云浮市石材加工作业场所粉尘危害现状分析

[目的]通过现场问卷调查和作业场所粉尘检测,了解云浮市石材加工行业职业卫生管理现状和作业场所粉尘危害分布与危害程度。[方法]选择当地具有代表性的石材加工企业进行职业卫生管理现状调查,并根据有关标准对作业场所进行游离二氧化硅（SiO2）含量分析及粉尘浓度检测。[结果]大理石、花岗岩、人造石企业粉尘中游离SiO2平均含量分别为8.37%、52.60%、7.85%;总粉尘（简称＂总尘＂）8h时间加权平均浓度（C8h-TWA）分别为（14.11±4.32）、（27.47±8.76）、（17.36±5.12）mg/m3,超标率分别为5.70%、72.00%、14.70%;呼吸性粉尘（简称＂呼尘＂）C8h-TWA分别为（2.29±0.39）、（10.60±3.56）、（2.23±0.32）mg/m3,超标率分别为7.40%、62.96%、5.30%。作业场所切割岗位、磨抛光岗位、再加工岗位总尘C8h-TWA分别为（18.14±5.76）、（26.62±8.12）、（12.22±4.76）mg/m3,超标率分别为31.15%、36.17%、27.59%;呼尘C8h-TWA分别为（5.37±2.01）、（9.02±3.11）、（1.35±0.27）mg/m3,超标率分别为34.38%、20.00%、23.53%。[结论]云浮市石材加工企业工作场所粉尘浓度高,特别是花岗岩加工企业,其粉尘主要为矽尘。企业职业卫生管理水平较低,粉尘防护设施落后,作业场所粉尘危害严重,发生职业危害事故和接尘工人患尘肺病的风险较高。     

上海市石材加工行业粉尘危害作业分级研究

目的 根据职业病危害现场调查和检测结果,分析石材行业职业病危害作业分级,为行业监管提供参考建议。 方法 采用整群抽样的方法,对上海市120家建筑石材加工企业开展职业卫生现状调查,检测作业场所空气中粉尘浓度,并进行职业病危害作业分级。 结果 涉及矽尘(50%<游离二氧化硅含量 ≤ 80%)作业岗位均为高度危害作业,涉及大理石粉尘作业的岗位危害程度较轻;水磨岗位危害程度较轻,而干磨、切割和拉锯岗位的危害程度较重。 结论 上海市石材加工企业粉尘危害严重。应改进生产工艺流程,合理设置防护设施,以降低空气中的粉尘浓度。监管部门应制定石材行业职业病危害防治措施规范,并加强监督。     

大连市4家小石材加工厂职业病危害因素检测结果分析

目的了解小型石材加工厂职业卫生情况和职业病危害因素种类及其浓度(或强度)。方法通过职业卫生现场调查,了解小型石材加工厂职业卫生现状;采用现场检测方法,测定工作场所空气中粉尘浓度和噪声强度。结果此次调查的石材加工厂均为私营企业,作业人员2~15人;职业卫生管理不规范,无职业健康体检,无定期检测,个人防护用品配备不全。经实验室分析,本次调查的石材加工厂的游离二氧化硅含量为11.86%~33.84%,矽尘浓度1.1~95.7 mg/m^3,噪声强度86.8~99.0 dB(A)。结论小型石材加工厂职业卫生管理水平较低,工作场所的矽尘浓度和噪声强度超标严重,矽尘和噪声为小型石材加工厂职业病危害关键控制点。     

小型铸造业的粉尘危害调查

19家小型铸造厂的粉尘危害调查表明,作业点粉尘浓度0.50-244.00mg/m^3,以清砂作业超标最多,游离二氧化硅含量平均45.21%。最近一次体检370人,发现0^ 14人,尘肺病的潜在危险不容忽视。     

某磁材企业粉尘危害调查分析

目的调查分析某磁材企业粉尘危害情况。方法开展作业场所职业卫生学调查,进行作业场所粉尘检测,对接尘工人进行职业健康检查及尘肺病的诊断。结果永磁铁氧体一次性预烧料产品生产过程中有大量粉尘产生,7个检测点粉尘时间加权平均浓度(TWA)为1·7~91·3mg/m3,超标率达57·14%,最高超标9倍。粉尘分散度≤5μm占74·6%~79·5%,游离二氧化硅(SiO2)含量2·74%~3·22%。体检89人,诊断因接触混合性磁材粉尘致尘肺病10例。结论游离SiO2含量低,但患者X射线胸片表现为弥漫性纤维化改变,呈现圆形阴影,患病率达11·24%,提示该粉尘可能是高致病性粉尘。现工艺危害严重,急需技改和加强管理。     

某石英砂有限公司粉尘危害调查报告

目的通过对某石英砂有限公司的尘肺病危害调查,了解接尘工人的健康状况,以采取有效的防控措施。方法采用现场职业卫生调查、职业卫生检测、职业健康监护等方法 ,对工作场所中矽尘、游离二氧化硅等进行监测以及对接尘工人尘肺体检结果进行综合分析。结果工作场所矽尘检测8个岗位,有6个岗位不符合职业接触限值PC-TWA要求,游离二氧化硅检测4个样品,含量为43.1%～44.3%;噪声强度有7个岗位不符合职业接触限值要求;52名工人进行尘肺体检,诊断尘肺病9例。结论该石英砂有限公司生产车间矽尘浓度高,空气中的游离二氧化硅浓度在40%以上,噪声强度大,说明该石英砂有限公司尘肺危害严重,须对生产工艺、防护措施进行整改,切实保护工人的身体健康。     

河北省中小铁矿采选业粉尘职业病危害现状调查

目的了解河北省中小铁矿职业卫生管理现状、劳动者职业健康检查状况及作业场所中粉尘浓度,评估企业粉尘危害现状及职业病防治工作水平。方法选择河北省38家中小铁矿采选企业,开展基本情况问卷调查,对3 394名接尘劳动者进行职业健康检查,抽取21家企业进行现场卫生学调查和粉尘浓度及粉尘中游离二氧化硅含量检测,对调查结果进行统计分析。结果检出疑似尘肺病89人,检出率2.6%;检出职业禁忌证56人,检出率1.7%。总粉尘检测105个采样点,粉尘浓度范围为0.4~23.8mg/m3,粉尘浓度最高超标率达41.7%;粉尘中游离二氧化硅含量均大于10%,其范围在10.6%~41.6%。结论河北省中小铁矿采选业粉尘职业病危害较重,游离二氧化硅含量较高,用人单位粉尘防治工作亟待加强。     

装修石料加工粉尘对加工工人呼吸系统的影响及预防措施

目的了解装修石料加工粉尘对加工工人呼吸系统的影响。方法对实验组50多家石材加工单位的66名石材加工工人进行问卷调查和x线胸片检查,以及对对照组78名不接触石材粉尘的燃气厂工人进行问卷调查;测定石材加工作业现场空气中粉尘浓度及游离二氧化硅含量。结果石材加工作业现场粉尘浓度均高于国家卫生标准,粉尘中游离二氧化硅含量为14．6％。实验组工人呼吸系统症状阳性率高于对照组。鳍论石材粉尘对加工人员呼吸系统的危害是严重的,确定石材加工粉尘对加工工人呼吸系统的危害程度,提出合理的粉尘治理措施,指导石材加工工人采取积极的防护措施。     

作坊式宝石加工场所粉尘危害综合干预效果评估

目的对作坊式宝石加工场所粉尘危害防控综合干预措施进行效果评估,为该行业粉尘危害防控提供科学依据。方法因地制宜建立起作坊式宝石加工场所粉尘防控综合干预措施,对干预前后的作业场所空气中粉尘浓度、接尘工人职业健康检查结果、职业卫生培训出勤率、职业卫生知识知晓率、个人防护等情况进行检测、调查、分析和评价。结果干预后该作业场所硬件设施得到一定程度的改善,作业场所空气中粉尘浓度大幅下降,其合格率从干预前的87.04%提高到干预后的97.29%(P0.05);接尘工人职业健康检查结果、职业卫生培训出勤率、职业卫生知识知晓率、个人防护行为均较干预前显著改善(P0.05)。结论实施干预措施有效地改善了作坊式宝石加工场所粉尘作业环境,今后应注重粉尘危害的源头治理工作,进一步降低粉尘危害。     

锡冶炼工粉尘职业危害调查

目的了解锡冶炼工工作场所粉尘危害状况,从而为制定锡冶炼工尘肺病的防治对策提供科学依据。方法收集某企业锡冶炼车间历年来职工职业健康体检和尘肺病诊断及工作场所粉尘浓度、游离二氧化硅含量测定等资料,对工作场所进行粉尘成分及粉尘分散度分析,并通过粉尘接触剂量与尘肺发病率的分析,评价锡冶炼工尘肺的剂量-反应关系。结果 1999—2010年间共对粗炼车间512名和精炼车间273名工作1年以上的作业工人进行了职业健康体检,确诊尘肺病9例(7例在粗炼车间,占77.78%),平均发病年龄(39.0±5.1)岁,平均发病工龄为(15.7±3.0)年。尘肺小阴影形态以q影为主,总体密度集1级,分布范围达2～4个肺区,仅1例有限制型肺通气功能轻度障碍,无合并肺结核病例。锡冶炼生产粉尘主要由SnO2、SiO2、Sn、SnS、Fe3O4、Fe2O3、FeS等物质组成,粗炼车间冶炼工工作场所粉尘浓度为0.67～36.13 mg/m3,TWA为5.92 mg/m3,最大超限倍数为6.3倍,粉尘SiO2平均含量为22.43%;精炼车间冶炼工作业场所粉尘浓度为0.90～95.44 mg/m3,TWA为4.17 mg/m3... 更多还原     

2003至2008年某矿务集团煤工尘肺发病情况分析

目的 分析某煤矿2003至2008年尘肺病检出情况,探讨该矿尘肺发病特点,为尘肺病的防治提供科学依据.方法 收集1949年以来井下粉尘监测数据及2003至2008年的健康监护资料和尘肺诊断资料,分析尘肺发病情况,根据不同年代的粉尘接触水平结合工种和工龄推算安全总粉尘累积剂量.结果 2003至2008年该矿务集团在岗工人职业性健康监护率呈逐年提高趋势,共新检出煤工尘肺病例296例,总检出率为0.57%,平均年检出率为0.32%;Ⅰ期煤工尘肺268例,占全部病例的90.59%,87.20%(258例)的煤工尘肺患者为采掘工;新发病例的接尘工龄最短为3年,最长38年;每年总粉尘累积剂量为86.1～4926.0mg/m3.用百分位数法(第99%百分位数)推算煤矿井下工人每年安全总粉尘累积剂量为120.6 mg/m3.结论 尘肺病防治的重点工种是采掘工,在现有工作条件下井下采掘作业工龄不应超过13年.

Abstract：

Objective Analyzed associations among the incidence of coal workers' pneumoconiosis from 2003 to 2008, jobs, exposure years and cumulative total dust exposure levels(CTE ) and found the current characteristics of the mine incidence of pneumoconiosis disease. Methods collected the health care information of the new diagnosed pneumoconiosis of underground mine workers from 2003 to 2008 and the dust monitoring data of underground mine from 1949 and estimated the personnel cumulative total dust exposure levels (CTE); analyzed the incidence features of the new diagnosed pneumoconiosis. Results The rates of health surveillance of workers were gradually improved from 2003 to 2008 and 296 new coal workers pneumoconiosis were diagnosed. The total incidence was 0.57%, and the average annual rate was 0.32%. Among the new diagnosed cases, phase I accounted for 90.5% and the 87.2% from coal mine drillers. The shortest exposure period was 3 years and the longest was 38 years, and the cumulative total dose of dust was varied between 86. 1 and 4926 mg/m3 per year. The total dust accumulated limited dose was calculated by the percentile method to prevent 99% of miners from pneumoconiosis, which was 120.6 mg/m3 per year, so we suggested that the exposure years should be shorter than 13 years under the current working conditions. Conclusions Preventive coal workers' pneumoconiosis should be focused on mine drillers and their limited exposure years should be within 13 years.     

陶工尘肺危险度及其防制措施评价

８个陶瓷厂矿队列研究（１９６０．１．１￣１９７４．１２．３１）１３４７６人,追访至１９９４年底。其中接尘工１０３３１人,尘肺发病１１７９例,发病率０．４５％。１９６０年前进厂的接尘工尘肺发病率是０．６０％,１９５９年后进厂者为０．２４％,说明５０年代末期所推行的防尘措施有一定成效,但由于各厂降尘设备不完善,尘肺发病下降远不如金属钨矿和锡矿工人明显。本研究采用了定量分析,结果表明：①接尘工累积接总粉     

大冶铁矿尘肺发病规律及其影响因素

[目的]分析武钢大冶铁矿尘肺发病规律,探讨尘肺发病的主要影响因素。[方法]选择该铁矿1960～1974年间登记在册且工作过1年以上的所有工人建立研究队列,随访至2003年底。收集队列成员的基本资料、职业史、疾病史及各工种历年的粉尘浓度监测资料,分析铁矿尘肺的发病规律。随机选取1714名存活的队列成员,测定TNF-α-308位点及hOGG1Ser326Cys多态性。计算各影响因素对尘肺发病的相对危险度（RR）。[结果]队列共7666人,到2003年底共随访261410.72人年,失访275人。接尘工人3604人,共随访126863.13人年,诊断314例尘肺,尘肺发病率为0.25%,累计发病率8.71%。75.80%的尘肺病例1960年之前开始接尘,83.12%的病例累积接尘量大于50mg（/m^3·a）。铁矿尘肺的平均潜伏期19.65年,77.71%的病例潜伏期在10～30年之间。发病率随着累积接尘量的增加而升高,高、中接尘组相对于低接尘组的RR分别为8.25和2.27;吸烟组尘肺发病率是不吸烟组的1.7倍;肺结核组发生尘肺危险较非肺结核组明显增高（RR=32.34）;TNF-α-308位点及hOGG1Ser326Cys的突变型和野生纯合子组间发病情况差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）.[结论]累积接尘量高是影响铁矿尘肺发病的根本因素,吸烟和患肺结核可促进其发生。TNF-α-308位点及hOGGISer326Cys多态性在铁矿尘肺的发病中不起主要作用。     

蔺草加工业劳动卫生学调查

目的 了解蔺草加工业粉尘对工人健康的影响程度及其原因,制订相应的预防措施。方法 对蔺草作业工人劳动卫生学调查。生产环境粉尘浓度监测和实验室检测相结合。结果 作业环境呼吸性粉尘（0.5-33.0)mg/m^3;总粉尘在（3.5-314.8)mg/m^3;游离二氧化硅含量22.5%-35.6%。调查164人,肺功能损害率13.4%（22/164）。结论 蔺草加工业存在较严重的粉尘污染,应采取多种措施加以控制。     

2014年上海市矽尘接尘工人呼吸系统健康监测

目的 评估2014年上海市矽尘接尘工人的呼吸系统健康状况。 方法 选择2014年上海市所有涉及矽尘作业的181家企业中从事矽尘作业1年以上的2 196名劳动者为研究对象,进行肺功能、X线胸片等医学检查。运用问卷调查获得研究对象的人口学特征、吸烟状态、职业史等信息。采用分层随机抽样,对其中169家企业的619名矽尘接尘工人进行矽尘总尘个体采样,计算矽尘总尘的8 h时间加权平均浓度并进行评价。 结果 矽尘总尘的几何均数和几何标准差分别为1.4 mg/m3和3.3 mg/m3。矽尘总尘的总体超标率为66.4%。矽尘接尘工人X线胸片中可疑尘肺病或观察对象检出率为0.4%;FVC、FEV₁和FEV₁/FVC的异常检出率分别为21.3%、13.4%和0.1%。限制性通气功能障碍总体检出率为19.6%,随接触矽尘接尘工龄的增加而增加(趋势χ2=9.2143,P<0.05)。不同行业、不同工种间限制性通气功能障碍、X线胸片异常检出率差异均有统计学意义(P均<0.01),其中通用设备制造业、黑色金属冶炼和压延加工业等行业以及造型、型砂、清理、熔化、铸造、抛(磨)光等工种的异常检出率较高。 结论 上海市目前作业场所矽尘危害基本保持在历史的低水平,但整体普遍超标,矽尘接尘工人肺功能损伤明显,尤其表现为限制性通气功能障碍,建议加强对高危行业和工种的监管。     

Occupational exposure to crystalline silica dust in the United States, 1988-2003

The purposes of this study were a) to summarize measurements of airborne (respirable) crystalline silica dust exposure levels among U.S. workers, b) to provide an update of the 1990 Stewart and Rice report on airborne silica exposure levels in high-risk industries and occupations with data for the time period 1988-2003, c) to estimate the number of workers potentially exposed to silica in industries that the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) inspected for high exposure levels, and d) to conduct time trend analyses on airborne silica dust exposure levels for time-weighted average (TWA) measurements. Compliance inspection data that were taken from the OSHA Integrated Management Information System (IMIS) for 1988-2003 (n = 7,209) were used to measure the airborne crystalline silica dust exposure levels among U.S. workers. A second-order autoregressive model was applied to assess the change in the mean silica exposure measurements over time. The overall geometric mean of silica exposure levels for 8-hr personal TWA samples collected during programmed inspections was 0.077 mg/m3, well above the applicable American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists threshold limit value of 0.05 mg/m3. Surgical appliances supplies industry [Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) 3842] had the lowest geometric mean silica exposure level of 0.017 mg/m3, compared with the highest level, 0.166 mg/m3, for the metal valves and pipe fitting industry (SIC 3494), for an 8-hr TWA measurement. Although a downward trend in the airborne silica exposure levels was observed during 1988-2003, the results showed that 3.6% of the sampled workers were exposed above the OSHA-calculated permissible exposure limit.     

安康市粉尘危害与尘肺病调查研究

目的了解安康市粉尘危害情况,进一步治理粉尘污染。方法对全市接触矽尘、煤尘等无机粉尘1年以上的3859名作业工人,按照尘肺病检查内容、程序和GBZ 70-2002尘肺诊断标准进行尘肺病检查、诊断,并对生产环境进行劳动卫生学调查及粉尘浓度、分散度、二氧化硅（SiO2）含量测定。结果粉尘浓度平均86.63 mg/m^3,游离SiO2含量32.17%;尘肺患病率为11.04%;发病工龄最长35年;最短11个月,平均19.58年。结论尘肺患病率、发病工龄、尘肺病进展均与粉尘浓度及游离SiO2含量高有关。     

Radiologic abnormalities in South African mica millers: a survey of a mica milling plant in the Limpopo Province

All 73 workers at a South African mica milling plant were surveyed for radiographic evidence of abnormalities related to dust exposures at work. Chest x-rays were taken and questionnaires administered to determine occupational and environmental exposure histories. Dust levels to which workers were exposed were measured. All but one of 12 airborne inhalable and respirable dust levels were below the occupational exposure limits (OEL-RLs) of 10 mg/m3 and 5 mg/m3 respectively. The mica concentrations were below the OEL-RL of 1 mg/m3 for respirable mica. Mean age and service duration of the workers were 45 and 14 years, respectively. 19 workers (27%) had changes referable to their exposures to asbestos, mica, silica, or combinations. Of these, four showed additional radiographic changes in keeping with tuberculous lung scarring. Six had evidence of lung changes consistent with past tuberculosis alone. Rates of radiologic abnormalities were higher in older workers and those with longer service. An association between mica and radiologic changes could not be convincingly shown because of the nature of the survey and the co-exposure to other mineral dusts. Nevertheless, six workers had radiologic changes consistent with pneumoconiosis attributable to mica or the combination of mica and silica.     

Environmental mycological study and respiratory disease investigation in fur-processing workers

This paper presents the results of an investigation of respiratory symptoms, chest X-ray examinations, and analysis of antibodies to fungi of 138 fur-processing workers and 40 control workers. Industrial hygiene survey and environmental mycological studies were also conducted. The dust concentrations in fur processing workshops (1.8-6.7 mg/m3) were below the national health limit (10 mg/m3). Most dusts in all fur processing workshops contained less than 2.0% silica. Numbers of isolated fungi in fur processing workshops [629-3,681 cfu/m3 (colony forming unit/m3)] were significantly higher than those in control environments (63-503 cfu/m3). The prevalences of respiratory symptoms in fur processing workers were higher than those in control workers, especially among female exposed workers. The prevalences of the symptoms in female exposed workers were 37.9% with chronic cough, 28.4% with chronic phlegm, 10.5% with dyspnea, 22.1% with chest tightness, and 4.2% with fever. Seven cases showed abnormalities in chest X-ray examinations. The OD450nm values for antibodies to fungi in fur processing workers were significantly higher than those in control workers (P<0.05). The prevalences of positive anti-fungi antibodies in fur-processing workers were also significantly higher than those in control workers (p<0.01). The results suggested that fungi might be one of the main allergens in respiratory diseases in fur processing workers.     

Assessment of respirable dust and its free silica contents in different Indian coalmines

Assessment of respirable dust, personal exposures of miners and free silica contents in dust were undertaken to find out the associated risk of coal workers' pneumoconiosis in 9 coal mines of Eastern India during 1988-91. Mine Research Establishment (MRE), 113A Gravimetric Dust Sampler (GDS) and personal samplers (AFC 123), Cassella, London, approved by Director General of Mines Safety (DGMS) were used respectively for monitoring of mine air dust and personal exposures of miners. Fourier Transform Infra-red (FTIR) Spectroscopy determined free silica in respirable dusts. Thermal Conditions like Wet Bulb Globe Temperature (WBGT) index, humidity and wind velocity were also recorded during monitoring. The dust levels in the face return air of both, Board & Pillar (B&P) and Long Wall (LW) mining were found above the permissible level recommended by DGMS, Govt. of India. The drilling, blasting and loading are the major dusty operations in B&P method. Exposures of driller and loader were varied between, 0.81-9.48 mg/m3 and 0.05-9.84 mg/m3 respectively in B&P mining, whereas exposures of DOSCO loader, Shearer operator and Power Support Face Worker were varied between 2.65-9.11 mg/m3, 0.22-10.00 mg/m3 and 0.12-9.32 mg/m3 respectively in LW mining. In open cast mining, compressor and driller operators are the major exposed groups. The percentage silica in respirable dusts found below 5% in all most all the workers except among query loaders and drillers of open cast mines.