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1.
Guns PJ Johnson DM Van Op den Bosch J Weltens E Lissens J 《British journal of pharmacology》2012,166(2):689-701
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE
QT prolongation is commonly used as a surrogate marker for Torsade de Pointes (TdP) risk of non-cardiovascular drugs. However, use of this indirect marker often leads to misinterpretation of the realistic TdP risk, as tested compounds may cause QT prolongation without evoking TdP in humans. A negative electro-mechanical (E-M) window has recently been proposed as an alternative risk marker for TdP in a canine LQT1 model. Here, we evaluated the E-M window in anaesthetized guinea pigs as a screening marker for TdP in humans.EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH
The effects of various reference drugs and changes in body temperature on the E-M window were assessed in instrumented guinea pigs. The E-M window was defined as the delay between the duration of the electrical (QT interval) and mechanical (QLVPend) systole.KEY RESULTS
Drugs with known TdP liability (quinidine, haloperidol, domperidone, terfenadine, thioridazine and dofetilide), but not those with no TdP risk in humans (salbutamol and diltiazem) consistently decreased the E-M window. Interestingly, drugs with known clinical QT prolongation, but with low risk for TdP (amiodarone, moxifloxacin and ciprofloxacin) did not decrease the E-M window. Furthermore, the E-M window was minimally affected by changes in heart rate or body temperature.CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS
A decreased E-M window was consistently observed with drugs already known to have high TdP risk, but not with drugs with low or no TdP risk. These results suggest that the E-M window in anaesthetized guinea pigs is a risk marker for TdP in humans. 相似文献2.
Background
During the undergraduate years, laboratory practical classes using experimental animals are important in pharmacy schools. Limitations for experimental use of animals exist, including the procurement of animals, the difficulty in performing animal experiments, ethical considerations, and more often students' preferences.Objective
To evaluate pharmacy students’ perceptions, barriers, and confidence regarding animal use in the pharmacology laboratory course, and the effect of animal handling on their confidence.Methods
This observational pre- and post-course parallel group design study was conducted during the Pharmacology laboratory involving 3rd-year pharmacology students from one school of pharmacy in Jordan. A questionnaire was designed and validated to collect students’ demographic characteristics, perceived barriers and perceptions regarding animal handling during the lab, and the level of confidence pre- and post-course, assessing differences between those who handled and those who did not handle animals.Results
All Pharmacology lab students (n?=?212) with a mean age of 21.11 (SD 1.32) and the majority being females (77.0%) were enrolled. Students who refused to handle animals (n?=?105, 49.5%) stated phobia as the main barrier. Students who accepted to handle animals agreed more with the importance of seeing and practicing animal handling, with animal handling being essential to understand the effect of drugs on animals and in its importance to gain skills, than those who refused. More than half of students (55.9%) reported feeling confident/somewhat confident in animal handling and in giving animals injections (50.8%) at baseline. At the end of the course, students who accepted animal handling reported significantly higher confidence.Conclusion
This study revealed important students’ barriers and perspectives to animal handling. Those who handled the animals reported better confidence in certain areas at the end of the course than those who refused. Engaging students when making decisions regarding educational practices paves the way for change to the current traditional paradigm in the education of future scholars. 相似文献3.
Background
Bacterial infections in pediatric patients with leukemia are associated with increased risks for morbidity and mortality. Few Recommendations have been made on the use of antibacterial prophylaxis in pediatrics with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) or acute myeloid leukemia (AML).Objectives
To determine the role of antibacterial prophylaxis in pediatric patients with leukemia and the most appropriate regimen that can be safely and effectively used.Methods
Literature search was conducted independently by 3 reviewers to find studies on the safety and effectiveness of antibacterial prophylactic regimens.Results
The search strategy resulted in 13 studies; most of them were observational studies. The available evidence recommends use of antibiotics with Gram-positive bacterial coverage in AML patients. In ALL patients, prophylaxis was used during the intensive phases of chemotherapy with ciprofloxacin being recommended most commonly.Conclusion
Antibacterial prophylaxis mainly with coverage against Gram-positive bacteria is recommended in pediatric patients with AML. For ALL patients, prophylaxis may be considered for patients who are undergoing intensive chemotherapy phases and are at high risk for infections with ciprofloxacin being the most commonly used agent. In general more studies are needed to determine the role of antibacterial prophylaxis in pediatric patients with leukemia. 相似文献4.
A Oros MJ Houtman P Neco AM Gomez S Rajamani P Oosterhoff NJ Attevelt JD Beekman MAG van der Heyden L Ver Donck L Belardinelli S Richard G Antoons MA Vos for the CONTICA investigators 《British journal of pharmacology》2010,161(1):162-175
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE
The high predisposition to Torsade de Pointes (TdP) in dogs with chronic AV-block (CAVB) is well documented. The anti-arrhythmic efficacy and mode of action of Ca2+ channel antagonists, flunarizine and verapamil against TdP were investigated.EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH
Mongrel dogs with CAVB were selected based on the inducibility of TdP with dofetilide. The effects of flunarizine and verapamil were assessed after TdP and in different experiments to prevent dofetilide-induced TdP. Electrocardiogram and ventricular monophasic action potentials were recorded. Electrophysiological parameters and short-term variability of repolarization (STV) were determined. In vitro, flunarizine and verapamil were added to determine their effect on (i) dofetilide-induced early after depolarizations (EADs) in canine ventricular myocytes (VM); (ii) diastolic Ca2+ sparks in RyR2R4496+/+ mouse myocytes; and (iii) peak and late INa in SCN5A-HEK 293 cells.KEY RESULTS
Dofetilide increased STV prior to TdP and in VM prior to EADs. Both flunarizine and verapamil completely suppressed TdP and reversed STV to baseline values. Complete prevention of TdP was achieved with both drugs, accompanied by the prevention of an increase in STV. Suppression of EADs was confirmed after flunarizine. Only flunarizine blocked late INa. Ca2+ sparks were reduced with verapamil.CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS
Robust anti-arrhythmic efficacy was seen with both Ca2+ channel antagonists. Their divergent electrophysiological actions may be related to different additional effects of the two drugs. 相似文献5.
Zahra Khalil Alsairafi Felicity J. Smith Kevin Michael Geoffrey Taylor Fatemah Alsaleh Abdulnabi T. Alattar 《Saudi Pharmaceutical Journal》2018,26(4):487-495
Background
Diabetes is a threat to peoples’ lives around the world, particularly in the Middle East. Medicine misuse and poor glycaemic control are prevalent among patients with type 2 diabetes, especially insulin-dependent patients (Alsairafi et al., 2016). With advances in medical technology, insulin pumps became a treatment option for patients with type 1 diabetes and those with insulin-dependent type 2 diabetes. However, use of these devices is still lacking in Kuwait, particularly in patients with type 2 diabetes. Information on how patients manage these devices and their efficacy and safety from the perspectives of patients is also lacking (Alsaleh et al., 2016).Objective
To examine the views and experiences of adults with type 2 diabetes regarding the use of insulin pumps compared to their previous insulin delivery methods, in terms of glycaemic control, quality of life, preference, convenience and adherence to doses.Setting
The main five secondary-care hospitals in Kuwait: Mobarak Al-Kabeer, Al Amiri, Al Adan, Al Farwaniya and Al Jahra.Method
All adults with type 2 diabetes who used an insulin pump were invited to participate. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews. Data analysis was performed using MAXQDA-11.Results
A total of eight patients were interviewed. Interviews with patients revealed that using an insulin pump improved patients’ glycaemic control and quality of life as a consequence of improved satisfaction and adherence to doses.Conclusion
From the perspective of adults with type 2 diabetes, there are lots of benefits of using insulin pumps over other insulin delivery methods, mainly seen by the improvement of quality of life and patients’ adherence to doses. Policy-makers and healthcare professionals (HCPs) must be aware of such benefits and should support the wider implementation of this technology in the country by including patients with type 2 diabetes. Results of this study will help to inform healthcare provision and guideline modifications and to provide guidance for new patients using this therapy. 相似文献6.
Ashraf El-Metwally 《Saudi Pharmaceutical Journal》2018,26(5):629-633
Background
Pharmacoepidemiology is the concept used for evaluating the impact of drugs among a large number of people in the post-marketing phase. The use of this concept makes it increasingly necessary to detect the recurrence of drug-related anomalies that mostly occur through health care professionals or patients themselves. Pharmacoepidemiology is important since it helps to provide the right balance of benefits versus risks of the drug products while remaining an excellent tool to prepare the risk/benefit balance profile.Aim
The objective of this study is to review and explore the current status and future prospects of pharmacoepidemiology and post-marketing surveillance in Saudi Arabia.Methods
A literature review has been conducted using keywords such as pharmacoepidemiology’; ‘post-marketing’; ‘surveillance’; ‘Saudi Arabia’; ‘ADRs’; and ‘pharmacovigilance’. The study refines its focus on 13 pharmacoepidemiology and post-marketing surveillance research studies conducted in Saudi Arabia using the databases; Embase, PubMed, EBSCOhost, MEDLINE, and AMED.Results
Pharmacoepidemiology and post-marketing surveillance creates a body of research in Saudi Arabia, but within a restricted scope. The studies that were reviewed assessed the challenge from various perspectives. Lack of knowledge, post-marketing surveillance, ADR reporting, and increased use of generic products were reported.Conclusion
The current level of research may be widened and increased through improving the process of ADRs reporting system. More research needs to be conducted based on nation-wide observational studies. Collaboration among medical professionals, academics and industries should continue to establish a more efficient and consistent post-marketing surveillance system. 相似文献7.
Barbara A. Santevecchi Tiffeny T. Smith Shawn H. MacVane 《International journal of antimicrobial agents》2018,51(4):629-635
Background
Ceftazidime/avibactam is a newly approved β-lactam/β-lactamase inhibitor combination with activity against antibiotic-resistant Gram-negative organisms, including many carbapenem-resistant strains. Although this agent may offer a promising treatment option for serious infections with limited alternatives available, clinical experience with ceftazidime/avibactam in treatment of infections caused by multidrug-resistant Gram-negative organisms other than Klebsiella pneumoniae is limited.Methods
A retrospective case series was performed to evaluate patients treated with ceftazidime/avibactam for infections caused by organisms other than K. pneumoniae at our institution over a 1-year period. Patients aged at least 18 years who received at least one dose of ceftazidime/avibactam were eligible for inclusion. Clinical and microbiological data were collected, and investigators assessed adverse effects, microbiological cure, clinical success, and 30-day in-hospital mortality following completion of ceftazidime/avibactam therapy.Results
Ten patients were included. The most common index infection was pneumonia (n?=?6/13, 46%) and the most frequently isolated organism was Pseudomonas aeruginosa (n?=?8/21, 38%). Fifty percent of patients received ceftazidime/avibactam as monotherapy. Microbiological cure was achieved in 67% (n?=?6/9) of patients and 70% (n?=?7/10) of patients met criteria for clinical success. The 30-day in-hospital mortality rate was 30%. No patients experienced adverse events because of ceftazidime/avibactam therapy.Conclusions
For infections caused by antibiotic-resistant Gram-negative organisms other than K. pneumoniae, clinical and microbiological success rates for patients treated with ceftazidime/avibactam were similar to those that have been reported for K. pneumoniae. Ceftazidime/avibactam appears to be a promising treatment option for infections caused by a variety of resistant Gram-negative organisms when limited alternatives exist. 相似文献8.
9.
Mansour Alsharidah Metab. Algeffari Abdel-Moneim Hafez Abdel-Moneim Mohamed Faisal Lutfi Haila Alshelowi 《Saudi Pharmaceutical Journal》2018,26(1):1-6
Background
Type 2 diabetes is a chronic condition that requires pharmacotherapy interventions. Metformin and gliclazide are widely used drugs in monotherapy. However, their complementary action made utilization of the combination of these drugs an appealing approach.Aims
The study compared major therapeutic potentials of combined metformin/gliclazide treatment over metformin monotherapy based on the following parameters: oxidative stress, lipid profile, and hepatorenal functions.Subjects and methods
This is a comparative study was conducted from March 2015 to March 2016. The study screened 80 type 2 diabetic patients, of which 40 patients underwent combined metformin?+?gliclazide therapy (500?mg BD?+?80?mg OD, respectively). The other 40 were matched for age and duration of diabetes mellitus with the previous group and received metformin monotherapy (500?mg BD). The levels of fasting blood glucose (FBG), total glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), lipid peroxidation, total antioxidant capacity, serum creatinine, aspartate and alanine transaminases, total cholesterol, triglycerides, high-density lipoproteins, and low-density lipoproteins were measured according to the standard methods.Results
Oxidative stress, lipid profile, and hepatorenal functions were comparable in patients of both groups. However, patients on metformin treatment showed significantly lower levels of FBG [7.61 (6.70–8.89) mmol/L vs. 9.00 (7.30–10.68) mmol/L; P?=?.022] and HBA1c [7.00 (6.40–7.65)% vs. 8.20 (7.20–9.75)%; P?<?.001] compared to those on combined therapy.Conclusion
Oxidative stress, lipids profile, and hepatorenal functions were not different in patients who were on combined metformin/gliclazide therapy and compared to those metformin alone. In contrast, glycemic control was poor in the diabetic patients undergoing combined therapy. 相似文献10.
11.
T R G Stams V J A Bourgonje H D M Beekman M Schoenmakers R Nagel P Oosterhoff J M Opstal M A Vos 《British journal of pharmacology》2014,171(3):714-722
Background and Purpose
The electromechanical window (EMW), the interval between the end of the T-wave and the end of the left ventricular pressure (LVP) curve, has recently been proposed as a predictor of risk of Torsade de Pointes (TdP) in healthy animals, whereby a negative EMW (mechanical relaxation earlier than repolarization) after drug administration indicates an increased TdP risk. The aims of this study were to assess (i) the effect of the ventricular remodelling in the canine chronic, complete atrioventricular block (CAVB) model on EMW; (ii) the effect of the IKr-blocker dofetilide on EMW; and (iii) the correlation of EMW with TdP inducibility.Experimental Approach
Our 11 year database of experiments of CAVB in dogs under general anaesthesia was reviewed and experiments included if ECG and LVP were recorded simultaneously at spontaneous rhythm. In total, 89 experiments in 44 dogs were appropriate and were analysed.Key Results
During normally conducted sinus rhythm or acute atrioventricular block, EMW was positive. During CAVB, EMW was decreased to negative values. Dofetilide further reduced EMW before inducing repetitive TdP in 82% of the experiments. However, subclassification into inducible and non-inducible dogs revealed no difference in EMW. Analysis of the components of EMW revealed that the observed changes in EMW were solely caused by QT prolongation.Conclusions and Implications
In the canine CAVB model, ventricular remodelling and IKr block by dofetilide are associated with negative EMW values, but this reflects QT prolongation, and implies that the EMW lacks specificity to predict dofetilide-induced TdP. 相似文献12.
Mohammad H. Aljawadi Abdullah T. Khoja Abdullah M. Alhammad Azzam D. AlOtaibi Sulaiman A. Al-Shammari Tawfik A. Khoja 《Saudi Pharmaceutical Journal》2018,26(8):1112-1119
Purpose
First, to determine benzodiazepines prevalence (BDZs) among Saudi older adults (SOA); Second, to quantify the association between BDZs use and falls among SOA. Third, to determine falls effect on all-cause mortality among SOA.Methods
This is a cross-sectional study that used the Saudi National Survey for Elderly Health; a nationally-representative, population-based survey. Participants were asked about BDZs use and falls history during the 12?months prior to the interview. Demographics, medications, comorbidities and housing conditions were used as covariates. Multiple imputation was used to impute missing data. Modified poisson multivariable regression was used to study the association between BDZs and falls. Cox- proportional hazard regression was used to determine falls effect on mortality over nine years period.Results
Among 2946 SOA, BDZs prevalence was 4%. Around 13% reported falls. In the multivariable regression, relative risk (RR) of falls was 2 comparing BDZs users to non-users (95CI%: 1.02–3.99). Antidepressants (RR?=?1.72; 95%CI: 1.10–2.74), laxatives (RR?=?1.38; 95%CI: 1.11–1.7), low body mass index (RR?=?1.94; 95%CI: 1.33–2.84), mild cognitive impairment (RR?=?1.56; 95%CI: 1.21–2.03), high door steps (RR?=?1.54; 95%CI: 1.23–1.93) and insufficient illumination (RR?=?1.38; 95%CI: 1.11–1.71) increased falls risk. Lastly, the hazard ratio of falls on death was 1.48 (95%CI: 1.17, 1.89) over nine years.Conclusion
Despite the recommendation against BDZs use among older adults, still there were subjects who were prescribed these drugs. falls are common among SOA. Preventive strategies such medication therapy management, nutrition improvement, elderly-friendly housing structures can reduce the prevalence of falls and consequent increase in mortality among SOA. 相似文献13.
Anan S. Jarab Tareq L. Mukattash Ahmad Al-Azayzih Maher Khdour 《Saudi Pharmaceutical Journal》2018,26(3):301-305
Background
Diabetes is increasingly becoming a major health problem in Jordan and glycemic goals are often not achieved.Objective
To explore the patients’ perspectives regarding type 2 diabetes and its management in order to “fine-tune” future pharmaceutical care intervention programs.Method
Focus groups method was used to explore views from individuals with type 2 diabetes attending outpatient diabetes clinic at the Royal Medical Services Hospital. All interviews were recorded, transcribed and analyzed using a thematic analysis approach.Results
A total of 6 focus groups, with 6 participants in each one, were conducted. Participants in the present study demonstrated a great information needs about diabetes and the prescribed treatment. Medication regimen characteristics including rout of administration, number of prescribed medications and dosage frequency in addition to perceived side effects represented the major barriers to medication adherence. In addition to demonstrating negative beliefs about the illness and the prescribed medications, participants showed negative attitudes and low self-efficacy to adhere to necessary self-care activities including diet, physical activity and self-monitoring of blood glucose.Conclusion
Future pharmaceutical care interventions designed to improve patients’ adherence and health outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes should consider improving patients’ understanding of type 2 diabetes and its management, simplifying dosage regimen, improving patient's beliefs and attitudes toward type 2 diabetes, prescribed medications and different self-care activities in addition to improving patient's self efficacy to perform different treatment recommendations. 相似文献14.
Michele Bartoletti Sara Tedeschi Renato Pascale Luigi Raumer Alberto Enrico Maraolo Giulia Palmiero Fabio Tumietto Francesco Cristini Simone Ambretti Maddalena Giannella Russell Edward Lewis Pierluigi Viale 《International journal of antimicrobial agents》2018,51(3):516-521
Objectives
We hypothesised that treatment with a tigecycline-based antimicrobial regimen for intra–abdominal infection (IAI) could be associated with lower rates of subsequent carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE) colonisation or Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) compared with a meropenem-based regimen.Methods
We performed a retrospective, single-centre, matched (1:1) cohort analysis of all patients who received at least 5 days of empirical or targeted tigecycline (TIG)- or meropenem (MER)-based treatment regimens for IAI over a 50-month period. Patients with previous CRE colonisation and CDI were excluded. Risk factors for CRE and CDI were assessed with a Cox regression model that included treatment duration as a time-dependent variable. Thirty-day mortality was assessed with Kaplan-Meier curves.Results
We identified 168 TIG-treated and 168 MER-treated patients. The cumulative incidence rate ratio of CDI was 10-fold lower in TIG-treated vs. MER-treated patients (incidence rate ratio [IRR] 0.10/1000 patient-days, 95%CI 0.002–0.72, P?=?0.007), but similar incidence rates were found for CRE colonisation (IRR 1.39/1000 patient-days, 95%CI 0.68–2.78, P?=?0.36). In a multivariate Cox regression model, the receipt of a TIG- vs. MER-based regimen was associated with significantly lower rates of CDI (HR 0.07, 95%CI 0.03–0.71, P?=?0.02), but not CRE (HR 1.12, 95% CI 0.45–2.83, P?=?0.80). All-cause 30-day mortality was similar in the two groups (P?=?0.46).Conclusion
TIG-based regimens for IAI were associated with a 10-fold lower incidence of CDI compared with MER-based regimens, but there was no difference in the incidence of CRE colonisation. 相似文献15.
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Balkhi Balkhi Mabrouk Al-Rasheedi Abuabker Ibrahim Elbur Ahmad Alghamadi 《Saudi Pharmaceutical Journal》2018,26(1):145-149
Background
High satisfaction with, and adherence to, warfarin therapy are linked to better international normalized ratio (INR) control and good therapeutic outcomes.Objective
This study was conducted to identify the association between satisfaction with, and adherence to, warfarin therapy and the control of the INR within the target therapeutic range.Methods
A cross-sectional study was conducted from June 1 to August 31, 2016, at the Anticoagulation Clinic in the Cardiology Center at King Fahad Hospital, Qassim, Saudi Arabia. All adult patients included in the study were 18-years-old or older and were on warfarin therapy for 6?months or more. The data were collected through face-to-face interviews using a structured questionnaire.Results
A total of 298 patients were included. Of them, 194 patients (65.1%) were males and 152 (51.0%) were classified as satisfied with their warfarin therapy. Secondary educational level and above (P?=?.001) and being non-Saudi (P?=?.026) were identified as determinants of a high level of satisfaction. Ninety-five (31.8%) participants were classified as adherent to the therapy, and satisfaction with treatment was the only predictor of adherence (P?=?.009). One hundred thirty-six patients (45.6%) achieved their target INR range. Satisfaction (P?=?.038) and adherence (P?=?.023) were significantly associated with better INR control.Conclusion
Substantial efforts are needed to improve patient satisfaction and adherence to treatment through different strategies in order to achieve the target therapeutic goal for warfarin treatment. 相似文献18.
Abubakr A. Alfadl Alian A. Alrasheedy Musaad S. Alhassun 《Saudi Pharmaceutical Journal》2018,26(2):258-262
Introduction
Pharmacists have a unique opportunity to promote good health through assuring the quality use of medicines. One of the most important tools to achieve this is medication counseling. Counseling plays an important role in enhancing medication adherence and optimizing medication therapy. Therefore, for improving the quality of services delivered by community pharmacists, it is essential to assess the current situation of counseling services delivered to patients.Aims and objectives
To date, there is a paucity of data regarding the quality of counseling services delivered to patients in community pharmacies in Saudi Arabia. This study aims to fill this gap through evaluating the counseling skills and counseling content delivered by pharmacists in a sample of community pharmacies in Qassim region, Saudi Arabia.Methods
The study was conducted at eleven community pharmacies in Qassim region. A convenient sample of community pharmacies was chosen based on their willingness to participate. To gather information, a form was prepared based on the core and complementary drug use indicators for evaluation of drug use in healthcare settings developed by the WHO. The study was conducted through observing the counseling services performed by the community pharmacists who participated in the study.Results
Two hundred and thirty-five forms were completed in eleven community pharmacies. A total of 44.4% of the counseling skills was found to be performed adequately, while only 20.1% of the counseling contents were performed adequately.Conclusions
The overall standard of medication counseling services provided to patients to improve usage of their medications, and consequently, their well-being was poor. 相似文献19.
Aisha F. Badr Sawsan Kurdi Samah Alshehri Claire McManus Jeannie Lee 《Saudi Pharmaceutical Journal》2018,26(8):1204-1207
Background
Hospitalization can contribute to insomnia in many patients and is usually treated symptomatically. However, sedative/hypnotic misuse is associated with complications in this population, especially in the elderly. Such complications include dizziness, falls and over-sedation. Due to the implicit dangers, widespread use of these drugs for insomnia, particularly in older patients, has been discouraged by many hospitals. The aim of this study was to review and evaluate prescribing patterns and to optimize the use of the sedative/hypnotic agents through daily pharmacy interventions at a community hospital.Methods
This was a biphasic before and after study. Data on sedative/hypnotic use was collected retrospectively for a 2-month period and a sample of 100 patients was randomly selected for analysis. A 2-month prospective phase followed, in which daily orders were reviewed by one pharmacy resident and recommendations made to discontinue any unnecessary, newly prescribed sedative/hypnotic orders when appropriate. Finally, results of both phases were compared for any differences in patient demographics, being prescribed more than one sedative/hypnotic, and complications documented.Results
During the prospective phase, pharmacist interventions led to the discontinuation of 25% of a total of 97 sedative/hypnotic orders in 97 patients. The number of patients receiving more than one sedative/hypnotic agents in the intervention group was significantly lower than the retrospective control group (15 Vs. 34, P?=?0.0026). The incidence of complications was not significantly different between the control and intervention groups for the following: over-sedation, falls and delirium (p?=?0.835, p?=?0.185, p?=?0.697, respectively).Conclusion
This study suggests that the use of sedative/hypnotics in the inpatient units (excluding the critical care unit), is somewhat prevalent, and many patients may be on more than one sedative/hypnotic, which could potentially cause cumulative harm. During the intervention phase, 25% of the total in-hospital orders for sedative/hypnotics were discontinued following recommendations made by a pharmacist, and significantly lower number of patients receiving duplicate sedative/hypnotics was noted. Further efforts should be implemented to avoid unnecessary sedative/hypnotic initiation in hospitalized patients, and to ensure monitoring by pharmacists is optimized. 相似文献20.
Maha Meshal AlRasheed 《Saudi Pharmaceutical Journal》2018,26(8):1199-1203