胆道出血的介入诊断与治疗(附3例报告)

目的　探讨介入在诊断与治疗胆道大出血中的应用价值。　方法　对 2例肝外伤手术后及 1例胆道结石手术后多次胆道大出血病人采用Seldinger技术行肠系膜上动脉及肝动脉插管DSA检查 ,显示胆道出血血管的部位、出血分布、假性动脉瘤及动静脉瘘形成情况 ,然后用微导管插管至出血血管分支 ,应用NBCA、PVA颗粒、明胶海绵及弹簧钢圈选择性栓塞。　结果　 2例为弥漫性出血 ,1例为局限性出血 ,2例有假性动脉瘤形成 ,1例有肝动脉 -门静脉瘘形成。栓塞后造影显示出血血管成功栓塞 ,出血症状迅速停止。　结论　介入是胆道大出血诊断与治疗的有效措施。     

急诊经导管动脉栓塞治疗医源性肝动脉出血

目的探讨医源性肝动脉出血的急诊肝动脉造影表现及经导管动脉栓塞(TAE)治疗的疗效。方法对38例医源性肝动脉出血患者行急诊肝动脉造影,确定出血动脉后,以明胶海绵、PVA颗粒和弹簧圈进行急诊栓塞治疗;对其急诊肝动脉造影表现及TAE疗效进行回顾性分析。结果 38例中,21例肝动脉造影可见对比剂外溢,5例肝动静脉瘘,9例肝动脉假性动脉瘤,3例肝动脉假性动脉瘤合并肝动静脉瘘。急诊TAE后38例出血均停止,总有效率为100%(38/38)。1例术后10天复发出血,再次栓塞治疗后出血停止。随访12个月,所有患者均无肝脏坏死及异位栓塞等严重并发症发生。结论急诊TAE治疗医源性肝动脉出血安全、有效。     

经肝动脉导管注射无水乙醇碘化油乳剂治疗肝癌动静脉瘘

目的评价经肝动脉导管血管内注射无水乙醇碘化油乳剂栓塞治疗肝癌动静脉瘘的可行性及临床疗效。方法对22例肝癌动静脉瘘血管分别行超选择性插管注射无水乙醇碘化油乳剂,造影观察动静脉瘘闭塞情况及肿瘤的栓塞情况。结果22例肝癌动静脉瘘经肝动脉导管血管内注射无水乙醇碘化油乳剂2~15 ml,对分流量大的动静脉瘘配合明胶海绵栓塞。造影显示瘘口全部闭塞,未见明显不良反应,肿瘤栓塞密实。结论经肝动脉导管注射无水乙醇碘化油乳剂治疗肝癌动静脉瘘,疗效可靠,不影响对肿瘤的栓塞治疗。     

医源性肾动脉损伤性出血的介入诊疗

目的探讨超选择性动脉造影与栓塞治疗医源性肾动脉损伤性出血的临床价值。方法对11例肾穿刺活检或经皮肾镜取石术后大量肉眼血尿患者实施超选择性肾动脉造影与栓塞术,栓塞材料采用明胶海绵与弹簧圈。结果 11例中,假性动脉瘤2例,动-静脉瘘2例,假性动脉瘤合并动静脉瘘5例,动脉-肾盏瘘2例;损伤血管为肾脏后段、下段动脉及其叶间动脉分支,单支血管损伤10例,多支血管损伤1例。单纯采用明胶海绵栓塞4例,单纯采用弹簧圈栓塞4例,二者联合栓塞3例,其中1例为明胶海绵栓塞24h后复发尿血改用弹簧圈栓塞。栓塞后10min造影示出血征象消失,1~3天后患者血尿逐渐消失,未发生严重并发症。结论动静脉瘘为医源性肾动脉损伤的主要表现,以单发病变多见;超选择性动肾脉造影可迅速明确诊断,超选择性肾动脉栓塞微创、安全、有效,应作为治疗医源性肾动脉损伤性出血的首选方法。     

经导管肝动脉α-氰基丙烯酸正丁酯胶栓塞治疗肝内出血

目的探讨以α-氰基丙烯酸正丁酯胶(NBCA)作为栓塞剂经导管肝动脉栓塞治疗肝内出血的价值。方法收集接受经导管肝动脉栓塞治疗的肝动脉出血患者7例,均使用NBCA作为栓塞剂,评价技术成功率、临床有效率及相关并发症。结果造影显示假性动脉瘤6例,对比剂外溢1例。对7例患者均成功施行经导管肝动脉栓塞术,术后即刻造影假性动脉瘤和对比剂外溢征象消失,技术成功率100%;NBCA及超液化碘油混合剂用量为(0.76±0.24)ml;术后患者腹痛症状缓解,血红蛋白浓度升高,临床有效率100%。未发生手术相关并发症,随访1个月无再出血病例。结论采用NBCA胶行经导管肝动脉栓塞治疗肝内出血安全有效,具有重要临床应用价值。     

经导管选择性动脉栓塞治疗创伤性假性动脉瘤

目的探讨经导管选择性动脉栓塞治疗损伤性假性动脉瘤的疗效。方法 16例损伤性出血患者,其中肾脏出血5例,肝脏出血3例,剖宫产后出血4例,切口妊娠流产1例,宫颈癌放疗后出血1例,骨外伤术后出血2例。采用经股动脉穿刺选择性插管进行靶动脉造影及栓塞治疗。采用明胶海绵和（或）弹簧钢圈栓塞瘤腔及供血动脉。结果全部患者动脉造影均见假性动脉瘤,其中2例伴有动静脉瘘。栓塞成功率100%,栓塞后即刻造影示假性动脉瘤消失,止血成功率93.75%。术后均未发生严重并发症,随防6个月均无复发。结论经导管选择性动脉栓塞治疗损伤性假性动脉瘤性出血安全有效、创伤小、并发症少,是可靠的治疗方法 。     

急诊经导管动脉栓塞术治疗医源性肾动脉出血

目的探讨急诊经导管动脉栓塞术（TAE）治疗NN性肾动脉出血的疗效。方法对49例医源性肾动脉出血患者行急诊肾动脉造影,确定出血动脉后,以明胶海绵、PVA颗粒和弹簧圈进行栓塞。结果。肾动脉造影显示31例对比剂外溢,肾动静脉瘘7例,肾假性动脉瘤4例,假性动脉瘤破裂合并肾动静脉瘘5例,肾动脉一肾盏瘘2例。TAE后,所有患者出血完全停止,无严重并发症出现。术后随访12～16个月,均无再次出血。结论急诊TAE治疗医源性肾出血安全、有效,具有较高临床价值。     

肾动脉假性动脉瘤的栓塞治疗

目的探讨经皮肾动脉造影及栓塞治疗肾动脉假性动脉瘤的临床价值。方法 2012年1月~2014年2月15例泌尿系结石术后尿道出血,经皮肾动脉造影诊断为肾动脉假性动脉瘤,导管超选择进入载瘤动脉近端,使用弹簧圈和明胶海绵栓塞载瘤动脉。结果 15例经肾动脉造影均能清晰显示假性动脉瘤,其中位于叶间动脉11例,弓状动脉3例和小叶间动脉1例,经导管弹簧圈栓塞后尿道出血停止。1例介入栓塞术后2 d再次出现尿道出血,再次栓塞后出血停止。栓塞术后2例出现一过性肾绞痛;7例体温37.8~39.3℃,持续3~8 d。15例随访3~24个月(平均15个月),无肾功能不全和尿道出血发生。结论经皮肾动脉造影和经导管栓塞治疗肾动脉假性动脉瘤安全、有效。     

经皮肝穿刺胆管引流术后胆管大出血的介入治疗

目的探讨介入疗法治疗经皮肝穿刺胆管引流术（PTCD）后胆管大出血的临床应用价值。方法对9例PTCD术后胆管大出血患者进行选择性血管造影和引流管造影,证实责任血管后进行介入治疗。结果对2例动脉胆管瘘患者行超选择性责任血管出血点近端和远端栓塞,6例假性动脉瘤患者行超选择性动脉瘤远端、假性动脉瘤及近端栓塞,对1例胆管门静脉主干瘘患者行胆管内覆膜支架植入术。术后所有患者出血均停止,经3～6个月随访后均无再出血。结论介入疗法治疗PTCD术后胆管大出血安全有效,创伤小。     

超选择性肾动脉栓塞治疗微创经皮肾取石术后严重出血46例报告

目的:探讨微创经皮肾镜取石术后严重出血的原因和总结超选择性肾动脉栓塞治疗的经验。方法:对2004年3月～2010年1月微创经皮肾镜取石术后严重出血需行超选择性肾动脉栓塞治疗46例病例进行回顾性分析。结果:46例经肾动脉造影证实22例假性动脉瘤,8例小动脉损伤,8例动静脉瘘,4例假性动脉瘤并动静脉瘘,4例未见动脉病变。46例患者中,36例行一次栓塞术后出血停止,5例行两次栓塞术后出血停止,4例肾动脉造影时未见异常,予灌注止血药物后治愈,1例栓塞术后出血停止但第2天突然死亡。结论:微创经皮肾镜取石术后严重出血主要与手术导致的肾血管损伤有关,超选择性肾动脉栓塞疗效安全确切。     

选择性肝动脉栓塞治疗肝血管瘤

目的探讨肝动脉栓塞治疗肝血管瘤选择性的效果。方法对35例肝血管瘤患者使用平阳霉素碘油乳剂行选择性肝动脉栓塞治疗,观察血管瘤大小的变化、临床症状的改善情况。结果对35例肝血管瘤患者成功实施了栓塞治疗。随访3个月~2年,术后病灶不同的程度的缩小,并随时间的增加,呈现进行性的缩小,术后3~6个月、6个月~1年、1年~2年病灶平均缩小率为55.4%、78.2%、81.0%。治疗前的临床症状得到均获得好转或消失。结论选择性肝动脉栓塞是一种安全、有效、创伤小、并发症少的治疗肝血管瘤的方法。     

选择性肝动脉栓塞治疗在闭合性肝损伤中的临床研究

目的:探讨选择性肝动脉栓塞治疗创伤性闭合性肝脏破裂出血的临床价值.方法:回顾性分析2009年8月-2012年2月收治的61例闭合性肝脏破裂出血患者的临床资料,其中单纯的药物治疗30例(药物组),药物加介入栓塞治疗31例(介入组),比较两组中转手术率、人均输红细胞量、平均住院时间、并发症发生率.结果:入院时,两组患者性别、年龄及肝脏损伤程度差异无统计学意义(均P＞0.05).与药物组比较,介入组中转手术率(12.9％ vs.30％),人均输红细胞量[(4.2±0.88) U vs.(6.6±1.47)U],平均住院时间[(7.2±5.2)d vs.(22.6±4.9)d]均明显减少(均P＜0.05),但两组并发症发生率(19.4％vs.23.3％)差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论:选择性肝动脉栓塞治疗创伤性闭合性肝脏破裂具有临床疗效稳定,创伤小,恢复快等优势,是一种较安全,有效的治疗措施.     

Total hepatic arterial perfusion after occlusion of variant lobar vessels: implications for hepatic arterial chemotherapy

The surgical placement of hepatic arterial cannulas, followed by intra-arterial chemotherapy, is a promising technique for the treatment of unresectable hepatic malignancies. Complete perfusion of the liver with drugs is essential, but may be difficult to achieve in some patients with variant arterial anatomy. In 79 patients, we encountered 15 with variant anatomy that precluded standard single or dual cannulation techniques. In 12 patients variant lobar arteries were ligated at surgery. Postoperative transarterial coil occlusion was used in three patients. In each case, the remaining hepatic lobar artery was perfused with a single catheter. Complete bilobar hepatic perfusion was documented by a technetium 99m macroaggregated albumin scan in 13 of 15 (87%) patients. Of patients scanned more than 5 days after occlusion, six of six (100%) had full perfusion of the region supplied by the variant lobar vessels. Postocclusion hepatic arteriography demonstrated translobar collateral vessels that provided perfusion of the region of the occluded variant artery. There was no added morbidity from lobar arterial occlusion and no disparity in tumor response between perfusion by direct cannulation and perfusion by collateral flow. Occlusion of variant hepatic lobar arteries in conjunction with single catheter cannulation to infuse the remaining lobar vessels is a useful technique to provide total hepatic arterial perfusion in patients with variant hepatic arterial anatomy.     

Selective arterial embolisation for hepatic trauma.

The technique of selective arterial embolisation for patients presenting with major hepatic trauma is described. We have used this technique successfully in four patients, three of whom had continued bleeding after emergency laparotomy. It can abolish localised intrahepatic arterial haemorrhage and arteriovenous shunting. Selective embolisation may prove to be a useful technique in reducing the mortality of major hepatic trauma.     

肝动脉解剖变异影像学研究

目的用数字减影血管造影(DSA)和CT血管造影(CTA)进一步探讨肝动脉解剖变异的种类、发生率及特点。方法回顾分析1000例因肝脏疾病而行DSA检查患者的临床资料、肝动脉的DSA,以及其中的32例肝动脉解剖变异的CTA表现。观察肝动脉的起源、走行、分布情况,并分别统计其变异类型和发生率。结果1000例肝动脉造影中,正常型727例,占72.7%;肝动脉变异273例,占27.3%。273例肝动脉变异中属于Michels分型的148例,占14.8%。Michels分型未包括在内者为125例,占12.5%。其中肝总动脉分叉变异54例,占5.4%,肝动脉起源变异214例,占21.4%,肝总动脉分叉 肝动脉起源变异5例,占0.5%。以上变异合并多种变异共存21例,占2.1%。结论肝动脉解剖变异的种类具有多样性、复杂性。除DSA外,CTA亦可显示肝动脉解剖变异。肝胆外科和影像科医师了解肝动脉解剖变异对于术前制定手术方案、提高诊断准确性等有重要意义。     

Percutaneous angiographic embolization for hepatic arterial hemorrhage

Eight cases of hepatic arterial bleeding are reported. Bleeding in five instances was consequent to trauma and was either persistent postoperative (three cases) or delayed with hemobilia (two cases). Bleeding in the other three cases was from rupture of a subcapsular hematoma of the liver, with spontaneous hepatic rupture of pregnancy (two cases) and metastatic melanoma (one case). Angiography demonstrated pseudoaneurysm in six cases, a hepatic artery to portal venous fistula in one case, and a subcapsular hematoma in the final case. Percutaneous angiographic embolization controlled bleeding in seven cases and was not feasible in one case with tortuosity of the celiac axis. Complications included hepatobiliary necrosis in one patient and subphrenic abscess in two patients. Percutaneous angiographic embolization can selectively occlude a branch of the hepatic artery and is effective in the control of hepatic arterial bleeding from a variety of causes.     

The management of variant arterial anatomy during hepatic arterial infusion pump placement

Background The success of hepatic arterial infusion pump (HAIP) placement in patients with variant arterial anatomy has not been well described. Methods Patients who underwent HAIP placement over a 5-year time period were evaluated. Arterial- and catheter-related pump complication rates and pump survival were compared between patients with normal and variant arterial anatomy. Results Pumps were placed in 265 patients. Variant anatomy was present in 98 (37%) patients. The presence of variant versus normal anatomy did not increase pump complication rates (8% vs. 4%;P=.18) or decrease pump survival (P=.12). In all patients with an isolated variant right or left hepatic artery (n=56), ligation of the variant vessel and cannulation of the gastroduodenal artery (GDA) resulted in complete hepatic perfusion and no pump complications. Cannulation of vessels other than the GDA (n=22) was associated with increased pump complication rates (27% vs. 4%;P=.0001) and decreased pump survival (P=.002). Conclusions In this study, HAIP placement in patients with variant anatomy was not associated with increased pump complication rates or decreased pump survival. An optimal strategy for managing variant anatomy is to ligate isolated variant vessels and cannulate the GDA.