乳腺立体定位核芯针活检的病理组织学低估原因分析

目的 分析乳腺立体定位核芯针活检的病理组织学低估的原因,以期引起临床多学科的重视及客观对待.方法 2000年9月至2005年9月,对146例乳腺病变患者(179个病变)进行立体定位核芯针病变部位穿刺活检,发生病理组织学低估21个.病变均不可触及(NPBL),根据乳腺影像报告和数据系统(BI.RADS),活检前诊断BI-RADS m类6个,Ⅳ类12个,V类3个,影像表现为钙化16个,肿块2个,不对称性致密1个,星芒征2个.结果 活检为纤维囊性乳腺病并导管上皮不典型增生11个,手术诊断为导管原位癌7个,伴早期浸润4个;活检为重度乳腺导管不典型增生3个,手术诊断为原位癌1个,原位癌伴早期浸润2个;活检为乳腺导管原位癌3个,手术证实均为浸润性癌;活检为乳头状病变4个,手术证实为原位癌及伴早期浸润各1个、浸润性导管癌及乳腺导管内乳头状腺癌各1个.结论 乳腺核芯针活检的病理组织学低估与立体定位技术、病变本身及医师的认识有关,放射科医师应熟练掌握活检技术并力求全面取材,当穿刺活检结果与影像表现不符时,应重新评价病变的实际病理诊断.     

全数字化X线立体定位及活体组织检查对诊治乳腺不可触及病变的价值

目的：探讨全数字化X线立体定位及活体组织检查对临床不可触及乳腺病变（NPBL）的诊断及应用价值。方法95例临床触诊阴性乳腺数字钼靶摄片发现微小病变。乳腺影像报告和数据系统（BI-RADS）分级4或4以上。27例行立体定位穿刺活检（SCNB）;68例行立体定位下导丝引导活检（SNLB）。结果27例SCNB,25例病理结果一致,2例病理结果低估,活检符合率92％。68例SNLB均定位成功,病变完全切除,符合率100％。结论 SCNB使乳腺良性病变切取数目降到最低,创伤小、费用低,诊断准确率高。SNLB获得的病理诊断准确、可靠。两者相比较SNLB弥补了SCNB的取材不足及假阴性,能够获得可靠的病理结果,一次同时完成诊断和治疗。     

X线立体定位活检对乳腺微小病变的诊断价值

目的:探讨乳腺摄片结合立体定位穿刺活检对临床触诊阴性的乳腺微小病变的诊断价值。方法:回顾性分析80例临床触诊阴性而乳腺摄片发现微小病变并进行立体定位穿刺活检患者的病例资料。结果:80例中乳腺癌30例(37.5%),原位癌8例、临床Ⅰ期22例,不典型增生10例;良性病变40例,包括纤维腺病10例,纤维瘤8例,乳腺增生病伴显微囊肿8例,乳腺增生病伴部分纤维腺瘤变10例,导管内乳头状瘤3例,错构瘤1例。结论:对临床触诊阴性的乳腺微小病变应积极活检,X线立体定位活检术是提高早期乳腺癌检出率的有效方法。     

不可触及乳腺病变立体定位导丝置入的临床应用

目的:探讨乳腺立体定位导丝置入辅助活检(stereotactic mammography needle localized biopsy,SNLB)对乳腺不可触及病变的临床应用价值。方法:85例乳腺钼靶X线检查发现异常病灶而临床触诊阴性的患者,应用SNLB为临床微创活检提供手术范围,标本行组织病理学检查确定病变性质。结果:85例87处病灶均一次性定位、切除成功,随访6～24个月均无术后并发症。病理证实恶性病灶9处(10.34%),癌前病变13处(14.94%),良性病灶65处(74.71%)。结论:SNLB对不可触及乳腺病变定位准确,操作安全简便,为临床微创活检提供了准确的手术指导,是诊断临床不可触及乳腺癌的有效方法。     

X线钼靶及立体定位活检在诊断乳腺腺病中的应用

目的探讨乳腺腺病的X线表现及在立体定位活检中的应用。方法分析2011年1月至2012年10月在我院就诊的60例乳腺腺病患者的临床资料及影像学表现。所有患者均经X线钼靶及立体定位活检手术病理证实。结果患者年龄29～84岁,平均45.2岁。14例患者可触及乳腺结节,7例患者有乳腺癌家族史。X线表现:38例(63%)X线表现为单纯钙化,其中簇状钙化24例,13例(22%)表现为单纯结节,6例(10%)结节内部或边缘伴钙化,3例(5%)表现为局部腺体密度增高或结构紊乱,其中1例伴钙化。结论钙化是乳腺腺病最常见的X线征象。乳腺腺病缺乏特异性影像学特征,全数字化乳腺X线立体定位核芯针穿刺活检或立体定位导丝导向切除活检可对病变的良、恶性作出鉴别。     

乳腺钼靶X线立体定位穿刺活检和手术

1992年7月～1993年9月间,对56例乳腺疾病患者进行钼靶摄片,发现56例57处病灶,对其中54例55处病灶进行了立体定位细针穿刺细胞学检查。结果显示其敏感性为92.5％,特异性为100％,诊断符合率为96.3％。若将细胞学检查结果与钼靶摄片相结合,联合敏感性与特异性均可达100％。上述病灶中有12处为临床所不能扪及的隐匿性病灶,6处在立体定位引导下完成了切除术。     

乳腺错构瘤X线病理对照分析

目的探讨乳腺错构瘤X线平片、导管造影、注气造影表现及其病理基础.方法分析X线检查并经病理证实的26例,其中26例投照X线平片,13例行导管造影,5例行注气造影,12例行标本X线摄影,并进行X线病理对照分析.结果全部病例均为良性、局限性生长,有完整包膜.X线表现因瘤体内所含脂肪和纤维腺体成分的数量不同而异,可分为三型脂肪为主型、纤维(纤维腺体)为主型和脂肪纤维混合型.结论X线可清晰显示脂肪和纤维腺体成分分布的区域,形成特征性"香肠切片”样征象.导管造影和注气造影有助于鉴别诊断.     

乳腺X线立体定位细针引导切检术的临床应用

目的 重点阐述乳腺X线立体定位细针引导切检术在临床不可触及的乳腺病变应用中的操作技术要点.方法 127例临床触诊阴性、乳腺X线片显示可疑病变的患者,在X线立体定位引导下,将导丝滞留在病变处.外科医生将带有导丝的病变切除并送病理检查.结果 良性病变43例,其中腺纤维瘤12例,囊性增生9例,间质纤维组织增生8例,导管内乳头状瘤8例,慢性炎症4例,错构瘤1例,囊肿1例;恶性病变84例,其中浸润性导管癌48例,导管内癌31例,浸润性小叶癌5例.127例患者中116例定位满意,满意率为91.3%.同时与直接手术的48例患者比较病变切除的准确性,差异具有统计学意义(χ2=28.998,P<0.005).结论 行乳腺X线立体定位细针引导切检术的临床触诊阴性患者手术切除病变的准确性明显优于直接手术的患者.     

乳腺分叶状肿瘤的临床及X线钼靶表现分析

目的：探讨乳腺分叶状肿瘤的临床及影像学表现。方法：回顾性分析5例经手术、病理证实的乳腺分叶状肿瘤患者的临床和乳腺X线摄影资料．良性1例,恶性1例。患者均为女性．年龄20～51岁,病程1周～4年。首发症状为乳腺无痛性包块,3例患者肿块近期迅速长大。结果：所有肿块触诊质地坚韧．表面光滑,活动度好。乳腺X线摄影片共显示瘤体6个．多位于乳腺外上象限（46）,均为高密度．无毛刺肿块,分叶形3个、圆形1个、椭圆形2个。肿块直径2．5～7．5cm。4个肿块边缘;青晰、光滑．3个可见薄层透明晕环绕;另2个瘤体边缘部分清楚。肿块内未见钙化,未见异常血管像,邻近结构紊乱及腋下淋巴结增大。结论：分叶状肿瘤在临床及影像学表现上与纤维腺瘤有很多相似之处,但年龄较大的女性、乳腺发现较大肿块且短期内迅速长大应高度怀疑分叶状肿瘤可能。     

乳腺错构瘤的钼靶X线诊断

目的:评价乳腺错构瘤的X线征象及病理学基础,以期从影像学角度提高对该病的认识。方法:回顾性分析18例经手术病理证实的乳腺错构瘤的X线片与病理。结果:X线表现分3型:混合型11例,致密型3例,脂肪型4例。结论:乳腺错构瘤的X线表现与其病灶内的低密度脂肪及高密度的腺体组织、纤维组织所占的比例有关。混杂密度改变是本病的特征性X线表现。X线检查是发现本病的好方法,确诊需临床、X线及病理相结合。     

立体定位导丝导向活检不能触及的乳腺病灶

目的 探讨立体定位导丝导向活检不能触及的乳腺病灶的价值。方法 对25例不能触及的乳腺病灶行立体定位导丝导向活检26处,对每处病灶计算出穿刺针针尖至病灶中心的距离（D）,并直接测量出留置的导丝头端至病灶中心的距离作对照,判断标准：优：D小于等于2．5mm;良：D＝2．6－4．9mm;差：D大于等于5．0mm。结果 定位优20例次,良5例次,差1例次。穿刺针针尖至病灶中心距离的计算值与直接测量值相符,1次性病灶切除26例次,标本体积的中位数为10．5cm3,检出乳腺癌6（6／26）处;结论 立体定位导丝导向活检不能触及的乳腺病灶能以最小的手术范围完整切除病灶,定位定性效果确切,可避免假阴性,提高了乳腺癌的早期检出率及诊断准确性。     

Observer variability in screen-film mammography versus full-field digital mammography with soft-copy reading

Full-field digital mammography (FFDM) with soft-copy reading is more complex than screen-film mammography (SFM) with hard-copy reading. The aim of this study was to compare inter- and intraobserver variability in SFM versus FFDM of paired mammograms from a breast cancer screening program. Six radiologists interpreted mammograms of 232 cases obtained with both techniques, including 46 cancers, 88 benign lesions, and 98 normals. Image interpretation included BI-RADS categories. A case consisted of standard two-view mammograms of one breast. Images were scored in two sessions separated by 5 weeks. Observer variability was substantial for SFM as well as for FFDM, but overall there was no significant difference between the observer variability at SFM and FFDM. Mean kappa values were lower, indicating less agreement, for microcalcifications compared with masses. The lower observer agreement for microcalcifications, and especially the low intraobserver concordance between the two imaging techniques for three readers, was noticeable. The level of observer agreement might be an indicator of radiologist performance and could confound studies designed to separate diagnostic differences between the two imaging techniques. The results of our study confirm the need for proper training for radiologists starting FFDM with soft-copy reading in breast cancer screening. Presented at ECR, Wien 2006.     

CT灌注和X线摄影在乳腺疾病诊断中的价值

目的：探讨CT灌注和X线摄影对乳腺疾病的诊断价值。方法：45例乳腺病变均行X线摄影和CT灌注检查,并与病理结果进行对比分析。结果：X线摄影、CT灌注诊断符合率分别为77.28%和88.89%,综合X线摄影和CT灌注诊断符合率为95.56%,三者之间差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。在CT灌注中,乳腺恶性病变的血流量（BF）、血容量（BV）和表面通透性（PS）的均值均明显高于良性病变（P〈0.05）。CT灌注对病变范围、乳腺癌坏死灶的判别优于X线摄影（P〈0.05）。X线摄影对钙化灶的定性诊断优于CT灌注（P〈0.05）。结论：X线摄影和CT灌注具有互补性,两者结合可提高乳腺癌诊断符合率。     

Radial scars diagnosed at stereotactic core-needle biopsy: surgical biopsy findings

We retrospectively reviewed surgical biopsy findings of lesions diagnosed as radial scars (RS) at stereotactic core-needle biopsy (SCNB). RS was diagnosed in 52 of 1415 (3.7%) consecutive mammographically detected lesions that underwent 14-gauge automated SCNB. Subsequent surgical biopsy findings were available for 43 lesions in 41 women constituting the study group. Of these 43 lesions, histopathological analysis of the surgical specimen yielded RS in 27 (63%), RS plus atypical ductal hyperplasia (ADH) in 8 (18%), RS plus carcinoma in five (12%), and only carcinoma in three (7%). Carcinomas underestimated at SCNB (n=8) were two in situ carcinomas, two invasive ductal carcinomas not otherwise specified, and four tubular carcinomas. A statistically significant difference (P=0.02) was found between the mean pathologic size of RS without carcinoma and of RS containing carcinoma. Mammographic features could not be used reliably to predict the presence of carcinoma at excision of lesions diagnosed as RS at SCNB. The results suggest that the diagnosis of RS at 14-gauge SCNB of mammographically detected lesions is an indication for surgical biopsy because of the high prevalence of carcinoma in these lesions.     

Impact of stereotactic 11-g vacuum-assisted breast biopsy on cost of diagnosis in Austria

Purpose

To determine the frequency with which stereotactic 11-g vacuum-assisted breast biopsy (11-g SVAB) obviates an open surgical biopsy (OSB), to compare the costs of these two biopsy methods, and to estimate the potential cost savings attributable to 11-g SVAB in the diagnosis of suspicious breast lesions in patients in Austria.

Materials and methods

We retrospectively reviewed 318 consecutive breast lesions of BI-RADS categories IV and V (microcalcifications n = 166; masses n = 152) on which 11-g SVAB and OSB were performed. Cost savings were calculated using nationally allowed flat rates and patient charges. Costs were measured from a hospital and a socioeconomic perspective. Common clinical scenarios and sensitivity analyses assessed the extent of achievable cost savings.

Results

11-g SVAB obviated the need for an OSB in 93 (29%) of 318 women. Overall cost savings per 11-g SVAB over OSB were € 242 per case from a hospital perspective, and € 422 per case from a socioeconomic perspective. The use of 11-g SVAB decreased the cost of diagnosis by 7% from a hospital perspective, and by 10% from a socioeconomic perspective.

Conclusion

In Austria, annual national savings of over 5 million Euro could be realized with the use of 11-g SVAB for the diagnosis of suspicious breast lesions. Although savings per case are modest, the national health care system realizes significant cost reduction as women benefit from a faster and less invasive approach to diagnosis.     

PET-CT与钼靶X线、B超定性诊断乳腺癌的临床对比研究

目的 探讨18F-氟代脱氧葡萄糖(18F-FDG)PET-CT诊断乳腺癌的临床应用价值。方法 60例临床怀疑乳腺癌的患者分别行B超、钼靶X线乳腺摄影和PET-CT检查。结合术后病理,比较PET-CT、B超、钼靶X线乳腺摄影诊断乳腺癌的结果。结果 手术病理证实乳腺癌48例,良性病变12例。PET-CT目测法诊断乳腺癌的灵敏度、特异度、准确率及阳性预测值分别为93.8%、83.3%、91.7%及95.7%,钼靶X线法分别为81.3%、83.3%、81.7%及95.1%,B超法分别为85.4%、83.3%、85.0%及95.3%。三种方法对乳腺癌的诊断效能无显著差异性(χ2=3.40,P>0.5)。结论 18F-FDGPET-CT诊断乳腺癌具有很好的临床应用价值,并能对乳腺癌的分期提供更多的信息。     

数字化三维立体导丝定位穿刺技术在乳腺微小病灶中的应用

目的:探讨数字化三维立体导丝定位穿刺术对乳腺微小病灶的诊断价值。方法:回顾性分析临床触诊阴性而影像学表现异常的患者41例(乳腺微小病灶43处),41例均行乳腺数字化三维立体导丝定位穿刺切除并进行病理学检查。结果:43处微小病灶均定位成功,病变完全切除。病理检查:恶性病变8处,其中原位癌3处,浸润性导管癌Ⅰ～Ⅱ级3处,导管内癌伴早期浸润1处,浸润性导管癌伴腋下淋巴结转移1处;良性病变35处。结论:乳腺数字化三维立体导丝定位穿刺技术定位准确、损伤小、诊断符合率高,是治疗乳腺微小病变的重要手段,也是发现早期乳腺癌的重要方法。     

Optimization of primary jaw settings for stereotactic radiosurgery/radiotherapy

The primary goal of stereotactic radiosurgery/radiotherapy is to provide a technique by which the dose to a target volume can be maximized while minimizing the dose to uninvolved structures. Initially, circular apertures were applied through the use of multiple arcs and one or more isocenters in an effort to achieve these goals. Advances in field-shaping techniques, such as more elaborate cerrobend shaping and micromultileaf collimators, have allowed for improved target conformality with further reductions in dose to normal tissues. The shape of these secondary collimation devices is usually set at the precise size and shape necessary to encompass only the volume of interest with a small margin. Often, however, the primary collimators are set at a default setting that may be much larger than required to encompass the treatment area. This results in unnecessary transmission through the secondary collimators and added dose to the uninvolved tissues. This paper compares the dose delivered to normal tissues surrounding the target volume when a “standard” collimator setting is used to dose delivered when the primary collimator setting is optimized to only that necessary to encompass the treatment volume.