结节性硬化症的CT诊断(附4例报道)

目的探讨结节性硬化症(TSC)CT的影像学表现。方法收集4例TSC患者资料,分析颅脑、胸部、腹部及骨骼系统的CT表现。结果 4例患者均有多系统累及的影像学表现,观察到室管膜下钙化结节,肾错构瘤,肺淋巴管肌瘤病,骨内多发高密度结节。结论 TSC具有较典型的CT表现,再结合患者临床病史及颜面部特点,可做出TSC的诊断。     

儿童单灶性骨嗜酸性肉芽肿影像学特征分析

目的探讨儿童单灶性骨嗜酸性肉芽肿的影像学特征。方法回顾性分析2008年1月~2015年12月间25例经组织病理学诊断的儿童单灶性骨嗜酸性肉芽肿的影像学资料。结果男19例,女6例。年龄2~14岁,平均年龄6岁。长骨14例,脊柱6例,颅骨3例,锁骨1例,髂骨1例。长骨病变主要表现为骨质破坏、邻近骨皮质"扇贝样"压迹、骨膜反应和软组织肿胀或肿块。部分病变可见骨皮质钻孔样破坏、破坏区内死骨及周围硬化缘。椎体病变主要表现为椎体破坏、塌陷,呈"扁平椎"改变,部分可见椎旁软组织肿块,但椎间隙保持正常。颅骨病变主要表现为穿凿样骨质破坏,边界清晰,可见"斜坡征"。髂骨及锁骨病变缺乏特异性。病变在MRI多呈T_1WI等或稍低信号,T_2WI不均匀高信号。结论长骨的骨皮质"钻孔样"破坏、颅骨的"穿凿样"破坏及椎体的"扁平椎"是本病的特征性影像学征象。X线平片诊断价值有限,CT可清晰显示骨膜反应及骨质硬化,尤其是骨皮质细微的骨侵蚀。MR有助于显示X线及CT尚无异常表现的早期骨髓受累,并确定骨髓水肿及软组织病变范围。     

颅骨少见良性病变的影像诊断分析

【摘要】 目的：探讨CT及MRI对颅骨良性病变的诊断价值。方法：回顾性分析13例以骨质破坏为主的颅骨良性病变的CT及MRI表现,并与其病理表现进行对照分析。结果:13例中骨纤维结构不良6例,主要CT表现为局限性小病灶（5例）多呈磨玻璃密度,弥漫性病灶（1例）可见磨玻璃密度及丝瓜络样改变;主要MRI表现为病灶在T1WI及T2WI上均以低信号为主;骨化性纤维瘤3例,主要CT表现为肿瘤呈膨胀性生长,骨皮质破坏不明显,无骨膜反应;巨细胞修复性肉芽肿2例,主要CT表现为病灶内可见多发骨性分隔,MRI上可见病灶呈多房样改变;胆固醇性肉芽肿1例,在T1WI、T2WI及压脂图像上病灶均呈高信号,有一定特征性;动脉瘤样骨囊肿1例,其特征性影像表现为病灶内可见液 液平面。结论：部分颅骨良性病变具有特征性的影像学表现,CT及MRI检查有助于这类病变的诊断及鉴别诊断。     

骨纤维囊性骨炎影像学表现与病理分析

目的:探讨骨纤维囊性骨炎的影像学表现及病理特点。方法:12例患者中男5例,女7例;年龄18～47岁;X线检查12例,CT检查6例,MRI检查2例,骨扫描1例。结果:12例均为多骨多病灶骨炎。以骨盆骨、颅骨多见,上下肢骨、肋骨、脊柱骨次之。X线片及CT图像上以囊样骨质破坏为主,呈单囊或多囊,病灶可有膨胀;边界有硬化边;皮质变薄,可有缺失;无软组织肿块生成;无骨膜增生;部分发生病理骨折。颅骨病灶可呈类圆形团絮状密度增高影。MRI表现为T1WI呈低信号,T2WI呈稍高信号,内可有小类圆形液体高信号。病灶直径大小不一,以0.5～3 cm居多,形成棕色瘤。病理以纤维组织为主,周围有骨样组织,棕色瘤者有多核巨细胞和吞噬细胞。结论:本病影像学和病理表现具有相对特征性,临床、影像、病理三者结合可减少误诊;切除甲状旁腺病变后,骨骼病变大多可逐渐恢复功能。     

结节性硬化症多脏器损害的多层螺旋CT诊断

目的:探讨结节性硬化症伴发肺、肾、肝及骨质病变的多层螺旋CT表现.材料和方法:回顾性分析6例结节性硬化症伴发肺、肾、肝及椎体病变的16层螺旋CT表现.结果:6例颅脑CT均发现侧脑窒室管膜下钙化结节;肺部表现为弥漫分布多发囊肿,2例伴有多发无钙化的结节,1例有自发性气胸;双侧肾脏多发错构瘤表现为双肾弥漫分布的含脂肪密度的肿块;2例肝脏表现为肝内多发含脂肪密度的肿块;3例胸椎椎体及附件见多发高密度致密斑.结论:结节性硬化症伴多脏器损害的CT表现较具特征性,多层螺旋CT可作为有效的影像筛查方法.     

转移性骨肿瘤的影像学分析

目的：评价转移性骨肿瘤的影像学表现。资料与方法：回顾性分析经病理证实的20例转移性骨肿瘤的x线、CT和MRI表现，所有的病例均摄x线平片，其中CT检查16例，MRI检查4例。结果：脊椎8例，表现为骨松质中多发或单发的斑片状、大片状溶骨性骨质破坏，边缘模糊，无硬化，椎体压缩变形，椎间隙仍存在。少数病例表现为骨松质中多发斑点状、片状、棉絮状或结节状高密度影，边缘较清，骨皮质完整，轮廓多无改变；肋骨5例，多发或单发溶骨性或膨胀性骨质破坏，周围软组织肿块；骨盆3例，多发或单发斑片状、片状骨质破坏及片状、棉絮状或结节状高密度影；颅骨l例，表现为多发或单发斑片状骨质破坏，形态不规则。颅板内外无软组织肿块；股骨3例，表现为局限性骨皮质缺损或虫蚀样骨质破坏伴骨膜反应。MRI表现为T1WI呈低信号，T2WI呈高信号，增强可有不同程度的硬化。20例中正确诊断12例。诊断准确率60％。结论：通过影像学检查。并结合临床，大部分转移性骨肿瘤术前能够正确诊断；CT较x线平片能够更好的显示病变结构及邻近软组织改变；MRI能够精确显示病变范围。     

脊椎转移瘤的MR征象分析（附32例报告）

目的分析脊椎转移瘤的MRI表现,探讨其影像学特征性改变。方法分析32例经病理和临床证实的脊椎转移瘤的MR表现,分别观察其形态改变,椎体骨髓信号特点、类型,骨皮质破坏与椎旁软组织肿块及跳跃征。结果32例脊椎转移瘤共82个椎体受累,19个椎体病理性骨折,16个椎体后缘骨皮质弧形膨隆。MR信号改变椎体局灶型44个,弥漫型36个,斑片型2个,椎旁肿块17例,椎弓破坏13例,跳跃征15例。结论局灶性与弥漫型信号改变是脊椎转移瘤椎体常见信号异常,跳跃征、椎体后缘骨破坏与肿块是其特征性表现,多征象综合分析是正确诊断本病的关键。     

股骨颈常见骨肿瘤和肿瘤样病变的CT诊断

目的分析股骨颈常见肿瘤和肿瘤样病变的CT表现,探讨相关的临床影像特点。方法回顾性分析55例经病理证实的股骨颈肿瘤和肿瘤样病变CT表现,总结常见的股骨颈肿瘤和肿瘤样病变的影像学特征。结果骨样骨瘤11例,可见到位于关节囊内类圆形低密度瘤巢,周围骨质硬化发生在关节外;骨巨细胞瘤8例,表现为股骨颈偏心性溶骨性骨破坏,边界清楚,周围硬化不明显,中央无钙化,增强后有明显强化;转移瘤4例,表现为股骨颈不规则浸润性骨质破坏,累及骨皮质,伴或不伴周围软组织肿块形成;骨髓瘤2例,表现为单发或多发类圆形溶骨性骨质破坏,边界清楚,多发破坏区呈"穿凿样"改变。单纯性骨囊肿8例,表现为沿股骨颈长轴走行的椭圆形或地图样骨质破坏区,边缘轻度硬化,增强扫描无明显强化;动脉瘤样骨囊肿2例,表现为股骨颈囊样溶骨性骨破坏,中心型,边缘硬化,CT扫描可显示多发囊腔;骨纤维异常增殖症20例,表现为股骨颈地图样、略膨胀骨质破坏区,边界清楚,边缘硬化明显,内多呈磨玻璃样密度。结论股骨颈病变的发病年龄及病种比较广泛,大部分病变都有其典型CT表现,部分病例需与其他病变相鉴别。     

骨纤维异常增殖症的CT表现

目的探讨骨纤维异常增殖症的CT表现并与X线所见进行比较。方法8例骨纤维异常增殖症患,其中,6例在颅面骨,2例在四肢骨,临床出现畸形,疼痛及跛行等后接受了CT扫描。CT表现与X线所见作了比较。3例患又经手术病理证实。结果CT显示骨纤维异常增殖症的病灶呈玻璃样改变见于7例,呈膨胀性改变见于8例,呈囊性改变见于4例,呈虫蚀样破坏性改变见于2例,呈硬化性改变见于4例,骨皮质变薄见于6例,增厚见于2例,颧骨受侵见于l例,上颌窦变形、变小见于2例。与X线比较,CT在显示很小和重叠较多的病灶方面明显优于X线。结论CT显示颅面骨中骨纤维异常增殖症病灶的形态与结构改变远比X线影像清晰。     

骨纤维异常增殖症的影像诊断

目的:探讨骨纤维异常增殖症的影像诊断方法及其价值。方法:搜集经手术病理证实的骨纤维异常增殖症34例,所有病例均行X线检查,其中加行CT 10例,MRI 2例,加行Gd-DTPA增强扫描1例。结果:单骨型27例,其中单骨单灶26例,单骨双灶1例;多骨型7例,其中单肢型2例,1例累及单侧5根肋骨和3节胸椎。X线平片和CT上表现为囊状改变22例,磨玻璃样改变8例,丝瓜络样改变3例,虫蚀样改变1例,合并病理骨折3例。结论:大多数骨纤维异常增殖症具有典型影像学表现,其检查方法仍以X线平片为主,观察复杂部位及病灶内改变以CT为优。低髓腔硬化征对诊断该病具有一定意义。     

Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) - validation of a Swedish version

The Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) is a self-administered instrument measuring outcome after knee injury at impairment, disability, and handicap level in five subscales. Reliability, validity, and responsiveness of a Swedish version was assessed in 142 patients who underwent arthroscopy because of injury to the menisci, anterior cruciate ligament, or cartilage of the knee. The clinimetric properties were found to be good and comparable to the American version of the KOOS. Comparison to the Short Form-36 and the Lysholm knee scoring scale revealed expected correlations and construct validity. Item by item, symptoms and functional limitations were compared between diagnostic groups. High responsiveness was found three months after arthroscopic partial meniscectomy for all subscales but Activities of Daily Living.     

The acutely limping child

Acute limping may be the result of multiple pathologies in children. The differential diagnosis varies based on the age of the child. Irrespective of age, the initial imaging work-up includes AP and frog leg radiographs of the pelvis and ultrasound; MRI may sometimes be helpful. In children less than 3 years, infections and trauma are most frequent. MRI is the imaging modality of choice when osteomyelitis is clinically suspected. Between the ages of 3 and 10 years, transient synovitis of the hip and Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease are main considerations but infection, inflammation and focal bony lesions are also considered. In children over 10 years, slipped capital femoral epiphysis also is considered.     

Do Balance Board Training Programs Reduce the Risk of Ankle Sprains in Athletes?

Introduction Ankle sprains are the most common musculo-skeletal injury that occurs in athletes,particularly in sports that require jumping and landing on one foot such as soccer,and basketball(1-4).These injuries often result in significant time loss from participation,long-term disability,and have a major impact on health care costs and resources(5-8).     

High Intensity Interval Training:New Insights

KEY POINTS ·High-intensity interval training(HIT)is characterized by repeated sessions of relatively brief，intermittent exercise.often performed with an“a11 out”effort or at an intensity close to that which elicits peak oxygen uptake(i.e.，≥90%of VO2 peak).     

Endovascular management of carotid-cavernous fistulas

Objective To investigate endovascular treatment of traumatic direct carotid-cavernous fistulas （CCF） and their complications such as pseudoaneurysms. Methods： Over a five-year period, 22 patients with traumatic direct CCFs were treated endovascularly in our institution. Thirteen patients were treated once with the result of CCF occluded, 8 twice and 1 three times. Treatment modalities included balloon occlusion of the CCF, sacrifice of the ipsilateral internal carotid artery with detachable balloon, coll embolization of the cavernous sinus and secondary pseudoaneurysms, and covered-stem management of the pseudoaneurysms. Results All the direct CCFs were successfully managed endovascularly. Four patients developed a pseudoaneurysm after the occlusion of the CCF with an incidence of pseudoaneurysm formation of 18.2% （4/22）. A total number of 8 patients experienced permanent occlusion of the ICA with a rate of ICA occlusion reaching 36.4% （8/22）. Followed up through telephone consultation from 6 months to 5 years, all did well with no recurrence of CCF symptoms and signs. Conclusion Traumatic direct CCFs can be successfully managed with endovascular means. The pseudoaneurysms secondary to the occlusion of the CCFs can be occluded with stent-assisted coiling and implantation of covered stents.     

Developmental validation of the PowerPlex(®) ESI 16 and PowerPlex(®) ESI 17 Systems: STR multiplexes for the new European standard

In response to the ENFSI and EDNAP groups’ call for new STR multiplexes for Europe, Promega^® developed a suite of four new DNA profiling kits. This paper describes the developmental validation study performed on the PowerPlex^® ESI 16 (European Standard Investigator 16) and the PowerPlex^® ESI 17 Systems. The PowerPlex^® ESI 16 System combines the 11 loci compatible with the UK National DNA Database^®, contained within the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® PCR Amplification Kit, with five additional loci: D2S441, D10S1248, D22S1045, D1S1656 and D12S391. The multiplex was designed to reduce the amplicon size of the loci found in the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® kit. This design facilitates increased robustness and amplification success for the loci used in the national DNA databases created in many countries, when analyzing degraded DNA samples. The PowerPlex^® ESI 17 System amplifies the same loci as the PowerPlex^® ESI 16 System, but with the addition of a primer pair for the SE33 locus. Tests were designed to address the developmental validation guidelines issued by the Scientific Working Group on DNA Analysis Methods (SWGDAM), and those of the DNA Advisory Board (DAB). Samples processed include DNA mixtures, PCR reactions spiked with inhibitors, a sensitivity series, and 306 United Kingdom donor samples to determine concordance with data generated with the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® kit. Allele frequencies from 242 white Caucasian samples collected in the United Kingdom are also presented. The PowerPlex^® ESI 16 and ESI 17 Systems are robust and sensitive tools, suitable for the analysis of forensic DNA samples. Full profiles were routinely observed with 62.5 pg of a fully heterozygous single source DNA template. This high level of sensitivity was found to impact on mixture analyses, where 54–86% of unique minor contributor alleles were routinely observed in a 1:19 mixture ratio. Improved sensitivity combined with the robustness afforded by smaller amplicons has substantially improved the quantity of data obtained from degraded samples, and the improved chemistry confers exceptional tolerance to high levels of laboratory prepared inhibitors.     

Bronchial stump fistula :treatment with covered retrievable hinged metallic stents-preliminary clinical experience

Objective To evaluate the preliminaily clinical efficacy and retrievability of a retrievable hinged covered metallic stent in the treatment of the bronchial stump fistula （BSF）. Methods Between April 2003 and March 2005, 8 patients with bronchial stump fistula after pneumonectomy or lobectomy were treated with two types （A and B） of retrievable hinged covered metallic stents. Type A stent was placed in 6 patients and type B in 2 under fluoroscopic guidance. The stent was removed with a retrieval set when BSF was healed or complications occurred. Results Stent placement in the bronchial tree was technically successful in all patients, without procedure-related complications. Immediate closure of the BSF was achieved in all patients after the procedure. Stents were removed from all patients but one. Removal of the stents was difficult in two patients due to tissue hyperplasia. Patients were followed up for 6 - 21 months. Placement of the stents remained stable in all patients except one due to severe cough. Permanent closure of BSF was achieved in 7 （87.5%） of 8 patients. Conclusion Use of a retrievable hinged covered expandable metallic stent is a simple, safe, and effective procedure for closure of the BSF. Retrieval of the stent seems to be feasible. （J Intervent Radiol, 2007, 16： 253-257）     

Prevalence and severity of hip and groin pain in sub‐elite male football: a cross‐sectional cohort study of 695 players

The purpose of this study was twofold: (a) to investigate the prevalence of hip and groin pain in sub‐elite male adult football in Denmark and (b) to explore the association between prevalence and duration of hip and groin pain in the previous season with the Copenhagen Hip and Groin Outcome Score (HAGOS) in the beginning of the new season. In total 695 respondents from 40 teams (Division 1–4) were included. Players completed in the beginning of the new season (July–Sept 2011) a self‐reported paper questionnaire on hip and/or groin pain during the previous season and HAGOS. In total 49% (95% CI: 45–52%) reported hip and/or groin pain during the previous season. Of these, 31% (95% CI: 26–36%) reported pain for >6 weeks. Players with the longest duration of pain during the previous season had the lowest HAGOS scores, when assessed at the beginning of the new season, P < 0.001. This study documents that half of sub‐elite male adult football players report pain in the hip and/or groin during a football season. The football players with the longest duration of pain in previous season displayed the lowest HAGOS scores in the beginning of the new season.