对比剂剂量对兔肝VX2瘤MR灌注成像影响的实验研究

目的探讨兔肝VX2瘤MR灌注成像（PWI）的最佳对比剂剂量，并评价MR灌注成像对兔肝VX2瘤的研究价值。方法采用随机区组设计将20只新西兰VX2瘤兔分为5组，每组4只，分别给予5种不同浓度（0．05、0．10、0．20、0．30、0．50mmol／kg）的钆双胺注射液（Gd-DTPA-BMA），以相同的流率（2ml／s），进行T2^＊W梯度回波-平面回波成像（T2^＊W-GE-EPI），对得到的兔肝VX2瘤及正常肝实质血流灌注效果进行定量和定性分析。结果以剂量0．2mmol／kg时VX2瘤灌注具有峰值时刻（TOP，12．50s）早、达峰时间（TTP，7．50s）短、最大信号下降百分率（SRRmax，54．33％）满意和平均通过时间（MTT，35．00s）适中的优点，其TOP、TTP和MTT与正常肝实质比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。5种浓度随着对比剂剂量的增加，VX2瘤灌注的TOP、TTP逐渐缩短，SRRmax逐渐增大，MTT明显延长。结论0．2mmol／kg为最优化的兔肝VX2瘤PWI剂量。     

扩散系数值在脑星形细胞肿瘤病理学分级中的应用

目的探讨扩散系数值对脑星形细胞肿瘤病理学分级的应用价值。方法对56例脑星形细胞肿瘤进行扩散加权成像（DWI）检查，分别测量肿瘤实质部分、瘤周水肿区、瘤周T1WI正常表现白质区（瘤周白质区）、瘤体镜面对侧正常白质区及瘤周镜面对侧正常白质区的表观扩散系数（ADC）值和指数扩散系数（EDC）值，并计算肿瘤实质部分、瘤周水肿区、瘤周白质区的相对表观扩散系数（rADC）值和相对指数扩散系数（rEDC）值。分析各测量区的扩散系数值与肿瘤病理学分级的关系。结果56例脑星形细胞肿瘤经手术病理证实，低级星形细胞瘤35例（Ⅰ、Ⅱ级），间变性星形细胞瘤8例（Ⅲ级），胶质母细胞瘤13例（Ⅳ级）。低级星形细胞瘤、间变性星形细胞瘤和胶质母细胞瘤肿瘤实质部分的ADC值分别为（1．44±0．26）×10^-3、（0．98±0．22）×10^-3和（0．83±0．15）×10^-3mm^2／s，rADC值分别为（1．91±0．39）％、（1．34±0．33）％和（1．06±0．20）％，EDC值分别为0．26±0．11、0．39±0．09和0．44±0．07，rEDC值分别为（0．55±0．20）％、（0．81±0．19）％和（0．98±0．16）％，各指标间差异均有统计学意义（F值分别为36．189、31．756、19．623和24．760，P值均为0．000）。高级星形细胞瘤（间变性星形细胞瘤和胶质母细胞瘤）的肿瘤实质部分的ADC值和rADC值分别为（0．89±0．19）×10^-3mm^2／s和（1．17±0．28）％，明显低于低级星形细胞瘤（t值分别为8．332和7．620，P值均为0．000），EDC值和rEDC值分别为0．42±0．08和（0．91±0．18）％，明显高于低级星形细胞瘤（t值分别为-6．082和-6．776，P值均为0．000）。以低级星形细胞瘤实质部分的rADC值的下限（1．52％）作为判断低、高级别星形细胞瘤阈值的准确性为89．3％。结论肿瘤实质部分的扩散系数值对脑星形细胞肿瘤的病理学分级准确性较高，尤以rADC值为佳。     

T2WI在监控MR介导无水乙醇消融VX2瘤兔的实验研究

目的在对VX2瘤兔经皮无水乙醇注射术(PEI)消融时,对T2WI监控无水乙醇分布的效果进行评价。材料与方法制备18只肝VX2瘤兔,在1.5T磁共振扫描仪下,应用快速翻转自旋回波(FRFSE)T2WI序列完成PEI术中监控的扫描。结果在对VX2兔行PEI时,T2WI在治疗后有多种信号改变,利用乙醇治疗前后的信号变化,无水乙醇分布范围与病理上肿瘤的坏死范围有正相关性。结论PEI时,T2WI能初步地用于监控无水乙醇的分布。     

兔VX2肝癌模型的建立及其生长转移特性的观察

目的探讨超声引导下经皮穿刺瘤块推送法建立兔VX2肝癌模型的可行性,评估开展介入治疗实验研究的最佳时期．方法28只新西兰大白兔接受VX2瘤块接种,接种后2、3、4周行超声检查及PET／CT检查,并分别处死2只建模成功的动物行病理检查。结果建模成功率为89.3％（25／28）。接种后2、3、4周肿瘤最大径分别为（4．82±0．80）mm、（16．05±2．89）mm、（30．08±5．38）mm,转移率分别为0（0／25）、13．0％（3／23）、76.2％（16／21）;接种后2周肿瘤生长旺盛,无明显坏死,3周仅有少量点片状凝固性坏死,4周见大片坏死。结论超声引导下经皮穿刺瘤块推送法建立兔VX2肝癌模型简单易行,成功率高;宜在接种后第3周开展介入治疗的实验研究。     

鼻咽癌CT灌注成像及其生物学相关性研究

目的研究鼻咽癌CT灌注值与肿瘤微血管密度（MVD）、肿瘤分期的关系，探讨多层螺旋CT灌注成像对鼻咽癌的临床应用价值。方法49例鼻咽部CT灌注检查中，鼻咽癌组30例，鼻咽癌放疗后组14例，正常鼻咽部5例，测量鼻咽癌和鼻咽黏膜位置的血流量（BF）、最大强化指数（PEI）、峰值到达时间（TTP）及血容量（BV）作为灌注指标，其中16例鼻咽癌活检组织行免疫组织化学CD34单抗染色后，Weidner方法计数MVD。各组灌注值比较行方差分析，CT灌注值、肿瘤分期与MVD之间行Spearman等级相关分析。结果49例中1例鼻咽癌灌注检查失败。鼻咽癌组（29例）肿瘤CT灌注值BF为（48．6±16．9）ml·100g^-1·min^-1，PEI为（32．3±7．9）HU，TTP为（17．5±4．9）s，BV为（12．8±4．4）ml·100g^-1；正常对照组（5例）BF、PEI、TTP、BV值分别为（15．9±5．9）ml·100g^-1·min^-1、（12.6±1．3）HU、（22．6±6．9）s、（3．5±0．5）ml·100g^-1；鼻咽癌放疗后组（14例）BF、PEI、TTP、BV值分别为（25．2±7．0）ml·100g^-1·min^-1、（19．8±5．9）HU、（22．6±4．3）s、（6．1±2．4）ml·100g^-1，三组各灌注值差异有统计学意义（P值均〈0．01）；相关分析显示，鼻咽癌组（29例）中TNM分期（其中Ⅰ期3例，Ⅱ期9例，Ⅲ期10例，Ⅳ期7例）与PEI和BV存在相关性（r值分别为0．48和0．50），与BF和TTP无明显相关性（r值分别为0．23和0．22）；16例鼻咽癌MVD为（30．8±12．6）个／高倍镜视野，与其BF（51．4±17．0）ml·100g^-1·min^-1、PEI（33．2±9．6）HU和TTP（16．3±4．1）8存在相关性（r值分别为0．85、0．60和0．78），与BV（13．2±5．6）ml·100g^-1弱相关（r=0．48）。结论鼻咽癌有着特征的CT灌注表现，多层螺旋CT灌注成像的灌注值可以反映鼻咽癌微血管密度特征，PEI和BV值与鼻咽癌的TNM分期存在一定的相关性。     

兔肝VX2瘤MR扩散加权成像与病理的动态对照研究

目的探讨兔肝VX2瘤种植后MR扩散加权成像（OWI）的价值、动态特征及其病理机制。方法新西兰大白兔40只，采用开腹下块种植法行肝内VX2瘤种植，其中25只种植1个部位、15只种植2个部位。对全部种植兔于种植后第7、14、21天行DWI和第7、14天行常规MRI（T1WI、T2WI）检查，并对其中10个肿瘤标本行病理检查。结果种植后第7天DWI、T1WI、T2WI病灶发现率分别为78．7％（37／47）、10．7％（3／28）、53．6％（15／28），差异有统计学意义（χ^2=32．61，P〈0．01）；第14天分别为95．7％（45／47）、54．3％（19／35）、82．9％（29／35），差异有统计学意义（χ^2=21．50，P〈0．01）。种植后7d肿瘤生长较慢，内部尚未坏死，信号均匀；约14d后肿瘤生长开始加速，但此时内部坏死仍不明显，呈等或不均匀信号；第21天时肿瘤内部出现明显坏死，DWI上呈不均匀信号，成活肿瘤部分呈高信号，肿瘤坏死部分呈低信号，而囊变、液化部分呈高信号；从第7天至第21天。肿瘤边界逐渐由不清楚至清楚，内部信号由均匀至不均匀。敏感梯度因子（b）值为100s／，咖112时，种植后第7、14及21天，肿瘤周围表观扩散系数（ADC）值分别为（2．18±0．29）×10^-3、（1．96±0．33）×10^-3与（1．80±0．35）×10^-3mm^2／s，而肿瘤周围正常肝实质ADC值分别为（2．82±0．36）×10^-3、（2．61±0．40）×10^-3与（2．75±0．43）×10^-3mm^2／s。结论VX2瘤成活与坏死、囊变部分DWI具有典型表现，同时DWI在早期发现病变方面有重要潜在的价值。     

兔肝VX2瘤化疗栓塞介入术前后MR扩散加权成像表现和增殖、转移基因表达相关性的动态研究

目的探讨兔肝VX2瘤化疗栓塞介入术前后增殖细胞抗原（PCNA）、凋亡活化基因（Bax）、转移抑制基因23（nm23）、上皮型钙依赖黏连蛋白（E-cad）表达与扩散加权成像（DWI）表观扩散系数（ADC）值间的关系。方法40个兔肝VX2瘤模型，分为对照组与介入术后16、32、48h组，每组10个模型。4组分别在化疗栓塞介入术前与化疗栓塞介入术后16、32、48h行DWI，并对各组肿瘤标本行病理及免疫组织化学检查。对上述不同时间及不同部位（肿瘤周围正常肝组织、肿瘤外周部分组织、肿瘤周围部分组织、肿瘤中央部分组织）之间PCNA、Bax、nm23、E-cad表达指数以及表达指数与相应部位ADC值的关系进行分析。结果（1）对照组VX2瘤外周部分、周围部分与中央部分组织PCNA表达指数（分别为65．1％、74．7％、59．0％）明显高于周围正常肝实质（8．3％）（X^2=19．08，P〈0．01）；上述部位的nm23（分别为1．7％、0．4％、6．2％）、Bax（分别为2．0％、1．2％、2．2％）及E-cad（分别为6．2％、2．0％、1．6％）表达指数明显低于周围正常肝实质（分别为16．5％、40．0％、78．0％）（X^2值分别为12．86、20．17、22．20，P值均〈0．01）。（2）介入术后16、32、48h组VX2瘤周围部分组织PCNA表达指数分别为83．0％、92．6％、85．7％，nm23表达指数分别为2．3％、7．4％、4．2％，Bax表达指数分别为0．8％、0．5％、0．9％，E-cad表达指数分别为2．8％、1．0％、1．1％，与对照组上述指标比较，PCNA、nm23表达指数先增加后下降（x。值分别为14．37、8．94，P值〈0．05），Bax、E-cad表达指数差异无统计学意义（X。值分别为1．98、3．88，P值〉0．05）。（3）b=100s／mm。时，对照组与介入术后16、32、48h组肿瘤周围部分ADC值分别为（1．71±0．27）×10^-3、（1．24±0．22）×10^-3、（1．48±0．37）×10^-3及（1．57±0．23）×10^-3mm^2／s，PCNA的表达指数与肿瘤周围部分组织ADC值之间存在相关关系（r=-0．68，P=0.000）；nm23、Bax、E-cad的表达指数与ADC值之间不存在相关关系（r值分别为-0．20、0．17、-0．10，P值均〉0．05）。结论化疗栓塞介入术后VX2瘤浸润、转移潜能下降，但短期内将导致肿瘤增殖能力的加强。ADC值的变化，一定程度上可以反映肿瘤细胞的增殖情况。     

化学位移成像与T2WI监控MR介导无水乙醇消融VX2兔的对照研究

目的:在VX2兔经皮无水乙醇注射术(PEI)消融时,对化学位移成像和T2WI监控无水乙醇分布的效果进行评价.方法:制备18只肝VX2瘤兔,在1.5T磁共振扫描仪下,应用FRFSE序列结合化学位移成像和FRFSE,T2WI序列完成试验模型和PEI术中监控的扫描.结果:化学位移像上,注射部位的局部无水乙醇信号明显增加.在对VX2兔PEI时,化学位移成像使在肿瘤弥散的无水乙醇成像,T2WI在治疗后有多种信号改变.病灶信号在化学位移像与T2WI的信噪比和对比信噪比差异有显著性意义.无水乙醇分布范围与病理上肿瘤的坏死范围有正相关性.结论:PEI时,化学位移成像能够比T2WI更精确地用于监控无水乙醇的分布.     

磁共振扩散张量成像在星形细胞瘤分级中的价值

目的 探讨磁共振扩散张量成像（DTI）技术在星形细胞瘤分级中的应用价值。资料与方法对15例1-2级星形细胞瘤及22例3～4级星形细胞瘤进行了MR检查,扫描序列包括T1WI、T2WI、液体衰减反转恢复序列（FLAIR）、DTI及增强后T1WI。结果脑部分各向异性指数（FA）图、FA彩色编码图、纤维束追踪图均能显示脑白质纤维受累情况,而常规MRI难以显示。1—2级星形细胞瘤组肿瘤区表观扩散系数（ADC）值（1．33±0．17）与3—4级星形细胞瘤组肿瘤区ADC值（1.17±0．21）比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。两组瘤周白质FA值与ADC值比较差异均有统计学意义。结论DTI可无创性显示脑自质纤维,且肿瘤区ADC值对星形细胞瘤良恶性分级有重要价值。     

MR扩散加权成像鉴别脑结核瘤及高级星形细胞瘤和脑转移瘤的价值

目的探讨MR扩散加权成像（DWI）在脑结核瘤、高级星形细胞瘤和脑转移瘤鉴别诊断中的价值。方法14例脑结核瘤、15例脑高级星形细胞瘤和21例脑转移瘤患者，在术前或接受治疗前行常规MRI和DWI。测量并计算3种疾病瘤体、瘤周围水肿带的平均表观扩散系数（ADC）值和病灶与对侧相应部位正常脑白质区ADC值的比值（rADC值）。结果脑结核瘤瘤体平均ADC值和rADC值分别为（1．2±0．2）×10^-3mm^2·s^-1和1．6±0．3，高级星形细胞瘤瘤体平均ADC值和rADC值分别为（0．8±0．1）×10^-3mm^2·s^-1和1．1±0．1，转移瘤瘤体平均ADC值和rADC值分别为（0．8±0．1）×10^-3mm^2·s^-1和1．0±0．2。3种疾病瘤体平均ADC值（F=33．57，P〈0．01）之间和rADC值（F=33．27，P〈0．01）之间差异均有统计学意义。脑结核瘤瘤周水肿带平均ADC值和rADC值分别为（1．8±0．1）×10^-3mm^2·s^-1和2．5±0．2，脑高级星形细胞瘤瘤周水肿带平均ADC值和rADC值分别为（1．4±0．2）×10^-3mm^2·s^-1和1．8±0．3，脑转移瘤瘤周水肿带平均ADC值和rADC值分别为（1．9±0．2）×10^-3mm^2·s^-1和2．3±0．5。3种疾病瘤周围水肿带平均ADC值（F=23．17，P〈0．01）之间和rADC值（F=5．94，P〈0．01）之间差异均有统计学意义。结论结合MRI、DWI检测方法，根据病灶瘤体和瘤周水肿带的ADC和rADC值可帮助鉴别脑结核瘤、脑高级星形细胞瘤和脑转移瘤。     

Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) - validation of a Swedish version

The Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) is a self-administered instrument measuring outcome after knee injury at impairment, disability, and handicap level in five subscales. Reliability, validity, and responsiveness of a Swedish version was assessed in 142 patients who underwent arthroscopy because of injury to the menisci, anterior cruciate ligament, or cartilage of the knee. The clinimetric properties were found to be good and comparable to the American version of the KOOS. Comparison to the Short Form-36 and the Lysholm knee scoring scale revealed expected correlations and construct validity. Item by item, symptoms and functional limitations were compared between diagnostic groups. High responsiveness was found three months after arthroscopic partial meniscectomy for all subscales but Activities of Daily Living.     

The acutely limping child

Acute limping may be the result of multiple pathologies in children. The differential diagnosis varies based on the age of the child. Irrespective of age, the initial imaging work-up includes AP and frog leg radiographs of the pelvis and ultrasound; MRI may sometimes be helpful. In children less than 3 years, infections and trauma are most frequent. MRI is the imaging modality of choice when osteomyelitis is clinically suspected. Between the ages of 3 and 10 years, transient synovitis of the hip and Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease are main considerations but infection, inflammation and focal bony lesions are also considered. In children over 10 years, slipped capital femoral epiphysis also is considered.     

Do Balance Board Training Programs Reduce the Risk of Ankle Sprains in Athletes?

Introduction Ankle sprains are the most common musculo-skeletal injury that occurs in athletes,particularly in sports that require jumping and landing on one foot such as soccer,and basketball(1-4).These injuries often result in significant time loss from participation,long-term disability,and have a major impact on health care costs and resources(5-8).     

High Intensity Interval Training:New Insights

KEY POINTS ·High-intensity interval training(HIT)is characterized by repeated sessions of relatively brief，intermittent exercise.often performed with an“a11 out”effort or at an intensity close to that which elicits peak oxygen uptake(i.e.，≥90%of VO2 peak).     

Endovascular management of carotid-cavernous fistulas

Objective To investigate endovascular treatment of traumatic direct carotid-cavernous fistulas （CCF） and their complications such as pseudoaneurysms. Methods： Over a five-year period, 22 patients with traumatic direct CCFs were treated endovascularly in our institution. Thirteen patients were treated once with the result of CCF occluded, 8 twice and 1 three times. Treatment modalities included balloon occlusion of the CCF, sacrifice of the ipsilateral internal carotid artery with detachable balloon, coll embolization of the cavernous sinus and secondary pseudoaneurysms, and covered-stem management of the pseudoaneurysms. Results All the direct CCFs were successfully managed endovascularly. Four patients developed a pseudoaneurysm after the occlusion of the CCF with an incidence of pseudoaneurysm formation of 18.2% （4/22）. A total number of 8 patients experienced permanent occlusion of the ICA with a rate of ICA occlusion reaching 36.4% （8/22）. Followed up through telephone consultation from 6 months to 5 years, all did well with no recurrence of CCF symptoms and signs. Conclusion Traumatic direct CCFs can be successfully managed with endovascular means. The pseudoaneurysms secondary to the occlusion of the CCFs can be occluded with stent-assisted coiling and implantation of covered stents.     

Developmental validation of the PowerPlex(®) ESI 16 and PowerPlex(®) ESI 17 Systems: STR multiplexes for the new European standard

In response to the ENFSI and EDNAP groups’ call for new STR multiplexes for Europe, Promega^® developed a suite of four new DNA profiling kits. This paper describes the developmental validation study performed on the PowerPlex^® ESI 16 (European Standard Investigator 16) and the PowerPlex^® ESI 17 Systems. The PowerPlex^® ESI 16 System combines the 11 loci compatible with the UK National DNA Database^®, contained within the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® PCR Amplification Kit, with five additional loci: D2S441, D10S1248, D22S1045, D1S1656 and D12S391. The multiplex was designed to reduce the amplicon size of the loci found in the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® kit. This design facilitates increased robustness and amplification success for the loci used in the national DNA databases created in many countries, when analyzing degraded DNA samples. The PowerPlex^® ESI 17 System amplifies the same loci as the PowerPlex^® ESI 16 System, but with the addition of a primer pair for the SE33 locus. Tests were designed to address the developmental validation guidelines issued by the Scientific Working Group on DNA Analysis Methods (SWGDAM), and those of the DNA Advisory Board (DAB). Samples processed include DNA mixtures, PCR reactions spiked with inhibitors, a sensitivity series, and 306 United Kingdom donor samples to determine concordance with data generated with the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® kit. Allele frequencies from 242 white Caucasian samples collected in the United Kingdom are also presented. The PowerPlex^® ESI 16 and ESI 17 Systems are robust and sensitive tools, suitable for the analysis of forensic DNA samples. Full profiles were routinely observed with 62.5 pg of a fully heterozygous single source DNA template. This high level of sensitivity was found to impact on mixture analyses, where 54–86% of unique minor contributor alleles were routinely observed in a 1:19 mixture ratio. Improved sensitivity combined with the robustness afforded by smaller amplicons has substantially improved the quantity of data obtained from degraded samples, and the improved chemistry confers exceptional tolerance to high levels of laboratory prepared inhibitors.     

Prevalence and severity of hip and groin pain in sub‐elite male football: a cross‐sectional cohort study of 695 players

The purpose of this study was twofold: (a) to investigate the prevalence of hip and groin pain in sub‐elite male adult football in Denmark and (b) to explore the association between prevalence and duration of hip and groin pain in the previous season with the Copenhagen Hip and Groin Outcome Score (HAGOS) in the beginning of the new season. In total 695 respondents from 40 teams (Division 1–4) were included. Players completed in the beginning of the new season (July–Sept 2011) a self‐reported paper questionnaire on hip and/or groin pain during the previous season and HAGOS. In total 49% (95% CI: 45–52%) reported hip and/or groin pain during the previous season. Of these, 31% (95% CI: 26–36%) reported pain for >6 weeks. Players with the longest duration of pain during the previous season had the lowest HAGOS scores, when assessed at the beginning of the new season, P < 0.001. This study documents that half of sub‐elite male adult football players report pain in the hip and/or groin during a football season. The football players with the longest duration of pain in previous season displayed the lowest HAGOS scores in the beginning of the new season.     

Bronchial stump fistula :treatment with covered retrievable hinged metallic stents-preliminary clinical experience

Objective To evaluate the preliminaily clinical efficacy and retrievability of a retrievable hinged covered metallic stent in the treatment of the bronchial stump fistula （BSF）. Methods Between April 2003 and March 2005, 8 patients with bronchial stump fistula after pneumonectomy or lobectomy were treated with two types （A and B） of retrievable hinged covered metallic stents. Type A stent was placed in 6 patients and type B in 2 under fluoroscopic guidance. The stent was removed with a retrieval set when BSF was healed or complications occurred. Results Stent placement in the bronchial tree was technically successful in all patients, without procedure-related complications. Immediate closure of the BSF was achieved in all patients after the procedure. Stents were removed from all patients but one. Removal of the stents was difficult in two patients due to tissue hyperplasia. Patients were followed up for 6 - 21 months. Placement of the stents remained stable in all patients except one due to severe cough. Permanent closure of BSF was achieved in 7 （87.5%） of 8 patients. Conclusion Use of a retrievable hinged covered expandable metallic stent is a simple, safe, and effective procedure for closure of the BSF. Retrieval of the stent seems to be feasible. （J Intervent Radiol, 2007, 16： 253-257）