,每种方式30min,吸入氧浓度(FiO     

低潮气量、呼气末正压机械通气治疗急性呼吸窘迫综合征的护理

急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)的主要病理改变为肺毛细管炎症性损伤，继发急性高通透性肺水肿和进行性缺氧性呼吸衰竭，机械通气是其主要的治疗手段。1999年8月～2003年6月，我院对24例ARDS患者采用低潮气量、呼气末正压机械通气治疗，取得良好效果。现将护理体会报告如下。     

肺顺应性测定及临床应用进展

肺顺应性(CL)测定已用于临床,做为应用呼吸机患者监测的重要内容。本文就C_L 测定所需的气囊导管测压系统、测定误差的原因、影响测定的因素以及对小气道疾病的诊断、严重呼衰和机械通气监护等方面的应用加以综述。     

低潮气量低呼气末正压治疗急性肺创伤术后急性呼吸窘迫综合征疗效观察

目的 :探讨急性肺创伤术后并发急性呼吸窘迫综合征 (ARDS)患者的机械通气对策 ;方法 :将6 1例急性肺创伤术后并发ARDS患者随机分为A、B两组 ,A组 31例 ,采用传统机械通气模式 (VT10～ 13.5ml/kg ,PEEP 10～ 18cmH2 O) ;B组 30例 ,采用低潮气量、低呼气末正压 (VT7～ 8ml/kg ,PEEP 5～ 10cmH2 O)、许可性高碳酸血症通气 (动脉血PaCO2 10 .18± 1.14kPa ,pH 7.30±0 .0 5 )对策。通过调节同步间歇指令通气频率使两组患者的分钟通气量保持对等 (9～ 12L/min) ,对两组患者进行疗效比较。结果 :A组病死率和机械通气所致并发症发生率均明显高于B组 (P<0 .0 5或 <0 .0 1)。结论 :低VT、低PEEP机械通气对策可明显降低急性肺创伤术后并发ARDS患者的病死率。     

小潮气量通气对ALI/ARDS高风险患者疗效及预后的影响分析

目的研究机械通气治疗的急性肺损伤/急性呼吸窘迫综合症(ALI/ARDS)高风险患者,应用小潮气量通气对患者疗效和预后的影响。方法采用随机数字表法将本院重症监护病房(ICU)收治的56例ALI/ARDS高风险患者分为研究组和对照组各28例,研究组采用小潮气量(VT6~8ml/kg)通气治疗,对照组采用常规潮气量(VT10~12ml/kg)通气治疗,比较两组患者治疗后不同时间的血气指标、血清炎症变化及预后差异。结果通气48h、通气96h后两组患者的Pa O2、Pa CO2、氧饱和度、p H值、氧合指数、中心静脉压均较通气即刻显著好转(P0.05)。通气48h、通气96h后两组患者的血清IL-6、TNF-ɑ、CRP水平均较通气即刻显著的降低(P0.05),研究组在通气48h、通气96h后血清IL-6、TNF-ɑ、CRP水平均显著的低于对照组(P0.05)。研究组的ALI/ARDS发病率(14.29%)、ICU治疗时间(9.5±2.6)d、机械通气治疗时间(7.4±1.3)d、住院时间(13.7±3.2)d、死亡率(10.71%),均显著的低于对照组患者(P0.05)。结论 ALI/ARDS高风险患者应用小潮气量机械通气治疗,较常规潮气量通气治疗具有更好的临床效果,预后效果更好。     

Effect of endotracheal tube size on airway resistance and dynamic lung compliance

There are different results on the effect of endotracheal tube (ETT) size on respiratory mechanics in patients undergoing mechanical ventilation, and there are few reports in adult laparoscopic surgery. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of ETT size on airway resistance (RAW) and dynamic lung compliance (COMPL) in patients undergoing laparoscopic colorectal surgery. Seventy-two patients undergoing laparoscopic radical surgery for colorectal cancer under general anesthesia with endotracheal intubation were selected and divided into 3 groups (n = 24) using the random number table method Group A (ETT ID 7.0), Group B (ETT ID 7.5), and Group C (ETT ID 8.0). After mechanical ventilation, intraoperative RAW and COMPL were monitored in each of the 3 groups. In the non-pneumoperitoneal state, RAW in group ID7.0 is significantly higher than this in group ID7.5 and group ID8.0 (P < .05); the RAW between the 2 groups with ID7.5 and ID8.0 was not statistically significant (P > .05). The difference of COMPL between the 3 groups was statistically significant (P < .05); the COMPL of Group ID7.0 is lower than Group ID7.5, and Group ID7.5 is lower than Group ID8.0. In the pneumoperitoneal state, the RAW between ID7.0 group and ID8.0 group was statistically significant, the RAW difference between ID7.0 group and ID7.5 group, ID7.5 group and ID8.0 group not statistically significant (P > .05);the COMPL between the 3 groups was not statistically significant (P > .05). In the non-pneumoperitoneal state, the smaller the ETT internal diameter within a certain range, the higher RAW and the lower COMPL; in the pneumoperitoneal state, the RAW with the ID7.0 ETT was higher than that with the ID8.0 ETT, and the ETT size within a certain range had no effect on COMPL.     

小潮气量对慢性阻塞性肺病机械通气的影响

目的探讨小潮气量对慢性阻塞性肺病(COPD)机械通气的影响。方法将2010年10月~2012年10月入住我院的100例COPD患者按照抽签法随机地均分为对照组与观察组,分别给予常规潮气量通气与小潮气量通气治疗,比较两组机械通气前后动脉血气指标、静脉血中细胞因子变化、以及随访结果。结果两组患者在接受治疗后,相关指标均得到了一定的改善,观察组患者的治疗效果明显优于对照组(P0.05)。结论小潮气量通气治疗慢性阻塞性肺病患者,动脉血气指标、静脉血中细胞因子、预后随访结果均出现明显变化,患者肺功能状况明显改善,应加强推广并应用。     

Effect of leak around the endotracheal tube on measurements of pulmonary compliance and resistance during mechanical ventilation: A lung model study

We studied the effect of leaks around the endotracheal tube (ETT) on the measurement of pulmonary mechanics during mechanical ventilation. We also evaluated the influence of different ventilator settings on the magnitude of leak. An adjustable leak was created at the end of the ETT in a lung model with constant compliance. Flow, tidal volume, and pressure changes were measured above and below the leak. Compliance (C_i) and resistance (R_i) during inspiration were determined by linear regression analysis (LRA) using the equation of motion and the Mead and Wittenberger method (MWM). The ventilatory change that influenced the degree of leak most was prolongation of inspiratory time (T_i). The presence of a leak around the ETT resulted in an overestimation of the C_i and R_i values, which was proportional to the size of the leak. This overestimation was also influenced by the method used to determine C_i and R_i. Because the contribution of the leak to the tidal volume progressively increased as inspiration continued, methods of analysis that depended mainly on measurement points at the end of inspiration showed a larger deviation from the true C_i and R_i values than methods mainly influenced by measurement points at the beginning of inspiration. Because of this, shortening of inspiration, or analysis of points at the beginning of inspiration reduces the error in the measurements of C_i and R_i when a leak is present. Breaths with a large leak should be excluded from any analysis of pulmonary mechanics. Pediatr Pulmonol. 1996; 22:35–43. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

肺复张手法与单纯小潮气量机械通气治疗急性呼吸窘迫综合征

目的观察肺复张手法对急性呼吸窘迫综合征（ARDS）患者的治疗作用,并与小潮气量辅助／控制通气方式比较。方法20例ARDS患者,平均年龄（58±8）岁。分为两组：（1）试验组10例：采用肺复张手法机械通气;（2）对照组10例：采用小潮气量辅助／控制通气（潮气量设为6ml／kg,体重为标准体重）。分别观察两组患者上机后0、48和72h的氧合指数、中心静脉压、镇静药物的用量以及28d的病死率和并发症等。结果试验组与对照组比较,氧合指数48h分别为（297±15）及（211±12）cmH20,72h为（305±18）及（247±16）cmH2O;带机时间缩短为（15±2）及（21±2）d;48h中心静脉压分别为（14．1±0．5）及（19．2±1．0）cmH2O,72h分别为（11．3±0．8）及（17．1±1．1）cmH2O。28d病死率和并发症的发生率两组比较差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论肺复张手法比单纯小潮气量容量控制／辅助通气具有改善氧合迅速、带机时间短、血流动力学稳定及所用镇静药物少等优点。     

Expired tidal volumes measured by hot-wire anemometer during high-frequency oscillation in preterm infants

We sought to determine the normocapnic values of expiratory tidal volume measured by hot-wire anemometer, and to evaluate how often expiratory tidal volume exceeds estimated anatomical dead space during high-frequency oscillatory ventilation (HFOV) in preterm infants. We also sought to determine the relationship between expiratory tidal volume and other respiratory parameters. The neonatal respiration monitor SLE 2100 VPM, a hot-wire anemometer, was used to measure expired tidal volume (V(T,E)) in patients ventilated by the Sensormedics 3,100A during routine clinical use of HFOV. Two hundred and fourteen simultaneous measurements of PaCO(2), V(T,E), fraction of inspired oxygen (FiO(2)), continuous distending pressure (CDP), frequency, and amplitude were obtained from 28 patients. The median birth weight was 852 g (range, 435-3,450 g), and median gestational age was 27.2 weeks (range, 23.3-41.0 weeks). One hundred and eighteen (55%) normocapnic measurements, 42 (20%) hypocapnic measurements, and 54 (25%) hypercapnic measurements were recorded in which the median V(T,E) was 1.67 ml/kg (95% confidence interval (CI), 1.55-1.79), 1.94 ml/kg (95% CI, 1.74-2.14), and 1.54 ml/kg (95% CI, 1.42-1.66), respectively. The measured V(T,E) exceeded 2.0 ml/kg in 30 instances of normocapnic V(T,E) (14%) and 54 of all V(T,E) (25%), and 3 ml/kg only in 7 (3%) and 11 (5%) instances of normocapnic and all V(T,E). There was a significant difference in median normocapnic V(T,E) obtained when FiO(2) was between 0.21-0.35, compared to values obtained when FiO(2) was 0.36-1.0 (1.61 ml/kg (95% CI, 1.52-1.70) vs. 2.06 ml/kg (95% CI, 1.93-2.19), P < 0.002). The calculated values of PaCO(2) between 35-47, using the calculated regression equation for prediction of PaCO(2) (mmHg), correctly predicted normocapnic values in 60% of measurements. Values >47 should predict hypercapnia in 81% of cases. In conclusion, expired tidal volume measurement by heated double-wire anemometer sensor is feasible, provides useful real-time information about tidal volume changes, and may improve the clinical management of HFOV.     

小潮气量机械通气对海水淹溺急性肺损伤兔治疗作用的实验研究

目的 观察小潮气量机械通气在海水淹溺急性肺损伤应用时的治疗作用和安全性.方法 分别应用潮气量为6 ml/kg和12 ml/kg的机械通气对海水淹溺急性肺损伤兔进行分组救治.在不同时间点检测血气分析、呼吸动力学、血液动力学,观察血清和肺泡灌洗液肿瘤坏死因子a、白介素6以及肺HRCT变化,并进行肺病理学检查,以评价治疗效果和安全性.结果 采用6 ml/kg小潮气量机械通气不仅能改善SWD-ALI时的氧合,而且能有效控制气道峰压和气道平均压,从而在一定程度上避免呼吸机相关肺损伤.结论 小潮气量保护性机械通气策略应用治疗海水淹溺急性肺损伤兔,能够明显改善氧合,避免继发肺损伤,是一种安全有效的治疗海水淹溺急性肺损伤的机械通气手段.