舒芬太尼与芬太尼对小儿全麻诱导期血流动力学和应激反应的比较

目的观察舒芬太尼对小儿全麻诱导期血流动力学和应激反应的影响。方法 60例ASAⅠ或Ⅱ级拟行全身麻醉扁桃体、腺样体切除术的患儿随机均分为两组:舒芬太尼组(S组),诱导用舒芬太尼0.3μg/kg;芬太尼组(F组),诱导用芬太尼3μg/kg。分别记录并测定麻醉前5 min(T0)、气管插管时(T1)、插管后1 min(T2)、5 min(T3)SBP、DBP、HR、去甲肾上腺素(NE)、皮质醇(Cor)、血糖(Glu)的变化。结果 S组血流动力学较F组明显稳定,T1~T3组F组SBP、DBP明显高于、HR明显快于T0时和S组(P<0.05);T1~T3时F组NE、Cor、Glu明显高于T0时和S组(P<0.05),S组各时点NE、Cor、Glu无明显改变。结论舒芬太尼能有效抑制小儿全麻诱导期的应激反应,血流动力学更稳定。     

口腔颌面外科手术中舒芬太尼复合丙泊酚与芬太尼复合丙泊酚麻醉效果的比较

目的:探讨了舒芬太尼或芬太尼复合丙泊酚对口腔颌面外科手术血流动力学和应激反应的影响。方法:我院于2006年1月～2011年1月共收治口腔颌面外科手术患者240例,按照随机分组法随机分为舒芬太尼复合丙泊酚组(S组)和芬太尼复合丙泊酚组(F组)。分别记录两组患者不同时期舒张压(DBP)、收缩压(SBP)、心率(HR)、去甲肾上腺素(NE)、皮质醇(Cor)和血糖(Glu)的变化。结果:与T0时比较,两组患者T1、T2、T3和T4时DBP、SBP、HR、NE、Cor和Glu均有一定程度的升高,而F组变化具有显著统计学意义(P<0.05)。F组T1、T2、T3和T4时DBP、SBP、HR、NE、Cor和Glu均较S组高,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论:舒芬太尼符合丙泊酚用于口腔颌面外科手术时血液动力学较为稳定,机体应激反应弱,值得临床使用。     

口腔颌面外科手术中舒芬太尼复合丙泊酚与芬太尼复合丙泊酚麻醉效果的比较

目的:探讨了舒芬太尼或芬太尼复合丙泊酚对口腔颌面外科手术血流动力学和应激反应的影响。方法:我院于2006年1月～2011年1月共收治口腔颌面外科手术患者240例,按照随机分组法随机分为舒芬太尼复合丙泊酚组(S组)和芬太尼复合丙泊酚组(F组)。分别记录两组患者不同时期舒张压(DBP)、收缩压(SBP)、心率(HR)、去甲肾上腺素(NE)、皮质醇(Cor)和血糖(Glu)的变化。结果:与T0时比较,两组患者T1、T2、T3和T4时DBP、SBP、HR、NE、Cor和Glu均有一定程度的升高,而F组变化具有显著统计学意义(P<0.05)。F组T1、T2、T3和T4时DBP、SBP、HR、NE、Cor和Gl u均较S组高,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论:舒芬太尼符合丙泊酚用于口腔颌面外科手术时血液动力学较为稳定,机体应激反应弱,值得临床使用。     

舒芬太尼复合丙泊酚对小儿麻醉诱导期血流动力学及脑电双频指数的影响

目的 研究舒芬太尼复合丙泊酚对小儿全麻诱导期血流动力学及脑电双频指数(BIS)的影响.方法 45例择期全麻手术患儿随机均分为三组,每组15例.舒芬太尼剂量分别为0.1μg/kg(S1组)、0.2μg/kg(S2组)和0.3μg/kg(S3组).3 min后三组均静注丙泊酚2.5 mg/kg和维库溴铵0.1 mg/kg麻醉诱导.经口行气管插管.记录诱导前(T1)、静注舒芬太尼后(T2)、静注丙泊酚后(T3)、插管即刻(T4)、插管后2 min(T5)、5 min(T6)时的BP、HR和BIS.结果 S1、S2组在T4时SBP、DBP、MAP明显高于T1时(P＜0.05);而S3组变化不明显,但与S1组同一时点比较,SBP、DBP、MAP明显低于S1组、HR慢于S1组(P＜0.05).三组间各时点的BIS差异无统计学意义.结论 应用舒芬太尼0.3 μg/kg复合丙泊酚诱导能较好地抑制气管插管时的心血管应激反应.     

舒芬太尼与芬太尼对肝移植术患者血流动力学及应激反应影响的比较

目的比较舒芬太尼与芬太尼对肝移植手术患者血流动力学及应激反应的影响。方法原位肝移植的终末期肝病患者50例,随机均分为两组,舒芬太尼组(S组)和芬太尼组(F组)诱导用药分别为舒芬太尼0.5~0.6μg/kg和芬太尼4~6μg/kg,分别以舒芬太尼0.8~1.5μg/kg和芬太尼10~15μg/kg维持麻醉。记录入室后(T1)、插管即刻(T2)、插管后5 min(T3)、无肝前期末(T4)、无肝期末(T5)、新肝期30 min(T6)、新肝期240 min或关腹时(T7)血流动力学指标及T1、T4~T7时的血清皮质醇(Cor)、血管紧张素I(AI)、血管紧张素Ⅱ(AⅡ)、内皮素(ET)和血糖(Glu)、血乳酸(Lac)浓度。结果 T3、T4时F组MAP显著低于S组(P<0.05)。与T4时比较,T5时两组MAP、CVP、CO均显著降低(P<0.01),HR显著增快(P<0.01)。与T5时比较,T6时两组MAP、CVP、CO均显著升高(P<0.05或P<0.01)。与T1时比较,T5时两组Cor、AⅠ、AⅡ、ET和乳酸均显著升高(P<0.05或P<0.01),T6时Cor、AⅠ、ET和乳酸仍明显升高(P<0.01...     

舒芬太尼对老年患者全麻诱导应激反应的影响

目的 观察舒芬太尼对老年患者全麻诱导期应激反应的影响.方法 老年全麻患者62例,随机均分两组,舒芬太尼组(SF组)诱导用舒芬太尼0.4 μg/kg;芬太尼组(F组)用芬太尼3μg/kg.比较麻醉诱导各时段的血流动力学及血浆儿茶酚胺浓度.结果 与麻醉诱导前比较,两组在插管前SBP、DBP、HR均明显下降(P<0.05),且F组DBP、HR显著低于SF组(P<0.05).F组插管后肾上腺素浓度升高(P<0.05),明显高于SF组(P<0.05).结论 舒芬太尼对老年患者全麻诱导应激反应的抑制作用强于芬太尼.     

舒芬太尼对老年患者气管插管时血流动力学的影响

目的 观察舒芬太尼对老年患者气管插管时血流动力学的影响.方法 选择80例全麻手术的老年患者,年龄65～82岁.随机分为两组:舒芬太尼组(SF组)和芬太尼组(F组),每组40例.分别记录两组麻醉诱导前(T0)、诱导后(T1)、气管插管即刻(T2)、3 min(T3)、5 min(T4)、7 min(T5)的SBP、DBP、HR.结果 与T0时比较,两组T1时SBP、DBP明显下降,HR明显减慢(P＜0.01).T2、T3时F组SBP、DBP明显升高,HR明显增快(P＜0.01);T2～T5时SF组SBP、DBP均明显低于、HR明显慢于F组(P＜0.01).结论 舒芬太尼和芬太尼对老年患者气管插管时引起的血流动力学波动均有抑制作用,但舒芬太尼显示更强的优势,更好地维持循环系统稳定,用于老年患者是安全可靠的.     

舒芬太尼和芬太尼复合麻醉下体外循环先天性心脏病手术患儿应激反应的比较

目的 比较舒芬太尼和芬太尼复合麻醉下体外循环(CPB)先天性心脏病手术患儿的应激反应.方法 择期拟在体外循环下行先天性心脏病手术患儿24例,年龄2～6岁,随机分为2组(n=12):舒芬太尼复合麻醉组(S组)和芬太尼复合麻醉组(F组).静脉注射咪达唑仑0.1 mg/kg,维库溴铵0.15 mg/kg,舒芬太尼0.7μg/kg(S组)或芬太尼5μg/kg(F组),气管插管后机械通气,切皮前两组静脉注射维库溴铵0.08 mg/kg、咪达唑仑0.05 mg/kg、舒芬太尼0.7μg/kg(S组)或芬太尼5μg/kg(F组),劈胸骨前静脉注射舒芬太尼1.5μg/kg(S组)或芬太尼10 μg/kg(F组),劈胸骨后静脉输注异丙酚6～9 mg·kg~(-1)·h~(-1),按需间断静脉注射维库溴铵0.08 mg/kg维持麻醉.转流前体外循环机内加入眯达唑仑0.1 mg/kg,S组静脉注射舒芬太尼1.5 μg/kg,F组静脉注射芬太尼10 μg/kg.于入室(T_1)、麻醉诱导前即刻(T_2)、气管插管后1 min(T_3)、5 min(T_4)、10 min(T_5)、切皮后1 min(T_6)、劈胸骨后1 min(T_7)时记录MAP、HR.于T_1、T_3、T_7、复温即刻(T_8)、停CPB后10 min(T_9)、术后24 h(T_10)时抽取桡动脉血样5 ml,测定血浆促肾上腺皮质激素、皮质醇、胰高血糖素、乳酸、血糖浓度.结果 两组MAP和HR均在正常范围内.与F组比较,S组血浆促肾上腺皮质激素、皮质醇、胰高血糖素和乳酸浓度降低(P<0.05或0.01),血糖浓度差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).与T_1时比较,两组T_(7,9,10)时血浆促肾上腺皮质激素、胰高血糖素和血糖浓度升高,T_(7,9,10)时皮质醇浓度升高,T_(8～10)时乳酸浓度升高(P<0.05).结论 与芬太尼复合麻醉相比,舒芬太尼复合麻醉可更有效地抑制体外循环先天性心脏病手术患儿应激反应.     

舒芬太尼和芬太尼对男性患者全麻苏醒期导尿管留置反应的作用

目的 观察舒芬太尼和芬太尼对全麻苏醒期导尿管留置不适反应的作用.方法 择期手术男性患者200例,年龄20～65岁,随机均分为舒芬太尼组(S组)、芬太尼组(F组)两组:S、F两组分别静注舒芬太尼0.5 μg/kg或芬太尼5 μg/kg、咪达唑仑0.04 mg/kg、罗库溴铵0.9 mg/kg、丙泊酚1.5 mg/kg实施麻醉诱导.术中瑞芬太尼0.3 μg·kg-1·min-1、丙泊酚4～6 mg·kg-1·min-1泵入维持麻醉,阿曲库铵间断推注.两组均在全麻诱导后留置导尿管,手术结束前10 min停用丙泊酚,S组追加舒芬太尼5 μg,F组追加芬太尼50 μg.苏醒期观察患者的BP、HR,对导尿管留置不适的影响程度进行评估.结果 S组术后血流动力学更平稳,中度以上导尿管不适发生率明显低于F组(P＜0.01).结论 舒芬太尼比芬太尼更能减轻患者全麻苏醒期导尿管不适反应.     

瑞芬太尼、舒芬太尼复合丙泊酚静脉靶控麻醉在脑外科手术中的疗效分析及对血清应激相关激素水平的影响

目的 比较瑞芬太尼和舒芬太尼分别复合丙泊酚静脉靶控麻醉在脑外科手术中的麻醉效果,并比较分析两种麻醉方法对血流动力学、血浆内分泌激素水平的影响. 方法 按照随机数字表法将108例脑外科手术患者分为瑞芬太尼组(瑞芬太尼复合丙泊酚麻醉)和舒芬太尼组(舒芬太尼复合丙泊酚麻醉),每组54例.比较两组患者监测诱导前(T0)、插管时(T1)、插管后l min(T2)、插管后5 min(T3)、拔管时(T4)的血流动力学变化,采用放射免疫法检测两组患者T0～T4时间点的血浆内分泌激素变化[血清去甲肾上腺(norepinephrine,NE)、血浆血管紧张素Ⅱ(plasma angiotensinⅡ,AngⅡ)、血浆肾素活性(plasma reninactivity,PRA)、醛固酮(aldosterone,ALD)水平]以及麻醉恢复情况、副作用. 结果 与T0比较,两组患者在T1～T4各时间点SBP、DBP、HR、SpO2等指标均下降(P＜0.01);舒芬太尼组患者在T1～T4各时间点SBP、DBP、HR、SpO2等指标均高于瑞芬太尼组(P＜0.01).与T0比较,瑞芬太尼组患者在T1～T4各时间点NE、AngⅡ、PRA、ALD水平均显著升高(P＜0.01).与T0比较,舒芬太尼组患者T2～T4各时间点NE、ALD水平升高(P＜0.05),而AngⅡ及PRA水平略有升高,但差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).两组患者在T2～T4各时间点NE水平比较,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01);两组患者T1～T4各时间点AngⅡ及PRA水平比较,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01);两组患者T3～T4各时间点ALD水平比较,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).瑞芬太尼组患者自主呼吸恢复时间[(6.2±1.6)min]、睁眼时间[(7.1±1.8)min]、意识清醒时间[(13.7±2.4) min]以及拔管时间[(6.3±0.8) min]均短于舒芬太尼组患者(P＜0.01).两组患者均未发生明显严重并发症. 结论 与瑞芬太尼比较,舒芬太尼可减轻脑外科手术患者心血管应激反应,且血流动力学指标优于瑞芬太尼组,但瑞芬太尼具有良好的麻醉效果,术后患者苏醒快、自主呼吸早、拔管时间短.     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.