活血通脉汤对脑缺血再灌注损伤大鼠血浆TXB2、6-keto-PGF1α的影响

目的探讨活血通脉汤对脑缺血再灌注损伤大鼠血浆血栓素B2(TXB2)、6-酮前列环素F1α(6-keto-PGF1α)的影响。方法制作脑缺血再灌注模型,70只大鼠随机平均分为活血通脉汤组、阿司匹林阳性对照组、手术组和假手术组,应用放免法分别测定缺血再灌注24、48 h血浆TXB2、6-keto-PGF1α及其比值。结果手术组大鼠脑缺血再灌注24、48h血浆TXB2水平明显高于假手术对照组(P<0.01),6-keto-PGF1α显著低于假手术对照组(P<0.01),血浆TXB2/6-keto-PGF1α比值增加(P<0.01),缺血再灌注24、48 h脑组织缺血范围显著大于假手术对照组(P<0.01)。使用活血通脉汤治疗能降低TXB2水平,升高6-keto-PGF1α水平,使血浆TXB2/6-keto-PGF1α比值保持在正常水平,减少缺血脑组织范围。结论活血通脉汤可纠正脑缺血再灌注后循环血中TXB2/6-keto-PGF1α的平衡失调及降低脑组织缺血程度,减轻脑缺血再灌注损伤。     

葛根素葡萄糖注射液对缺血-再灌注损伤兔肝脏的保护作用

目的：探讨葛根素葡萄糖注射液（嘲）对兔缺血-再灌注损伤肝脏的保护作用及其机制。方法：30只日本大耳白兔，随机分为假手术对照组（A组）、肝缺血-再灌注组（B组）和肝缺血-再灌注加PGI治疗组（C组），分别在心肌缺血前、缺血44min、再灌注45min不同时相点，检测血浆及肝组织丙二醛（MDA）浓度、超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性、一氧化氮（NO）浓度、内皮素（ET）含量、肿瘤坏死因子-α （TNFα）、白介素-1β（IL-1β）、白介素-6（IL-6）、三磷酸腺苷（ATP）、二磷酸腺苷（ADP）、一磷酸腺苷（AMP）含量、总腺苷酸量（TAN）、能荷（EC）、血栓素B2（TXB2）和6-酮-前列腺素F1α（6-keto-PGF1α）含量、TXB2／6-keto-PGF1α比值、血小板黏附聚集功能及肝细胞形态学的变化。     

银杏酮酯预处理对心肌缺血再灌注大鼠心肌的保护作用及可能机制

目的探讨银杏酮酯预处理对心肌缺血再灌注大鼠心肌的保护作用及可能机制。方法以36只雄性Wistar大鼠为研究对象,将实验动物随机分为3组:假手术组、心肌缺血再灌注模型组与银杏酮酯组。采用结扎大鼠冠状动脉左前降支的方法,建立大鼠心肌缺血再灌注损伤模型。假手术组穿线后不结扎,模型组于缺血前30 min腹腔注射生理盐水,银杏酮酯组大鼠于缺血前30 min腹腔注射银杏酮酯(100mg/kg)。造模24h后处死大鼠,HE染色观察心肌组织变化,ELISA法测定血清肌酸激酶-同工酶(CK-MB)和肌钙蛋白(cTnI)水平以及炎性因子白介素1 (IL-1)、白介素6 (IL-6)与肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)水平,Western blot方法检测心肌组织缝隙连接蛋白(Cx43)蛋白表达。结果假手术组大鼠心肌纤维排列整齐,模型组心肌纤维排列紊乱,心肌间质出现炎性细胞浸润,银杏酮酯组心肌组织较模型组有明显改善。与假手术组相比,模型组大鼠血清CK-MB、cTnI、IL-1、IL-6与TNF-α水平显著上升,心肌组织Cx43蛋白表达显著降低;与模型组相比,银杏酮酯组大鼠血清CK-MB、cTnI、IL-1、IL-6与TNF-α水平显著降低,心肌组织Cx43蛋白表达显著升高。结论银杏酮酯预处理可降低缺血-再灌注大鼠心肌损伤程度及炎性反应。     

粉防己碱预处理对心肌缺血/再灌注损伤大鼠肿瘤坏死因子-α表达及核因子-κB活化的影响

目的 探讨粉防己碱预处理对心肌缺血/再灌注过程中大鼠肿瘤坏死因子-α表达及与核因子-кB活化的影响以及相关关系.方法 60只SD大鼠随机分为3组缺血/再灌注损伤组、假手术组、粉防己碱治疗组,缺血/再灌注损伤组结扎大鼠左前降支造成心肌缺血30 min后再灌注24 h后处死大鼠;假手术组只穿针不结扎,余步骤同缺血/再灌注损伤组;粉防己碱治疗组在缺血前30 min腹腔注射粉防己碱,余步骤同缺血/再灌注损伤组.24 h后取心肌标本,用酶联免疫吸附法检测心肌组织中肿瘤坏死因子-α表达水平,凝胶电泳迁移率变化分析检测核因子-κB的活性.结果 粉防己碱组与缺血再灌注组相比肿瘤坏死因子-α表达水平明显减低(208.40±25.12 VS 306.65±17.78,P＜0.01)而与假手术组相比表达明显增强(208.40±25.12 VS 61.45±9.20,P＜0.01).粉防己碱组核因子-κB的活性明显低于缺血再灌注组(29.58±1.56 VS 40.33±4.39,P＜0.01)而与假手术组无显著性差异(29.58±1.56 VS 30.09±3.46,P＞0.05).结论 粉防己碱预处理可以使心肌缺血/再灌注损伤过程中肿瘤坏死因子-α生成明显减少,核因子-кB的活化受到有效抑制,从而起到减轻心肌缺血/再灌注损伤的作用.     

银杏酮酯预处理对心肌缺血再灌注大鼠心肌细胞凋亡的影响

探讨银杏酮酯预处理对心肌缺血再灌注大鼠心肌细胞凋亡的影响及可能的作用机制。方法以36只雄性Wistar大鼠为研究对象,将实验动物随机分为3组:假手术组、心肌缺血再灌注模型组与银杏酮酯组。采用结扎大鼠冠状动脉左前降支的方法,建立大鼠心肌缺血再灌注损伤模型。假手术组穿线后不结扎,模型组于缺血前30 min腹腔注射生理盐水,银杏酮酯组大鼠于缺血前30 min腹腔注射银杏酮酯(100mg/kg)。造模24h后处死大鼠,TUNEL法检测心肌细胞凋亡, Western blot方法检测心肌组织Bax和caspase-3蛋白表达,实时PCR方法检测心肌组织Bax mRNA和caspase-3 mRNA的表达。结果银杏酮酯预处理可明显降低心肌缺血再灌注大鼠心肌细胞凋亡率,降低心肌缺血再灌注大鼠心肌组织Bax和caspase-3蛋白与mRNA表达水平。结论银杏酮酯预处理降低缺血再灌注大鼠心肌细胞凋亡率可能与抑制Bax和caspase-3表达相关。     

纳络酮对缺血再灌注心肌微循环血流量及其超微结构变化的影响

本文观察了纳络酮对犬缺血和再灌注心肌微循环血流量及其超微结构变化的影响。结果表明：心肌缺血再灌注时微循环血流量明显降低（P＜0．01），但再灌注早期（5min），心肌微循环血流量接近正常，缺血40min，再灌注30min，毛细血管周围组织严重水肿，内皮高度肿胀，管腔狭窄，甚至闭塞；纳络酮治疗缺血和再灌注早期，心肌微循环血流量明显增加（P＜0．01）；毛细血管周围组织水肿及管腔狭窄程度明显轻于缺血再灌注组。提示：纳络酮可减轻缺血再灌注心肌的水肿程度，增加微循环血量，推迟“无再流现象”的发生。     

心肌缺血/再灌注前处置时血浆一氧化氮的变化及意义

目的：在兔心肌缺血／再灌注前处置模型的基础上，了解NO在心肌缺血前处置中所起的作用及意义。方法：采用免麻醉后开胸结扎左冠状动脉降支，反复结扎（缺血）10分钟，放开（再灌）5分钟，最后结扎30分钟再灌20分钟造成缺血／再灌注前处置模型后，对比观察了各组动物血浆中NO、TXB2、6－K－PGF1α、SOD和MDA浓度的变化，以及各组动物球结膜微循环及心肌病理学的变化。结果：前处置组血浆NO、6－K－PGF1α、SOD浓度显著高于缺血／再灌注组，而MDA、TXB2浓度明显低于缺血／再灌注组。前处置组心肌超微结构损伤明显轻于缺血／再灌注组，球结膜微循环基本正常。结论：心肌缺血前处置可增加心血管内皮细胞合成NO，而NO具有减轻心肌缺血／再灌注损伤、改善微循环障碍的作用。     

大鼠缺血再灌注心肌过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体α的表达及血清游离脂肪酸含量的变化

目的：研究缺血再灌注后大鼠心肌过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体α(PPAR α)表达及血清游离脂肪酸含量的变化情况。 方法： Wistar大鼠66只随机分为3组：正常对照组（n=18），假手术组（n=24），缺血再灌注组（n=24）。采用大鼠心冠状动脉左前降支结扎法复制在体缺血再灌注模型。运用半定量RT-PCR方法对心肌PPARα mRNA的表达程度进行分析，运用Western blotting方法检测PPARα蛋白表达水平。并测定各组血清游离脂肪酸含量。 结果： 缺血再灌注组心肌PPARα mRNA 0.374±0.115显著少于正常对照组及假手术组（分别为1.071±0.140、 1.012±0.127）（P<0.01）；缺血再灌注组心肌PPARα蛋白表达为42.32±13.06，显著少于正常对照组及假手术组（114.09±23.15、101.25±21.20）（P<0.01）。缺血再灌注组游离脂肪酸水平于再灌注后4 h、6 h显著上升。 结论： 在实验性大鼠缺血再灌注心肌中PPARα表达减少同时伴有大鼠血清中游离脂肪酸增多。     

粉防己碱预处理对心肌缺血/再灌注损伤大鼠肿瘤坏死因子-α表达及核因子活化的影响

目的探讨粉防己碱预处理对心肌缺血/再灌注过程中大鼠肿瘤坏死因子-α表达及与核因子活化的影响以及相关关系。方法60只SD大鼠随机分为3组:缺血/再灌注损伤组、假手术组、粉防己碱治疗组,缺血/再灌注损伤组结扎大鼠左前降支造成心肌缺血30min后再灌注24h后处死大鼠;假手术组只穿针不结扎,余步骤同缺血/再灌注损伤组;粉防己碱治疗组在缺血前30min腹腔注射粉防己碱,余步骤同缺血/再灌注损伤组。24h后取心肌标本,用酶联免疫吸附法检测心肌组织中肿瘤坏死因子-α表达水平,凝胶电泳迁移率变化分析检测核因子的活性。结果粉防己碱组与缺血再灌注组相比肿瘤坏死因子-α表达水平明显减低(208.40±25.12 VS 306.65±17.78,P<0.01)而与假手术组相比表达明显增强(208.40±25.12 VS 61.45±9.20,P<0.01)。粉防己碱组核因子的活性明显低于缺血再灌注组(29.58±1.56 VS 40.33±4.39,P<0.01)而与假手术组无显著性差异(29.58±1.56 VS 30.09±3.46,P>0.05)。结论粉防己碱预处理可以使心肌缺血/再灌注损伤过程中肿瘤坏死因子-α生成明显减少,核因子的活化受到有效抑制,从而起到减轻心肌缺血/再灌注损伤的作用。     

胰岛素对大鼠心肌缺血再灌注损伤保护作用及机制研究

目的 探讨胰岛素对大鼠缺血再灌注损伤心肌的保护作用及其保护机制。方法 结扎SD大鼠左冠状动脉前降支（LAD）．建立大鼠缺血再灌注模型，将48只SD雄性大鼠随机分组为：缺血再灌注对照组（18只），假手术组（12只），胰岛素处理组（18只），分别给予生理盐水、冠脉穿线（不结扎）、胰岛素干预。在再灌注结束后，检测心肌组织中丙二醛（MDA）含量、血清中乳酸脱氢酶（LDH）活性、心肌梗死范围（IS／AAR％）及心肌细胞凋亡指数（AI），并进行组间比较。结果 与缺血再灌注对照组相比，胰岛素处理组可明显降低MDA（P〈0．05）、LDH值（P〈0．01），减少心肌IS／AAR％和AI（P〈0．01）。结论 胰岛素对大鼠再灌注心肌损伤具有保护作用，其保护机制可能与抑制细胞凋亡及抗氧自由基作用有关。     

Pain and Effusion and Quadriceps Activation and Strength

Context:

Quadriceps dysfunction is a common consequence of knee joint injury and disease, yet its causes remain elusive.

Objective:

To determine the effects of pain on quadriceps strength and activation and to learn if simultaneous pain and knee joint effusion affect the magnitude of quadriceps dysfunction.

Design:

Crossover study.

Setting:

University research laboratory.

Patients or Other Participants:

Fourteen (8 men, 6 women; age = 23.6 ± 4.8 years, height = 170.3 ± 9.16 cm, mass = 72.9 ± 11.84 kg) healthy volunteers.

Intervention(s):

All participants were tested under 4 randomized conditions: normal knee, effused knee, painful knee, and effused and painful knee.

Main Outcome Measure(s):

Quadriceps strength (Nm/kg) and activation (central activation ratio) were assessed after each condition was induced.

Results:

Quadriceps strength and activation were highest under the normal knee condition and differed from the 3 experimental knee conditions (P < .05). No differences were noted among the 3 experimental knee conditions for either variable (P > .05).

Conclusions:

Both pain and effusion led to quadriceps dysfunction, but the interaction of the 2 stimuli did not increase the magnitude of the strength or activation deficits. Therefore, pain and effusion can be considered equally potent in eliciting quadriceps inhibition. Given that pain and effusion accompany numerous knee conditions, the prevalence of quadriceps dysfunction is likely high.Key Words: arthrogenic muscle inhibition, central activation failure, voluntary activation, muscles

Key Points

• Knee pain and effusion resulted in arthrogenic muscle inhibition and weakness of the quadriceps.
• The simultaneous presence of pain and effusion did not increase the magnitude of quadriceps dysfunction.
• To reduce arthrogenic muscle inhibition and improve muscle strength, clinicians should employ interventions that target removing both pain and effusion.

Quadriceps weakness is a common consequence of traumatic knee joint injury^1,2 and chronic degenerative knee joint conditions.^3,4 Arthrogenic muscle inhibition (AMI), a neurologic decline in muscle activation, results in quadriceps weakness and hinders rehabilitation by preventing gains in strength.⁵ The inability to reverse AMI and restore muscle function can lead to decreased physical abilities,⁶ biomechanical deficits,⁷ and possibly reinjury.⁵ Furthermore, researchers^8,9 have suggested that quadriceps weakness resulting from AMI may place patients at risk for developing osteoarthritis in the knee. In light of the substantial influence of quadriceps AMI on these clinically relevant outcomes, we need to improve our understanding of the factors that contribute to this neurologic decline in muscle activity so efforts to target and reverse it can be implemented and gains in strength can be achieved more easily.Joint injury and disease are accompanied by numerous sequelae (ie, pain, swelling, tissue damage, inflammation), so ascertaining which one ultimately leads to neurologic muscle dysfunction is difficult. Whereas a joint effusion can result in AMI,^10–12 the effects of pain are less understood despite many clinicians attributing AMI to pain. Using techniques that introduce knee pain without accompanying injury may provide insights into the role of pain in eliciting AMI.The degree of knee joint damage may play a role in the quantity of AMI that manifests. Hurley et al^13,14 demonstrated that quadriceps AMI, measured using an interpolated-twitch technique, was greater in patients with extensive traumatic knee injury (eg, fractured tibial plateau, ruptured medial collateral ligament, and medial meniscectomy) than patients with isolated joint trauma (ie, isolated anterior cruciate ligament [ACL] rupture). Similarly, patients with more knee joint symptoms (ie, greater number of symptoms and increased severity of symptoms) may present with greater magnitudes of quadriceps inhibition. Recently, investigators¹⁵ have suggested that patients with more pain display less quadriceps strength, supporting this tenet. Given that effusion and pain often present simultaneously with joint injuries and diseases, such as ACL injury and osteoarthritis, examining both the isolated and cumulative effects of these sequelae appears warranted to determine if they influence the magnitude of muscle inhibition.Experimental joint-effusion and pain models are safe and effective experimental methods that allow for the isolated examination of their effects on muscle function. The effusion model, whereby sterile saline is injected directly into the knee joint capsule,⁷ produces a clinically relevant magnitude of the joint effusion that may be present with traumatic injury. Effusion is thought to activate group II afferents responding to stretch or pressure,^16–18 which in turn may facilitate group Ib interneurons and result in quadriceps AMI.⁵ The pain model involves injecting hypertonic saline into the infrapatellar fat pad to produce anteromedial knee pain similar to that described in patients with patellofemoral pain syndrome.¹⁹ Pain is considered to initiate AMI through activation of group III and IV afferents that act as nocioceptors to signal damage or potential damage to joint structures.^16–18 The firing of these afferents then may lead to facilitation of group Ib interneurons, the flexion reflex, or the gamma loop, ultimately resulting in quadriceps inhibition.²⁰ Thus, these models allow us to create symptoms that are associated with knee injury and have the added benefit of providing a way to examine their effects in isolation.Therefore, the purpose of our study was to determine the effects of pain on quadriceps strength and activation and to learn if simultaneous pain and knee joint effusion would affect the magnitude of quadriceps dysfunction. We hypothesized that pain alone would result in quadriceps inhibition and that the magnitude of inhibition would be greater when effusion and pain were present simultaneously.     

即早基因c-fos与脑血管病及学习记忆

即早基因c-fos是广泛存在于原核细胞和真核细胞的高度保守基因.在正常情况下,c-fos基因参与细胞生长、分化、信息传递、学习和记忆等生理过程,而在病理情况下c-fos基因表达及调控变化与多种疾病的发生和发展有关.C-fos在中枢神经系统的某些部位可有基础水平的表达,但表达很低,当受到如脑缺血、脑出血、痫性发作、应激等刺激后,其在数十分钟内做出反应,在对外界刺激-转录耦联的信忠传递过程中起着核内第三信使的重要作用.     

Opportunities and challenges in the prevention and control of cancer and other chronic diseases: children's diet and nutrition and weight and physical activity

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this article is to review the role of behavioral research in disease prevention and control, with a particular emphasis on lifestyle- and behavior-related cancer and chronic disease risk factors--specifically, relationships among diet and nutrition and weight and physical activity with adult cancer, and tracking developmental origins of these health-promoting and health-compromising behaviors from childhood into adulthood. METHOD: After reviewing the background of the field of cancer prevention and control and establishing plausibility for the role of child health behavior in adult cancer risk, studies selected from the pediatric published literature are reviewed. Articles were retrieved, selected, and summarized to illustrate that results from separate but related fields of study are combinable to yield insights into the prevention and control of cancer and other chronic diseases in adulthood through the conduct of nonintervention and intervention research with children in clinical, public health, and other contexts. RESULTS: As illustrated by the evidence presented in this review, there are numerous reasons (biological, psychological, and social), opportunities (school and community, health care, and family settings), and approaches (nonintervention and intervention) to understand and impact behavior change in children's diet and nutrition and weight and physical activity. CONCLUSIONS: Further development and evaluation of behavioral science intervention protocols conducted with children are necessary to understand the efficacy of these approaches and their public health impact on proximal and distal cancer, cancer-related, and chronic disease outcomes before diffusion. It is clear that more attention should be paid to early life and early developmental phases in cancer prevention.