99Tcm-HTOC和131I-MIBG显像诊断嗜铬细胞瘤的比较

目的 比较和评价^99Tc^m-奥曲肽（HTOC）和^131 I-间碘苄胍（MIBG）显像诊断嗜铬细胞瘤的临床价值。方法 28例临床疑嗜铬细胞瘤患者先后进行^99Tc^m-HTOC和^131 I-MIBG全身显像，如全身显像发现异位病灶则加做同机CT融合检查。结果 28例中最终证实为嗜铬细胞瘤者19例，18例经手术或活组织病理检查证实，1例经生化和其他影像学检查证实。28例患者中9例^99Tc^m-HTOC的^131 I-MIBG显像均阳性，病灶位于心脏1例、腹主动脉旁3例、肾上腺3例，恶性多发病灶2例；恶性多发患者^99Tc^m-HTOC显像发现的病灶多于^131 I-MIBG。^99Tc^m-HTOC显像阳性而^131 I-MIBG显像阴性患者共5例，病灶位于心脏3例，恶性多发病灶2例。^99Tc^m-HTOC显像阴性而^131 I-MIBG显像阳性4例，病灶均位于肾上腺。两种显像均阴性10例，1例为嗜铬细胞瘤伴囊性变，其他9例均除外嗜铬细胞瘤。”^99Tc^m-HTOC和^131 I-MIBG显像的灵敏度、特异性、准确性分别为73．7％、100％、82．1％和68．4％、100％、78．5％。^99Tc^m-HTOC显像对异位于心脏的嗜铬细胞瘤和恶性多发病灶的诊断明显优于^131 I-MIBG，但对。肾上腺来源的嗜铬细胞瘤的检出不如^131 I-MIBG。结论 ^131 I-MIBG显像仍是诊断嗜铬细胞瘤的首选检查，但结果阴性时需进行^99Tc^m-HTOC显像。     

~(99)Tc~m-HTOC和~(131)Ⅰ-MIBG显像诊断嗜铬细胞瘤的比较

目的比较和评价~(99)Tc~m-奥曲肽(HTOC)和~(131)Ⅱ-间碘苄胍(MIBG)显像诊断嗜铬细胞瘤的临床价值。方法 28例临床疑嗜铬细胞瘤患者先后进行~(99)Tc~m-HTOC 和~(131)Ⅰ-MIBG 全身显像,如全身显像发现异位病灶则加做同机 CT 融合检查。结果 28例中最终证实为嗜铬细胞瘤者19例,18例经手术或活组织病理检查证实,1例经生化和其他影像学检查证实。28例患者中9例~(99)Tc~m-HTOC 和~(131)Ⅰ-MIBG 显像均阳性,病灶位于心脏1例、腹主动脉旁3例、肾上腺3例,恶性多发病灶2例;恶性多发患者~(99)Tc~m-HTOC 显像发现的病灶多于~(131)Ⅰ-MIBG。~(99)Tc~m-HTOC 显像阳性而~(131)I-MIBG 显像阴性患者共5例,病灶位于心脏3例,恶性多发病灶2例。~(99)Tc~m-HTOC 显像阴性而~(131)Ⅰ-MIBG 显像阳性4例,病灶均位于肾上腺。两种显像均阴性10例,1例为嗜铬细胞瘤伴囊性变,其他9例均除外嗜铬细胞瘤。~(99)Tc~m-HTOC 和~(131)Ⅰ-MIBG 显像的灵敏度、特异性、准确性分别为73.7%、100%、82.1%和68.4%、100%、78.5%。~(99)Tc~m-HTOC 显像对异位于心脏的嗜铬细胞瘤和恶性多发病灶的诊断明显优于~(131)I-MIBG,但对肾上腺来源的嗜铬细胞瘤的检出不如~(131)Ⅰ-MIBG。结论 ~(131)Ⅰ-MIBG 显像仍是诊断嗜铬细胞瘤的首选检查,但结果阴性时需进行~(99)Tc~m-HTOC 显像.     

副神经节瘤的影像学诊断(附31例分析)

目的：旨在提高副神经节瘤的诊断水平。方法：收集经手术病理证实的副神经节瘤37例，共43个病灶，其中32个病灶为肾上腺髓质嗜铬细胞瘤，10个病灶为肾上腺外副神经节瘤，1个颈部副神经节瘤。36例行CT检查，21例行MRI检查。回顾性分析其CT或MRI征象。结果：肾上腺髓质嗜铬细胞瘤与肾上腺外副神经节瘤肿瘤常大于5．0cm，易发生出血、坏死和囊变。CT表现为中等密渡，MRI表现为T1WI呈类似于肝组织的信号强度，T2WI高于肝组织的信号强度，增强扫描有明显强化。1例颈部副神经节瘤位于颈总动脉分叉处，密度均匀，无坏死囊变，其强化特征是强化程度与颈部血管接近。结论：副神经节瘤的CT和MRI表现具有一定特征，结合临床表现多可明确诊断。     

儿童副神经节细胞瘤的CT表现

目的:探讨儿童副神经节细胞瘤的特征性CT表现,提高诊断符合率.方法:回顾性分析经手术病理确诊的5例副神经节细胞瘤患儿的影像资料,其中男2例,女3例,平均发病年龄12岁,5例患儿均行CT平扫及增强扫描.观察肿瘤的位置、大小、增强后的强化程度、瘤体内的血管分布、与周围组织及大血管的关系、瘤栓形成及有无转移和转移部位等.结果:本组副神经节细胞瘤的特征性CT表现为:①肿瘤均位于腹膜后;②肿瘤呈类圆形或椭圆形软组织包块影,边缘可呈分叶状,呈膨胀性生长,肿瘤体积较大;③平扫时瘤体密度略欠均匀,可见散在的小片状低密度灶(出血、坏死和囊变),瘤体内无明显钙化;④增强扫描动脉期瘤体实性部分呈明显强化,平扫低密度区强化不明显,瘤体内有大量血管穿行,瘤体血供丰富,静脉期瘤体强化程度未见明显降低,有时甚至强化更明显;⑤体动脉分支供血,供血血管可直接起自腹主动脉,也可起自腰动脉、肠系膜动脉、生殖血管、髂血管等;⑥瘤体占位效应明显,对周围的脉管及脏器有推移、挤压,也可对腹腔大血管有轻度包埋;⑦可见腔静脉瘤栓形成.试验室检查 5例患儿的NSE和尿VMA测定均不同程度升高.结论:儿童副神经节细胞瘤的CT表现具有较高特异性,尤其是增强CT表现为明显的持续强化和富血供,结合代谢物的实验室检查和临床表现,可明显提高该病的诊断符合率.     

^131ISPECT／CT用于^131I平面显像不能定性摄碘灶的临床价值

目的探讨^131ISPECT／CT对^131I全身平面显像（WBS）不能确定性质的摄碘灶的鉴别诊断价值。方法DTC患者56例,男19例,女37例,年龄20～85（45±15）岁。于^131I治疗后第5天行^131IWBS,对^131IWBS不确定的摄碘灶进行^131ISPECT／CT显像。采用四格表,检验对比分析2种显像的差异。结果”。IWBS共显示摄碘灶288处,其中不能明确诊断的摄碘灶108处（37．5％）。经^131ISPECT／CT显像后,108处中27处摄碘灶被明确诊断为DTC转移灶（25．O％）,71处被确定为非DTC转移灶（65．7％）,分别为鼻、口腔、唾液腺、上颌窦囊肿、残留甲状腺组织、胸腺、胆囊炎、胃肠道、子宫、体表污染等非特异性摄取;其余10处^131ISPECT／CT也不能明确定性（9．3％）。与^131IWBS相比,^131ISPECT／CT提高了对DTC转移灶和非转移灶的鉴别能力（X2=102．35,P〈0．01）。结论对DTC患者^131IWBS难以判别的摄碘灶,^131ISPECT／CT可提高临床鉴别诊断率。     

99Tcm-HL91 SPECT脑显像检测脑出血患者乏氧组织

目的探讨^99Tc^m-4，9-二氮-3，3，10，10-四甲基十二烷-2，11-二酮肟（HL91）脑显像检测脑出血患者脑组织乏氧的作用。方法9名健康对照者和35例脑出血患者于起病96h内行^99Tc^m-HL91SPECT脑显像和同机CT扫描，并进行图像融合。其中7例患者于第10～90天内复查SPECT显像（2例2次，5例1次）。若在同机CT显示的出血灶和（或）周围脑组织连续2个以上层面和2个以上不同轴向断层上见放射性浓聚区，且病灶／本底（IMB）放射性比值〉1．2，为乏氧显像阳性。结果（1）9名对照组受试者均未见脑皮质有异常放射性浓聚。（2）35例脑出血患者中，乏氧显像阳性15例（42．8％），乏氧灶位于出血灶和（或）周围组织，其中13例同机CT均见明显出血灶。2例治疗前血肿周围乏氧显像阴性，但治疗后乏氧显像阳性。2例患者共显像3次，随病情好转乏氧灶范围逐渐缩小，IMB比值逐渐下降。结论^99Tc^m-HL91SPECT脑显像可清楚显示脑出血后的乏氧脑组织，并证实血肿周围存在乏氧组织。     

SPECT／CT对分化型甲状腺癌诊治的增益价值

目的：评价^131ISPECT／CT断层融合显像对全身平面显像（WBS）诊断不明确的分化型甲状腺癌（帆）诊治的增益价值。方法：对^131I治疗后WBS结果不明确的23例分化型甲状腺癌术后患者行^131ISPECT／CT融合显像,在病灶和患者两种水平上评价融合显像在DTC定位和／或定性诊断上的增益价值,同时分析SPECT／CT结果对治疗策略的影响。所有结果均通过病理、其他影像检查和临床随访予以证实。结果：在^131IWBS发现的总计232个摄碘灶中,甲状腺床占33．2％,恶性病灶占62．1％,非甲状腺生理性和良性摄取以及污染占4．7％。对^131IWBS无法确诊的81个摄碘灶共行37次SPECT／CT检查,后者获得准确定位和定性诊断的占85．2％和82．7％。17例（73．9％）患者获得了增益价值,其中8例（47．1％）患者的治疗方案发生了改变。结论：对全身平面显像（WBS）诊断不明确的分化型甲状腺癌（DTC）患者加做SPECT／CT断层融合显像在提高诊断正确率、减少伪影和调整治疗方案上具有重要临床价值。随着图像融合技术的不断进步,SPECT／CT将在DTC甚至其他疾病的诊治上发挥更大作用。     

腹膜后副神经节瘤的MSCT影像分析

目的探讨腹膜后副神经节瘤的MSCT表现,提高对其在术前的诊断水平,预防术中危险情况的发生。方法对2011年1月～2017年1月经手术确诊的36例腹膜后副神经节瘤,其CT影像表现及临床、病理资料进行回顾性分析。结果 1)病灶均为单发,均位于腹部大血管旁,28例位于腹主动脉周围,8例位于下腔静脉周围; 2)病灶境界清楚,呈类圆形、类椭圆形或呈分叶状肿块; 3)肿瘤最大径5cm的10例呈实性,直径≥5cm的26例多呈囊实性,肿瘤越大坏死囊变越明显; 8例病灶可见钙化; 4) 36例病灶CT增强动脉期呈不均匀强化,24例动脉期可见迂曲强化血管影,实性肿瘤或肿瘤的实性部分呈"扩散式强化",较大的17例肿瘤坏死囊变后呈"破网征"样改变。结论腹部大血管旁的好发位置以及"扩散式强化"、"破网征"对腹膜后副神经节瘤的诊断具有重要意义。     

18F-NaF的合成及其在肺癌骨转移中的临床应用

目的 合成并检测^18F-NaF；比较^99Tc^m-亚甲基二膦酸盐（MDP）全身骨显像与^18F-NaFPET／CT骨显像对诊断肺癌骨转移的价值。方法 用MINItrace回旋加速器通过核反应^18O（P，n）^18F-生产^18F-F^-1，用离子交换法合成^18F-NaF并进行质控检测。对10例已行^99Tc^m-MDP全身骨显像的肺癌患者行^18F-NaFPET／CT检查，对两者图像进行比较。结果 ^18F-NaF注射液符合要求^18F-NaFPET／CT骨显像探测到^99Tc^mMDP骨显像发现的所有病灶，并探测到后者未发现的8个病灶，使^99Tcm-MDP骨显像不确定诊断数减少。结论 ^18F-NaFPET／CT诊断肺癌骨转移准确性更高，可作为^99Tc^m-MDP骨显像的补充。     

成神经细胞瘤诊断中~(131)I-MIBG闪烁扫描术的临床意义

应用~(131)I-MIBG(~(131)I-间位碘苄胍)闪烁扫描术,作者对16例成神经细胞瘤的诊断价值作了分析。结果:施行~(131)I-MIBG闪烁扫描术11例中,8倒尿VMA为阳性,其敏感性为73%,特异性为100%。尿VMA阳性者可见~(131)I-MIBG明显聚集,二者呈明显相关者为94%(15/16)。~(131)I-MIBG闪烁扫描术11例中9例诊断为成神经细胞瘤,其敏感性为82%,特异性为100%,正确性达88%。成神经细胞瘤原发肿瘤~(131)I-MIBG闪烁扫描术敏感性为88%(7/8),显示原发肿瘤最小直径为1.0cm。     

A monitoring,feedback, and triggering system for reproducible breath-hold MR imaging

A technique is described that provides improved reproducibility of breath-holding for MR image acquisition by monitoring the superior-inferior (S/I) position of the diaphragm. The method incorporates detection of the level of inspiration using an MR signal, rapid display to the patient of diaphragm position to enable breath-hold adjustment, and triggering of image data acquisition once appropriate position is attained. The response time of the system is short, approximately 10 ms. Studies in six volunteers using this method demonstrate a considerable decrease in the S/I range of diaphragm position over 10 consecutive periods of suspended respiration. The mean range is 1.3 mm with the system, while it is 8.3 mm without using it is expected that this method will be of assistance in many abdominal and cardiothoracic studies that use breath-hold techniques.     

DSA功能性参数的提取与利用

本文介绍了在临床实际中利用功能性参数，对冠状动脉ＤＳＡ心肌血流灌注成像、冠状动脉血流量测定、左心室功能测定、肺动脉高压程度的评价等项目研究结果。重点讨论了提取ＤＳＡ功能性参数的一般方法，认为功能性参数在现代影像诊断学中的作用是对疾病做出程度、定量、动态及功能诊断。     

RARE spiral T2-weighted imaging

Spiral imaging has a number of advantages for fast imaging, including an efficient use of gradient hardware. However, inhomogeneity-induced blurring is proportional to the data acquisition duration. In this paper, we combine spiral data acquisition with a RARE echo train. This allows a long data acquisition interval per excitation, while limiting the effects of inhomogeneity. Long spiral k-space trajectories are partitioned into smaller, annular ring trajectories. Each of these annular rings is acquired during echoes of a RARE echo train. The RARE refocusing RF pulses periodically refocus off-resonant spins while building a long data acquisition. We describe both T₂-weighted single excitation and interleaved RARE spiral sequences. A typical sequence acquires a complete data set in three excitations (32 cm FOV, 192 × 192 matrix). At a TR = 2000 ms, we can average two acquisitions in an easy breath-hold interval. A multifrequency reconstruction algorithm minimizes the effects of any off-resonant spins. Though this algorithm needs a field map, we demonstrate how signal averaging can provide the necessary phase data while increasing SNR. The field map creation causes no scan time penalty and essentially no loss in SNR efficiency. Multiple slice, 14-s breath-hold scans acquired on a conventional gradient system demonstrate the performance.     

Echo-Time-Encoded Burst Imaging (EBI): A Novel Technique for Spectroscopic Imaging

A new technique for rapid spectroscopic imaging is presented. The proposed experiment enables a complete mapping of the two-dimensional reciprocal space k_x, k_o, and thus the acquisition of a 1D spectroscopic image in a single scan. The properties of the pulse sequence, based on the use of a burst of low flip angle pulses, are analyzed in the framework of linear response theory, and it is shown that chemical shift information may be introduced into the spatially encoded echoes. First experimental results are presented demonstrating that 32 x 32 proton spectroscopic images may be acquired within less than 1 min with a conventional imaging system.     

Fast imaging of phosphocreatine in the normal human myocardium using a three-dimensional RARE pulse sequence at 4 Tesla

PURPOSE: To investigate the use of a three-dimensional rapid acquisition with relaxation enhancement (RARE) pulse sequence for direct acquisition of phosphocreatine (PCr) images of the human myocardium. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A short elliptical birdcage radiofrequency (RF) body coil was constructed to produce a uniform flip angle throughout the chest cavity. In vivo images using a spectrally-selective RARE sequence with a spatial resolution of 1.2 cm x 1.2 cm x 2.5 cm (4 cm(3)) were acquired in nine minutes and 40 seconds. RESULTS: Scans of phantoms demonstrated excellent spectral selectivity. The signal-to-noise ratio in the myocardium ranged from 12.6 in the anterior wall to 5.3 in the mid septum. CONCLUSION: This study demonstrates that PCr data can be acquired using a three-dimensional RARE sequence with greater spatial and temporal resolution than spectroscopic techniques.     

Current Status of Optical Imaging for Evaluating Lymph Nodes and Lymphatic System

Optical imaging techniques use visual and near infrared rays. Despite their considerably poor penetration depth, they are widely used due to their safe and intuitive properties and potential for intraoperative usage. Optical imaging techniques have been actively investigated for clinical imaging of lymph nodes and lymphatic system. This article summarizes a variety of optical tracers and techniques used for lymph node and lymphatic imaging, and reviews their clinical applications. Emerging new optical imaging techniques and their potential are also described.     

Simultaneous multislice (SMS) imaging techniques

Simultaneous multislice imaging (SMS) using parallel image reconstruction has rapidly advanced to become a major imaging technique. The primary benefit is an acceleration in data acquisition that is equal to the number of simultaneously excited slices. Unlike in‐plane parallel imaging this can have only a marginal intrinsic signal‐to‐noise ratio penalty, and the full acceleration is attainable at fixed echo time, as is required for many echo planar imaging applications. Furthermore, for some implementations SMS techniques can reduce radiofrequency (RF) power deposition. In this review the current state of the art of SMS imaging is presented. In the Introduction, a historical overview is given of the history of SMS excitation in MRI. The following section on RF pulses gives both the theoretical background and practical application. The section on encoding and reconstruction shows how the collapsed multislice images can be disentangled by means of the transmitter pulse phase, gradient pulses, and most importantly using multichannel receiver coils. The relationship between classic parallel imaging techniques and SMS reconstruction methods is explored. The subsequent section describes the practical implementation, including the acquisition of reference data, and slice cross‐talk. Published applications of SMS imaging are then reviewed, and the article concludes with an outlook and perspective of SMS imaging. Magn Reson Med 75:63–81, 2016. © 2015 The Authors. Magnetic Resonance in Medicine Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of International Society of Medicine in Resonance.     

Dynamic bioluminescence imaging for quantitative tumour burden assessment using IV or IP administration of <Emphasis Type="SmallCaps">d</Emphasis>-luciferin: effect on intensity,time kinetics and repeatability of photon emission

Introduction In vivo bioluminescence imaging (BLI) is a promising technique for non-invasive tumour imaging. d-luciferin can be administrated intraperitonealy or intravenously. This will influence its availability and, therefore, the bioluminescent signal. The aim of this study is to compare the repeatability of BLI measurement after IV versus IP administration of d-luciferin and assess the correlation between photon emission and histological cell count both in vitro and in vivo. Materials and methods Fluc-positive R1M cells were subcutaneously inoculated in nu/nu mice. Dynamic BLI was performed after IV or IP administration of d-luciferin. Maximal photon emission (PE_max) was calculated. For repeatability assessment, every acquisition was repeated after 4 h and analysed using Bland–Altman method. A second group of animals was serially imaged, alternating IV and IP administration up to 21 days. When mice were killed, PE_max after IV administration was correlated with histological cell number. Results The coefficients of repeatability were 80.2% (IV) versus 95.0% (IP). Time-to-peak is shorter, and its variance lower for IV (p < 0.0001). PE_max was 5.6 times higher for IV. A trend was observed towards lower photon emission per cell in larger tumours. Conclusion IV administration offers better repeatability and better sensitivity when compared to IP. In larger tumours, multiple factors may contribute to underestimation of tumour burden. It might, therefore, be beneficial to test novel therapeutics on small tumours to enable an accurate evaluation of tumour burden. Marleen Keyaerts is a Ph. D. fellow of the Research Foundation—Flanders (Belgium; FWO).     

Temporal resolution improvement in dynamic imaging

In some dynamic imaging applications, only a fraction, 1/n, of the field of view (FOV) may show considerable change during the motion cycle. A method is presented that improves the temporal resolution for a dynamic region by a factor, n, while maintaining spatial resolution at a cost of √n in signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). Temporal resolution is improved, or alternatively, total imaging time is reduced by reducing the number of phase encodes acquired for each temporal frame by 1/n. To eliminate aliasing, a representation of the signal from the static outer portion of the FOV is constructed using all the raw data. The k-space data derived from this representation is subtracted from the original data sets, and the differences correspond to the dynamic portion of the FOV. Improved resolution results are presented in phantom studies, and in vivo phase contrast quantitative flow imaging.