农村地区HIV/AIDS患者CD4+细胞计数与机会性感染对应关系的临床研究

目的通过随访病例,分析山东省菏泽市AIDS病毒(HIV)感染者/AIDS(AIDS)患者机会性感染发生的频率与CD4+细胞计数之间的关系,观测CD4细胞计数对机会性感染的预示作用。方法跟踪HIV/AIDS患者的随访以及CD4+检测结果,对山东省菏泽市的HIV/AIDS患者进行分析。结果在CD4+细胞计数小于200个/μl的117例HIV/AIDS患者中,有99例发生了多种机会性感染,其发生比例为84.6%,CD4+细胞计数大于300个/μl的38例患者中,有6例发生了机会性感染,其发生比例为15.8%,CD4+小于100个/μl其机会性感染率发生比例为100%。结论不同水平的CD4+细胞计数,机会性感染的发生几率不同,两者有着非常密切的关系。CD4+细胞计数越低,发生机会性感染的几率越大,因而将CD4+细胞计数作为机会性感染预防的参照指标是合理的,定期监测CD4+并作为一项常规的工作,及早预防机会性感染对提高HIV/AIDS患者的生活质量有很重要的意义。     

HIV/AIDS合并原发性肝癌声像图特征与CD4+ T淋巴细胞数相关性的研究

目的:探讨HIV/AIDS合并原发性肝癌在CD4⁺T淋巴细胞计数不同免疫时期病灶的超声特征。方法:回顾分析2011年1月至2021年1月我院确诊的42例HIV/AIDS合并原发性肝癌患者。根据外周血CD4⁺T细胞计数分为<200个/μl组,200-500个/μl组,>500个/μl组。通过超声检查并记录病灶的大小以及超声声像学特征,统计分析不同CD4⁺T细胞计数水平的超声特征。结果:42例患者中,CD4⁺T细胞计数<200个/μl组15例,200-500个/μl组19例,>500个/μl组8例。不同水平的CD4⁺T细胞计数间肿瘤最大直径的比较具有统计学差异(P<0.05),不同CD4⁺T细胞计数水平的肿瘤超声的形态、边界、位置、回声、晕环征以及是否合并门静脉癌栓组间比较无显著差异(P>0.05)。结论:HIV/AIDS合并原发性肝癌患者在不同CD4⁺T细胞计数水平的病灶大小存在差异,采用彩色多普勒超...     

广西地区HIV感染或艾滋病患者机会性感染特点及其与CD_4~＋T细胞的关系——附210例检测分析

目的：探讨广西地区HIV感染或艾滋病患者机会性感染的特点及其CD4＋T细胞计数的关系。方法：选择广西医科大学第八附属医院收治的210例HIV感染或艾滋病患者,分析其机会性感染的发生率及感染类型,检测210例患者的CD4＋T细胞计数,分析不同CD4＋T细胞计数患者机会性感染发生率的差异。结果：210例HIV感染或艾滋病患者机会性感染的总发生率为86.7%,主要的机会性感染类型是口腔假丝酵母感染（56.2%）、细菌性肺炎（46.7%）、肺结核（42.4%）、败血症（21.4%）、感染性腹泻（20.5%）。CD4＋T细胞计数≤0.2×109/L患者的机会性感染发生率为96.5%,高于CD4＋T细胞计数〉0.2×109/L患者的63.2%（P〈0.05）。结论：广西地区HIV感染或艾滋病患者机会性感染的发生率高,CD4＋T细胞计数≤0.2×109/L提示患者发生机会性感染的可能性高。     

不同CD4水平艾滋病患者发生机会性感染的临床分析

目的 比较不同CD4+T淋巴细胞(简称CD4+细胞)水平艾滋病患者发生机会性感染的情况。方法 将2018年1月至2019年7月自贡市第一人民医院收治的145例住院艾滋病患者分为A组(CD4+≤100/μl)、B组(100/μl CD4+≤200/μl)与C组(CD4+ 200/μl)。比较各组患者发生的机会性感染的情况。结果 A组机会性感染发生率最高(95. 00%,76/80),C组最低(51. 85%,14/27),B组为86. 84%(33/38),差异有统计学意义(P 0. 05)。耶氏肺孢子菌肺炎发生率三组比较差异有统计学意义(P 0. 05);细菌性肺炎、口腔真菌病、真菌性肺炎发生率A组高于C组,差异有统计学意义(P 0. 05)。结论 CD4+细胞数越低,机会性感染率越高,及时、适时的抗病毒治疗尤为重要。     

TSPOT.TB在HIV感染/AIDS合并分枝杆菌感染患者中的诊断价值

目的 :探讨结核感染T细胞斑点试验(T cells spot test of Tuberculosis infection,TSPOT.TB)在人类免疫缺陷病毒(human immunodeficiency virus,HIV)感染/获得性免疫缺乏综合征(acquired immune deficiency syndrome,AIDS)合并分枝杆菌感染患者中诊断结核杆菌感染的价值。方法:回顾性调查2012年7月至2016年12月复旦大学附属上海市公共卫生临床中心251例行TSPOT.TB检测的HIV感染/AIDS患者的临床资料,以MPB64胶体金菌型鉴定法为金标准,251例患者中135例诊断为结核分枝杆菌感染,116例诊断为非结核分枝杆菌感染,分析TSPOT.TB诊断HIV感染/AIDS合并分枝杆菌感染患者是否为结核分枝杆菌感染的价值,并将患者按感染部位分为肺外感染与肺部感染2组,按CD4+T细胞数目分为CD4+T≤200个/μL和CD4+T200个/μL 2组,探讨TSPOT.TB在不同感染部位和不同CD4+T细胞数目患者中的诊断灵敏度和特异度。结果:251例HIV感染/AIDS合并分枝杆菌感染患者中,TSPOT.TB诊断结核分枝杆菌感染的灵敏度和特异度分别为83.70%和80.17%。其在肺外和肺部分枝杆菌感染患者中的诊断灵敏度分别为85.00%和82.67%,差异无统计学意义(χ~2=0.133,P=0.715);而其特异度分别为93.10%和75.86%,差异有统计学意义(χ~2=4.067,P=0.044)。在CD4+T≤200个/μL组和CD4+T200个/μL组患者中,TSPOT.TB的诊断灵敏度分别为81.58%和80.95%,差异无统计学意义(χ~2=0.000,P=1.000);而其特异度则分别为85.86%和47.06%,差异有统计学意义(χ~2=11.408,P=0.001)。结论 :在HIV感染/AIDS合并分枝杆菌感染患者中,TSPOT.TB诊断结核分枝杆菌感染的灵敏度较高,在不同感染部位、不同CD4+T细胞数患者间,其诊断灵敏度均较稳定,不存在统计学差异;但其诊断特异度在肺外感染与肺部感染、CD4+T≤200个/μL与CD4+T200个/μL组间差异存在统计学意义,提示其诊断特异度可能受感染部位和CD4+T细胞数目影响。     

HIV感染的血液学表现

获得性免疫缺陷综合征(AIDS)，是由于人免疫缺陷病毒(HIV)感染引起，本病发展缓慢，宿主免疫系统进行性衰竭，疾病晚期特别容易发生机会性感染、神经疾病和肿瘤。由于免疫系统改变、继发感染、恶性肿瘤及治疗等因素大多数患者出现血液学异常，此外HIV感染亦可直接影响骨髓细胞和造血前体细胞。1关于AIDS的诊断标准①当HIV感染伴发有特殊的机会性感染、肿瘤或神经疾病；②实验室依据：CD4+T淋巴细胞减少（<200/μl），或者CD4+T淋巴细胞<14%；早期分类系统将HIV感染有症状者称之为AIDS相关复合症(AIDS-relatedcomplex,ARC)，…     

广西免疫重建不良的人类免疫缺陷病毒感染者发生机会性感染的特点

目的 探究广西免疫重建不良的人类免疫缺陷病毒(HIV)感染者发生机会性感染的特点，为预防性临床诊疗提供参考。方法 收集在广西医科大学附属武鸣医院长期随访的112例经抗逆转录病毒治疗(ART)治疗后免疫重建不良的HIV感染者发生机会性感染的情况及临床信息，并分析基线CD4⁺T淋巴细胞计数对机会性感染率、机会性感染类型及混合感染率的影响。结果 112例免疫重建不良的HIV感染者发生机会性感染率高达42.86%，感染类型以真菌感染居首位。基线CD4⁺T淋巴细胞计数≤50个/μL患者的机会性感染率显著高于基线CD4⁺T淋巴细胞计数> 50个/μL的患者，而机会性感染类型和混合感染率未见明显差异。结论 广西免疫重建不良的HIV感染者发生机会性感染率较高，尤其是基线CD4⁺T淋巴细胞计数≤50个/μL的患者，感染类型以真菌感染为主。     

CD4+细胞计数对艾滋病机会性感染治疗及护理指导

[目的]探讨CD4+细胞计数对艾滋病(AIDS)病人机会性感染护理观察的指导.[方法]将57例艾滋病病人随机分为两组,指导组按CD4+细胞计数指导艾滋病护理,常规组按艾滋病常规护理.[结果]CD4+细胞计数变化与艾滋病机会性感染的发生与预后有密切关系.两组病死率与机会性感染发生率比较有统计学意义.[结论]CD4+细胞计数可指导临床护士观察病情变化,预测疾病转归及可能发生的机会性感染,并为及时修正护理措施提供理论依据.     

HIV/AIDS患者血常规检测结果与CD4+T淋巴细胞计数之间的相关性研究

目的 通过对HIV感染者和AIDS患者血常规总淋巴细胞数(TLC)、Hb、PLT、WBC与CD4+ T淋巴细胞计数相关性的研究,探讨用血常规多项指标检测联合预测HIV/AIDS患者CD4+ T淋巴细胞计数的可行性.方法 778例HIV/AIDS患者共采集1 038份血样,血常规中四项指标:TLC、Hb、WBC、PLT与CD4+T淋巴细胞计数相关分析采用Spearman秩和相关.绘制受试者工作特征(ROC)曲线以判断各项指标预测CD4+T淋巴细胞计数的真实度及其最佳临界值,计算各临界值的敏感度、特异度、阳性预测值和阴性预测值.采用联合试验评价多指标联合预测CD4+ T淋巴细胞计数<200个/μl的可行性.结果 TLC、Hb、WBC、PLT与CD4+T淋巴细胞计数之间均存在正相关,相关系数分别为r=0.64,P=0.000;r=0.36,P=0.000;r=0.24,P=0.000;r=0.09,P=0.000.TLC、Hb预测CD4+ T淋巴细胞计数的ROC曲线下面积分别在0.82～0.84、0.66～0.70之间.单独使用TLC预测CD4+ T淋巴细胞计数<50、200、350个/μl的最佳临界值分别为TLC<1 100 × 106/L、1 200 ×106/L、1 400 × 106/L.TLC<1 200 × 106/L与Hb<120 g/L联合预测CD4+ T淋巴细胞计数<200个/μl的敏感度为45.3%,特异度为82.8%.结论本研究结果显示TLC<1 200 ×106/L与Hb<120g/L联合预测CD4+ T淋巴细胞计数<200个/μl的临床使用价值不高.     

新疆100例HIV／AIDS患者机体细胞免疫与合并机会性感染关系的研究

目的探讨人类免疫缺陷病毒（HIV）感染者和艾滋病（AIDS）患者机体细胞免疫与合并机会性感染的关系。方法总结新疆100例HIV／AIDS患者临床资料,分析CD3^＋、CD4^、CD8^＋细胞水平,及CD4^＋细胞数与发生机会性感染的关系。结果HIV／AIDS患者合并机会感染CD3^＋、CD4^＋细胞数明显低于未合并机会感染组且差异均具有统计学意义（t=-2．073,t=-4．087,P〈0．05）,CD8^＋、CD4^＋／CD8^＋比值则差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。CD3^＋细胞数与CD4^＋细胞数的变化呈正相关（r=0．481,P〈0．05）,与CD8^＋细胞数的变化呈高度正相关（r=0．954,P〈0．05）。CD4^＋细胞含量〈200个／μl时,发生机会性感染高于CD4^＋细胞含量为200—500个／μl时,且差异有统计学意义（r=17．272,P〈0．05）。在CD4^＋细胞含量〈200个μl的HIV／AIDS患者中以PCP的合并感染为最高27．27％,其次弓形虫和结核（22．73％,13．64％）。结论HIV／AIDS患者并发机会性感染与免疫抑制程度有关,CD4^＋的水平是目前监测机会性感染的重要参考依据,不同地区机会性感染疾病谱略有不同,临床可采取相应的预防性治疗措施。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

Dissociable correlates of two classes of retrieval processing in prefrontal cortex

Although substantial evidence suggests that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) implements processes that are critical for accurate episodic memory judgments, the specific roles of different PFC subregions remain unclear. Here, we used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging to distinguish between prefrontal activity related to operations that (1) influence processing of retrieval cues based on current task demands, or (2) are involved in monitoring the outputs of retrieval. Fourteen participants studied auditory words spoken by a male or female speaker and completed memory tests in which the stimuli were unstudied foil words and studied words spoken by either the same speaker at study, or the alternate speaker. On "general" test trials, participants were to determine whether each word was studied, regardless of the voice of the speaker, whereas on "specific" test trials, participants were to additionally distinguish between studied words that were spoken in the same voice or a different voice at study. Thus, on specific test trials, participants were explicitly required to attend to voice information in order to evaluate each test item. Anterior (right BA 10), dorsolateral prefrontal (right BA 46), and inferior frontal (bilateral BA 47/12) regions were more active during specific than during general trials. Activation in anterior and dorsolateral PFC was enhanced during specific test trials even in response to unstudied items, suggesting that activation in these regions was related to the differential processing of retrieval cues in the two tasks. In contrast, differences between specific and general test trials in inferior frontal regions (bilateral BA 47/12) were seen only for studied items, suggesting a role for these regions in post-retrieval monitoring processes. Results from this study are consistent with the idea that different PFC subregions implement distinct, but complementary processes that collectively support accurate episodic memory judgments.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.