低pH插入肽-蛋白酶激活受体1复合物抑制三阴性乳腺癌MDA-MB-231细胞增殖的实验研究★

目的 观察低pH插入肽-蛋白酶激活受体1（pHLIP-P1AP）复合物对三阴性乳腺癌（TNBC）MDA-MB-231细胞增殖的影响。方法 设计、合成荧光标记的pHLIP-P1AP。观察MDA-MB-231细胞与MCF-10A细胞表面蛋白酶激活受体1（PAR1）的表达情况。分析不同pH值（7.4、6.0）条件下荧光标记的pHLIP-P1AP与MDA-MB-231细胞的结合情况及其对MDA-MB-231细胞增殖的影响。结果 成功合成了pHLIP-P1AP并进行荧光标记。在酸性环境下（pH 6.0），荧光标记的pHLIP-P1AP与表面高表达PAR1的MDA-MB-231细胞有较强的结合能力，可明显抑制MDA-MB-231细胞的增殖，pHLIP-P1AP为0.5 μg、1 μg、2 μg、4 μg、8 μg时，细胞的增殖抑制率分别为3.39%，5.27%，14.29%，22.14%、35.69%。结论 MDA-MB-231细胞表面表达大量的PAR1。pHLIP-P1AP在酸性环境下能够有效靶向MDA-MB-231细胞，并抑制MDA-MB-231细胞的生长，有望成为治疗TNBC的有价值的新型药物。     

香贝散通过激活AMPK/mTOR信号通路抑制人乳腺癌细胞MCF-7、MDA-MB-231生长

目的 探讨香贝散体外抗乳腺癌作用及其分子机制。方法 体外培养人乳腺癌细胞 MCF-7、MDA-MB-231,给予香贝散 1、2、3、4、5 mg·mL^-1加药处理,对照组不加药。利用 MTT 法和克隆形成实验检测细胞增殖,利用流式细胞术检测细胞凋亡,细胞划痕和细胞侵袭实验检测细胞迁移和侵袭能力,借助吖啶橙染色法观察细胞自噬,借助转录组测序技术探索香贝散诱导乳腺癌细胞死亡的作用机制,并采用 Western blotting 法检测 AMP 依赖的蛋白激酶（AMPK）、哺乳动物雷帕霉素靶蛋白（mTOR）、LC-3、Beclin-1 蛋白表达水平。结果 与对照组比较,香贝散显著抑制人乳腺癌 MCF-7、MDA-MB-231 细胞活力（P＜0.05、0.001）,48 h 半数抑制浓度（IC₅₀）分别为 2.344、1.961 mg·mL^-1,且具有时间、浓度相关性;显著抑制 MCF-7、MDA-MB-231 细胞的集落形成能力;显著诱导 MCF-7、MDA-MB-231 细胞凋亡（P＜0.001）;明显抑制人乳腺癌 MCF-7、MDA-MB-231 细胞的体外迁移能力和侵袭能力;吖啶橙染色实验结果提示香贝散能够诱导 MCF-7、MDA-MB-231 细胞发生自噬,Western blotting 实验结果显示香贝散能够显著上调 MCF-7、MDA-MB-231 细 胞 中 自 噬 关 键 蛋 白 Beclin-1 和 LC3-Ⅱ的表达（P＜0.01、0.001）;转录组测序技术发现差异基因变化最明显的通路包括 mTOR 信号通路、自噬信号通路等 ,Western blotting 实验结果显示香贝散显著下调 mTOR 的磷酸化水平（P＜0.001）,显著上调 AMPK 的磷酸化水平（P＜0.001）。结论 香贝散能够显著抑制人乳腺癌细胞的增殖、迁移、侵袭能力,能够诱导凋亡和自噬的发生,激活 AMPK/mTOR 信号通路可能是其重要机制。     

五味子乙素通过ROS介导内质网应激诱导人乳腺癌MDA-MB-231细胞凋亡的研究

目的 研究五味子乙素对人乳腺癌MDA-MB-231细胞凋亡的影响及其作用机制。方法 用细胞计数试剂(CCK-8)检测不同浓度五味子乙素对MDA-MB-231细胞存活率的影响;五味子乙素（10、20、40 μmol/L）作用 MDA-MB-231 细胞 24 h,分别用Annexin V-FITC/PI检测细胞凋亡情况;用DCFA-DA荧光探针检测细胞内活性氧（ROS）水平;用Western blot法检测细胞凋亡及内质网应激相关蛋白（Bcl-2、Bax、CHOP、GPR78、PERK、p-PERK、p-eIF2α、eIF2）的表达。结果 与空白组比较,随着五味子乙素浓度增大,细胞存活率明显降低,其IC₅₀为19.16 μmol/L;与对照组比较,五味子乙素（10、20、40 μmol/L）均能抑制细胞克隆形成(P<0.05),且呈剂量依赖;五味子乙素（10、20、40 μmol/L）均可诱导细胞凋亡（P<0.05）,使抗凋亡蛋白BCL-2的表达显著降低,促凋亡蛋白Bax的表达显著升高(P<0.05);五味子乙素（10、20、40 μmol/L）显著升高细胞内ROS水平(P<0.05),且呈剂量依赖;五味子乙素（10、20、40 μmol/L）能够激发内质网应激,使内质网应激相关蛋白CHOP、GPR78、p-eIF2α表达增多(P<0.05),且呈剂量依赖。结论 五味子乙素可能通过ROS介导内质网应激诱导MDA-MB-231细胞凋亡。     

靶向CD19嵌合抗原受体T细胞体外构建、扩增及抗肿瘤活性研究

目的  探索特异性靶向CD19的嵌合抗原受体（chimeric antigen receptor, CAR）T细胞的构建与制备方法,并研究其体外杀伤靶细胞的效果。方法  通过基因合成和分子克隆手段构建anti-CD19-CAR片段并将其插入plenti6.3慢病毒载体,利用293FT悬浮细胞系包装慢病毒并转染人外周血单个核细胞来源的CD3⁺ T细胞,通过流式细胞术鉴定转染效率,并通过实时无标记细胞分析法和细胞计数试剂盒8检测anti-CD19-CAR-T细胞体外杀伤效果。结果  获得了表达抗CD19的单链抗体基因的慢病毒,病毒滴度可达3.2×10⁸ 噬斑形成单位/ml。经慢病毒转染的CD3⁺ T细胞在体外培养14 d后,细胞扩增效率达(60.2±11.5)倍,anti-CD19-CAR-T细胞阳性率达90.57%。经检测,anti-CD19-CAR-T细胞均可有效杀伤CD19⁺靶细胞。结论  建立了基于无血清悬浮细胞系的anti-CD19-CAR慢病毒包装系统,成功构建靶向CD19抗原的CAR-T细胞,能特异性杀伤CD19+肿瘤细胞。     

结直肠癌中葡萄糖转运蛋白-12作为化疗联合用药靶点的研究

目的 研究葡萄糖转运蛋白-12（GLUT12）在结直肠癌（CRC）细胞和组织中的表达与功能,探讨其作为联合用药治疗靶点的可能性。方法 分别采用RT-PCR和蛋白免疫印迹法检测CRC及正常结肠中GLUT12基因和蛋白水平。通过荧光免疫及蛋白印迹法观察槲皮素（QC）对肿瘤细胞中GLUT12定位的调节作用。四氮唑（MTT）比色法和克隆形成实验（CFA）观察QC和奥沙利铂（OXA）联合使用对CRC细胞增殖的影响。结果 GLUT12基因在肿瘤组织中的相对表达水平高于正常组织[（3.2±0.3）vs（0.5±0.6）,P<0.05]。高糖培养液能改变GLUT12在细胞中的定位及表达水平,QC能抑制高糖对GLUT12蛋白的调节作用。MTT和CFA试验显示,OXA和QC联用能使CRC细胞的活力降低[OXA+OC：（63.3±7.1）%vs OC：（88.7±4.2）%,P< 0.05]。QC和OXA联用能抑制结肠癌细胞群落的增殖能力。结论 QC能有效抑制CRC细胞GLUT12蛋白的功能,能增加OXA杀伤CRC的作用。     

PTPRO HER2在乳腺癌中的表达及其与临床特征的关系

目的 探讨膜结合受体型蛋白酪氨酸磷酸酶O（PTPRO）、人表皮生长因子受体2（HER2）在乳腺癌组织中的表达及其与患者临床特征的相关性。方法 选择2016年10月至2018年11月淮北矿工总医院集团确诊的60例乳腺癌患者的癌组织标本设为观察组,同时将其癌组织旁的正常乳腺组织标本设为对照组。比较两组标本PTPRO、HER2蛋白表达,采用单因素分析其与患者临床特征[年龄、淋巴结转移情况、临床分期、雌激素受体（ER）、孕激素受体（PR）]的相关性,采用Spearman相关分析PTPRO与HER2的关系。结果 观察组的PTPRO阳性表达率（38.33%）低于对照组（90.00%）,而HER2阳性表达率（66.67%）高于对照组（3.33%）,差异均有统计学意义（P<0.05）;单因素分析显示,淋巴结转移及PR蛋白阴性患者的PTPRO阳性表达率低于无淋巴结转移及PR蛋白阳性患者,差异均有统计学意义（P<0.05）;年龄≥60岁、淋巴结转移及PR阴性患者癌组织中HER2阳性表达率高于年龄<60岁、无淋巴结转移及PR阳性患者,差异均有统计学意义（P<0.05）。Spearman相关分析显示,PTPRO与HER2呈负相关（r=-0.392）。结论 乳腺癌组织中PTPRO蛋白低表达而HER2蛋白高表达,PTPRO、HER2表达水平可能与患者年龄、淋巴结转移及PR表达相关,PTPRO与HER2呈负相关。     

山药提取物联合树突细胞-细胞因子诱导的杀伤细胞对荷MDA-MB-231乳腺癌干细胞瘤裸鼠的治疗作用研究

目的 研究山药Dioscorea opposita提取物联合树突细胞-细胞因子诱导的杀伤细胞（DC-CIK）对荷MDA-MB-231乳腺癌干细胞瘤裸鼠的治疗效果。方法 制备荷MDA-MB-231乳腺癌干细胞Balb/c裸鼠模型,随机分为4组,每组8只：对照组裸鼠尾iv生理盐水,0.2 mL/次,2次/周;DC-CIK组裸鼠在肿瘤干细胞接种4 d后尾iv 1×10⁶个DC-CIK细胞,2次/周,给药3周;山药提取物组裸鼠ig山药提取物125 mg/kg,0.2 mL/d,给药3周;山药提取物联合DC-CIK组裸鼠ig山药提取物125 mg/kg,0.2 mL/d,同时尾iv 1×10⁶个DC-CIK细胞,2次/周,给药3周。各组裸鼠在治疗3周期间每2天测量瘤体大小及裸鼠体质量,治疗结束后处死裸鼠,取出瘤体称质量;qRT-PCR法检测瘤组织中Akt信号通路中关键原癌基因c-Myc表达水平。结果 治疗结束后,各组裸鼠瘤体生长速率为山药提取物联合DC-CIK组结论 对荷MDA-MB-231乳腺癌干细胞瘤裸鼠治疗效果中,各给药组裸鼠肿瘤生长均受到明显抑制,其中以山药提取物联合DC-CIK组效果最佳。     

转染结构性雄烷受体对丝裂霉素C和5-氮丙啶-3-羟甲基-1-甲基吲哚-4,7-二酮的细胞毒性的影响

研究丝裂霉素C(MMC)及其衍生物5-氮丙啶-3-羟甲基-1-甲基吲哚-4,7-二酮［5-(aziridin-1-yl)-3-hydroxymethyl-1-methylindole-4,7-dione，629］的细胞毒性，以及结构性雄烷受体(constitutive androstane receptor，CAR)转染对其生物学效应的影响。将质粒mCAR/pCR3转染HepG2细胞，经G418耐药性筛选获得转染CAR的g2car细胞，以转染空载体pCR3(HepG2/pCR3)作为对照。用RT-PCR检测质粒和CYP2B6 mRNA的表达，用MTT法评价MMC和629对g2car细胞和HepG2细胞在有氧和乏氧条件下的细胞毒性。RT-PCR检测到CAR和CYP2B6 mRNA在g2car细胞中有表达，在HepG2细胞中无表达；此外，在乏氧情况下，MMC和629的细胞毒性比在有氧情况下均有所增加(p<0.05)，并且转染CAR以后，两者的细胞毒性均增加，但对MMC的影响较明显(p<0.05),对629的影响不明显(p>0.05)。提示CAR可在转录水平调节药物的代谢，提高药物的毒性；CYP2B6可以主要代谢MMC，但不主要代谢629。转染CAR基因可以增加细胞CYP2B6 mRNA的表达，并可引起MMC和629毒性的改变。     

miR-10b-5p通过靶向SUFU介导乳腺癌细胞对放疗的敏感性★

目的 探讨miR-10b-5p在乳腺癌细胞放疗敏感性中的作用及相关机制。方法 采用qPCR和Western blotting检测正常乳腺细胞MCF-10A和乳腺癌细胞MCF-7、SKBR-3、MDA-MB-231中miR-10b-5p mRNA、SUFU mRNA和蛋白的表达。在MDA-MB-231细胞中转染miR-10b-5p inhibitor对miR-10b-5p进行敲减，6 Gy ⁶⁰Co γ-射线照射2 h，分别采用克隆形成实验和流式细胞术检测细胞的增殖和凋亡水平；双荧光素酶报告实验验证靶基因SUFU，回补实验验证miR-10b-5p是否通过靶向SUFU介导乳腺癌细胞对放疗的敏感性。结果 3种乳腺癌细胞系中miR-10b-5p的表达均显著高于正常乳腺细胞MCF-10A（P<0.05）。与miR-NC组相比，miR-10b-5p inhibitor组细胞增殖水平明显下降（P<0.05），凋亡水平显著上升（P<0.05）。敲减miR-10b-5p可增加野生型SUFU 3''UTR的荧光强度（P<0.05），而对突变型SUFU 3''UTR的荧光强度无明显影响（P>0.05）。此外，miR-10b-5p inhibitor组SUFU蛋白表达水平显著高于miR-NC组（P<0.05）。与miR-NC+si-NC组相比，miR-10b-5p inhibitor+si-NC组细胞增殖水平显著降低（P<0.05），miR-10b-5p inhibitor+si-SUFU#2组细胞增殖水平明显回升，且高于miR-10b-5p inhibitor+si-NC组（P<0.05）。结论 乳腺癌细胞中miR-10b-5p呈高表达，敲减miR-10b-5p可增强乳腺癌细胞对放疗的敏感性，其机制可能与靶向抑制SUFU相关。     

HER2阳性乳腺癌重组免疫毒素的开发

目的 制备一种人表皮生长因子受体2(human epidermal growth factor receptor 2,HER2)阳性乳腺癌的高活力重组免疫毒素TP25。方法 利用基因工程技术将曲妥珠单抗可变区与绿脓杆菌细胞毒素片段进行重组,经原核表达获得具有完整结构的高活性融合蛋白TP25,采用免疫荧光法与流式细胞技术检测TP25与不同乳腺癌细胞系的结合能力,通过³H-Thymidin掺入法检测其对肿瘤细胞的杀伤活力,通过测定单链DNA的产生研究TP25诱发肿瘤细胞发生凋亡。结果 经酶切与PCR验证成功构建融合蛋白TP25重组表达质粒,经原核包涵体表达制备出分子量为52 kDa的TP25制品,经验证TP25能与HER2高表达的乳腺癌细胞结合,具有活性空间构象,细胞增殖试验显示TP25的细胞毒性强弱与用量呈正相关,能引发HER2阳性乳腺癌细胞发生凋亡。结论 制备了HER2阳性乳腺癌靶向免疫毒素TP25。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.