胰腺钩突的横断面解剖与CT研究

目的：为临床影像诊断胰腺钩突病变提供实用的形态学依据。方法：采用30例成人腹部连续横断层标本和30例健康成人腹部CT图像，观测胰腺钩突所在平面与脊柱的对应关系。选取钩突所在的4个连续横断面，观测各层面中钩突的断面形态、毗邻及有关径值。结果：在脊柱L2层面内胰腺钩突可100％显示；肠系膜上动、静脉和下腔静脉分别居胰腺钩突的左、前、后方，可作为各层面识别钩突的标志结构；钩突依据断面形态可分为钩形、角形、圆形3型，在断面标本及CT图像各层面中均以钩形多见（分别为61.67％；58．33％）。结论：通过对胰腺钩突横断面标本及其CT测值的对照研究，显示两者间无显著差异；在肾门下份及胰头下份层面，钩突前后径与同层面胰头前后径之间有相关关系（P〈0．05）。     

肝尾状叶及其血管的断层解剖学研究

为给肝尾状叶疾病的影像诊断和外科手术提供形态学依据，本文利用成人腹部连续横断层标本22例、矢状断层标本14例和冠状断层标本5例研究了肝尾状叶及其血管的断层解剖。肝尾状叶有5面，在外形上可分为固有肝尾状叶(Spigelian叶)、腔静脉旁部和尾状突三部分。固有肝尾状叶，在横断面上，14例(63．6％)伸出腔静脉后突，11例(50％)出现孤立乳头突现象；在矢状断面上，4例(28．6％)下端出现分叉。在15例(68．2％)横断层和12例(85．7％)矢状断层标本上，可见肝尾状叶鞘系，主要出现于肝门静脉左支横部层面。在断层标本上，可见1～3支尾状叶静脉，大部分汇入下腔静脉肝后段的中、下份。粗大的肝右后下静脉分别见于10例(45.5％）横断层、4例(28.6％）矢状断层和l例冠状断层标本上。此外，文内还详细探讨了肝尾状叶在横、矢、冠状断面上的识别、毗邻及其在影像诊断和在肝切除术中的意义。     

尾状叶门静脉的应用解剖学

目的:为腹腔镜肝尾状叶切除等手术提供形态学基础.方法:32具尸体标本采用大体解剖方法观测尾状叶门静脉数量、直径、走行、来源、游离部长度(肝外长度)及毗邻解剖关系;对15例铸型标本的尾状叶门静脉进行观测;采用64排螺旋CT对5例新鲜肝标本进行扫描,并进行三维重建.记录螺旋CT影像下尾状叶门静脉内径、数量、走向及毗邻关系,与解剖研究结果比较.结果:1支以上的固有尾状叶门静脉的出现率为62.5%,其中主要以固有尾状叶门静脉后支和前支为主(27.5%),另外也有固有尾状叶门静脉左支和右支(12.5%);腔静脉旁部门静脉主要为1支,10例腔静脉旁部的实质也有固有尾状叶的分支(主要为右支或前支);尾状突门静脉主要为1支,来自于门静脉左、右支;重建的三维图像可以直观形象地体现尾状叶门静脉的空间位置关系,并可按各种方向任意旋转演示.结论:尾状叶门静脉呈左、右支双重供应,但以左侧供应为主;明胶-氧化铅血管造影可真实显示尾状叶门静脉.     

网膜囊上隐窝的CT应用解剖

在42套腹部断面标本及50例整尸上观察到:网膜囊上隐窝呈“V”形间隙围绕肝尾状叶,前界为小网膜及肝左叶,后界是膈,顶由肝冠状韧带或膈形成,下抵胰,左邻食管;在正中矢状面上均出现肝尾状叶,且尾状叶套入或游离于网膜囊上隐窝。这些结果对在 CT 图像上鉴别尾状叶周围的积液及肿块具有重要意义。     

肝尾状叶应用解剖学研究方法的设计与比较

目的为临床应用解剖学系统研究肝尾状叶位置、形态、毗邻,血管系来源、走形、分布及胆道系,设计简易、高效,具有针对性研究方法,以期为肝尾状叶切除术提供形态学理论基础。方法选用防腐与新鲜管道灌注的肝脏,采用大体解剖、断层、管道铸型、管道造影术等方法,对肝脏尾状叶进行系统的解剖学研究。结果上述各方法均能清晰地显示肝尾状叶位置、形态、毗邻、血管系来源,及胆道系统,但各具特色。大体解剖法清楚明确地显示肝尾状叶位置、形态、界邻结构;断层法通过不同方向的肝断面,清楚准确地展示和表述诸结构的断面形态、位置及毗邻;管道铸型法清晰直观地显示肝尾状叶内部管道结构;管道造影法使标本在CT机、MRI扫描后,获得数据集,利用Mimics10.01、3D-Doctor、Amkira4.1等电脑软件,能进行肝脏尾状叶外表和内部结构3D可视化。结论大体剖制法、断层法、管道铸型法、管道造影术等是系统研究肝脏尾状叶位置、形态、毗邻和内部管道结构有效的方法。     

肝叶长轴垂直斜面形态结构及潜在临床影像诊断价值

目的:观察标本肝叶长轴垂直斜断面及肝表面形态结构,探讨肝叶长轴垂直斜断面潜在的临床影像诊断意义。方法:对37例成人尸肝经左叶上、下段,方叶和右叶长轴、且垂直于横轴面之斜断面以及肝表面标志进行命名,对其形态进行观察,并研究其相应长轴和短轴与肝表面结构的联系。结果:肝表面标志形态:网膜结节以半椭球型为主,占86·5%;方叶后区以平坦型为主,占83·8%;右肝下极丘型,占91·9%;肝嵴线型、平坦型分别占81·1%和11%。各叶斜断面形态与特点:均由前后两个近似三角形组成,各断面前三角形顶点之连线与肝膈面最膨隆带区重叠;肝左叶上、下段长轴斜断面后三角形顶点均100%与网膜结节重叠;方叶长轴斜断面后三角形顶点有16·2%不落在方叶后区上;右叶长轴斜断面后三角形顶点为丘型右肝下极占91·9%,顶点在右肝嵴线上占8%,两者重叠率均为100%。结论:肝各叶斜断面形态均由前后两个近似三角形组成,其两个三角形顶点分别落在肝腹侧和脏侧最隆起肝表面标志结构上,诸断面能够良好的反映上述肝表面标志形态大小的变化。     

肝尾状叶的形态学研究

本文选取了成人肝标本 30例 ,对肝尾状叶的位置、毗邻和形态进行了观测。发现肝尾状叶上的裂隙或切迹出现率为 93.3% ,平均裂宽 2 .4±0 .8mm,平均裂深 5± 3mm。 30例标本中发现有 69个蒂 ,其中 2蒂者 2 2例 ,占 73.3% ;3蒂者 7例 ,占2 3.3% ;4蒂者 1例 ,占 3.3%。静脉韧带上方或下方有右膈下静脉注入下腔静脉。探讨了肝尾状叶手术切除中应注意的问题     

肝静脉的冠状断层解剖学研究

目的为MRI和多层螺旋CT在冠状断面上诊断肝疾患及肝外科手术提供断层解剖学依据。方法用30例成人躯干部连续冠状断层标本、10例成人腹部MRI冠状图像及5例成人肝内管道多层螺旋CT三维重建图像,观测了肝左、中、右静脉及其重要属支的走行、分布及其与肝门静脉的关系。结果依左外叶的外形特征,将肝左静脉的回流形式分为4型。来自段Ⅷ腹侧部的静脉全部汇入肝中静脉,来自段Ⅷ背侧部的静脉全部汇入肝右静脉。而位于段Ⅷ腹侧部和背侧部之间的静脉（V8i）,其回流形式可分为3型。肝右静脉的主干多出现于下腔静脉及其稍后层面,在冠状断面上可分为4型。结论冠状断面在显示肝静脉及其属支的上、下走行方面具有明显优势。以V8i为标志,将段Ⅷ分为腹侧和背侧两个亚段。这种亚段划分有利于探讨一种新的和更加安全的肝外科手术方式。     

面神经和前庭蜗神经断层解剖与MRI

目的：探讨面神经及前庭蜗神经颅内段、内耳道段的断层解剖学特征,为相关疾病的影像学诊断和外科治疗提供解剖学依据。方法：在69例成人尸体头部的连续断层标本（横断层标本36例、冠状断层标本15例、矢状断层标本18例）上分别探讨面神经、前庭蜗神经颅内段及内耳道段在断面上的走行规律及毗邻关系,并与10例活体成人头部MR扫描图像的相应层面进行对照分析。结果：面神经与前庭蜗神经自发出后相互伴行向外水平走行,穿过脑桥小脑角池后进人内耳道;内耳道是断面上识别面神经与前庭蜗神经的重要标志性结构,小脑绒球在横断层上也有助于对二者的识别。结论：横断面及冠状断面均可清晰显示面神经及前庭蜗神经颅内段,矢状断面则对二者在内耳道内走行的显示最佳。     

儿童脊柱测量及三维重建对脊柱侧凸治疗的意义

目的:测量儿童脊柱解剖学数据,进行脊柱三维重建,为安全开展儿童脊柱侧凸手术及新型器械研发提供形态学依据。方法:9例儿童脊柱标本经CT扫描后分离成单个椎骨,对3例脊柱侧弯儿童患者进行CT三维重建出单个脊椎,测量各节段椎体长、宽;椎体前、后高度;椎管纵径、横径;椎弓根横径及高度。结果:测得儿童脊柱各节段数据,与成人脊柱形态存在显著性差异。三维重建可直观、立体显示脊柱畸形。结论:为安全开展儿童脊柱侧凸手术及新型固定器械的研发提供基木的解剖学数据。     

Topical organization of the projections of neurons of the substantia nigra and the ventral field of the tegmentum of the midbrain to the head of the caudate nucleus of the cat

Neuroscience and Behavioral Physiology -     

Asymmetry of the internal connections of the striate cortex of the cat in the projection zone of the center of the field of vision

Studies were carried out on the organization of the internal connections of the striate cortex in cats in the projection zone of the center (0–5°) of the field of vision by microintophoretic application of horseradish peroxidase to electrophysiologically identified orientational columns. The area containing neurons showing retrograde labeling in most cases extended in the mediolateral direction. Labeled cells were located in the upper (II, III) and lower (V, VI) layers of the cortex, and the shapes and orientations of the areas containing labeled neurons in these layers coincided. Spatial asymmetry was detected in the distribution of labeled neurons relative to the orientational column studied. Labeled cells were located predominantly medial to the columns, regardless of the distance from the projection of the area centralis. Considering the visuotopical map of field 17, the asymmetry detected here provides evidence that neurons in orientational columns have more extensive connections with neurons of the peripheral part of the cortex. An asymmetrical distribution of “silent” zones around the receptive fields of neurons in orientational columns is suggested, and that these appear to receive influences from the periphery of the visual field. Laboratory of Visual Physiology and Laboratory of Central Nervous System Morphology, I. P. Pavlov Institute of Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 6 Makarov Bank, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia. Translated from Fiziologicheskii Zhurnal imeni I. M. Sechenova, Vol. 82, No. 12, pp. 23–29, December, 1996.     

Characteristics of the topographic interrelation of the head of the pancreas and the duodenum and pathology of the organs of the pancreatoduodenal area

Seventy pancreatoduodenal complexes of 55 patients with chronic pancreatitis and tumours of this zone and 15 patients died from other diseases are studies histotopographically . The pieces of the pancreatic head tissue in the medial wall of the duodenum were found in 12 cases of the first group and in 4 control cases. The pancreatic tissue consisted either of all elements of this organ or cystically dilated ducts and seemed to infiltrate different layers of the duodenum wall. Three variants of the pancreatic head structure are suggested on the basis of anatomo-topographical interrelationships of the pancreatic head and duodenum. In 12 out of 14 cases chronic pancreatitis and carcinoma of organs of this zone were combined with the variants of the pancreatic head structure, in 2 cases there was a true heterotopy . Pathogenetic significance of these variants for the development of chronic pancreatitis is discussed.     

Influence of the level of the transmembrane potential on the dynamics of the extinction of the amplitude of the synaptic reactions of the snail under voltage clamping conditions

The influence of the level of the transmembrane potential on the dynamics of the extinction of the amplitudes of summary excitatory postsynaptic currents arising in identified giant parietal neurons in response to rhythmic stimulation of the intestinal nerve was investigated in a preparation of the isolated CNS of the common snail in order to identify the possibility of the participation of the postsynaptic element in synaptic plasticity. It was demonstrated that, at a greater value of the transmembrane potential, the decrease in the amplitudes of the postsynaptic currents which have been induced by rhythmic stimulation takes place more rapidly. It was also demonstrated that at a higher frequency of stimulation of the nerve, the effect of the influence of the membrane potential level on the dynamics of the synaptic reactions is more prominent. The data obtained may be regarded as an argument in favor of the possibility of the participation of the post-synapse in plasticity. This study was partially supported by the Russian Basic Research Fund (project No. 94-04-12209). Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow. Translated from Zhurnal Vysshei Nervnoi Deyatel'nosti imeni I. P. Pavlova, Vol. 45, No. 1, pp. 171–179, January–February, 1995.     

Effects of the lesion of the postcommissural part of the septum on the behavior of the rat.

The effects of the lesion of the postcommissural part of the septum on behavior of the rat has been studied. Results may be summarized as follows. An increase in the exploratory behavior in the open field which decreases rapidly; a decrease in the number of defecations in this test and a decrease in time leaving a dark environment for exploration. In the shuttle box test, no facilitation of the acquisition, but a permanent and quite significant increase in the intertrial activity has been found. We conclude that the lesions tend to decrease the emotivity of the subjects. An interpretation on the basis of the species -- specific defensive reactions explains the transitory and permanent effects of the lesions on the spontaneous activity.     

Effect of the conditions of adaptation of the optic analyzer to the function of the thermoreceptors of the human skin

Summary A discussion is presented of the effect produced by light stimulation applied to the optic analyzer alone on the function of the temperature analyzer. The cutaneous-temperature analyzer was kept on constant illumination and temperature. The light effects from the retinal photoreceptors on the cutaneous thermoceptor system led to reflex changes of the functional rate of the latter. Conditions of the optic analyzer of light adaptation caused reflex adjustment of cold receptors as to heating. Dark adaptation of the eyes changed the functional state of the cold receptors, corresponding to their adjustment to low temperatures.(Presented by Active Member AMN SSSR V. V. Parin) Translated from Byulleten' Éksperimental'noi Biologii i Meditsiny, Vol. 57, No. 3, pp. 3–6, March, 1964