扩散系数值在脑星形细胞肿瘤病理学分级中的应用

目的探讨扩散系数值对脑星形细胞肿瘤病理学分级的应用价值。方法对56例脑星形细胞肿瘤进行扩散加权成像（DWI）检查，分别测量肿瘤实质部分、瘤周水肿区、瘤周T1WI正常表现白质区（瘤周白质区）、瘤体镜面对侧正常白质区及瘤周镜面对侧正常白质区的表观扩散系数（ADC）值和指数扩散系数（EDC）值，并计算肿瘤实质部分、瘤周水肿区、瘤周白质区的相对表观扩散系数（rADC）值和相对指数扩散系数（rEDC）值。分析各测量区的扩散系数值与肿瘤病理学分级的关系。结果56例脑星形细胞肿瘤经手术病理证实，低级星形细胞瘤35例（Ⅰ、Ⅱ级），间变性星形细胞瘤8例（Ⅲ级），胶质母细胞瘤13例（Ⅳ级）。低级星形细胞瘤、间变性星形细胞瘤和胶质母细胞瘤肿瘤实质部分的ADC值分别为（1．44±0．26）×10^-3、（0．98±0．22）×10^-3和（0．83±0．15）×10^-3mm^2／s，rADC值分别为（1．91±0．39）％、（1．34±0．33）％和（1．06±0．20）％，EDC值分别为0．26±0．11、0．39±0．09和0．44±0．07，rEDC值分别为（0．55±0．20）％、（0．81±0．19）％和（0．98±0．16）％，各指标间差异均有统计学意义（F值分别为36．189、31．756、19．623和24．760，P值均为0．000）。高级星形细胞瘤（间变性星形细胞瘤和胶质母细胞瘤）的肿瘤实质部分的ADC值和rADC值分别为（0．89±0．19）×10^-3mm^2／s和（1．17±0．28）％，明显低于低级星形细胞瘤（t值分别为8．332和7．620，P值均为0．000），EDC值和rEDC值分别为0．42±0．08和（0．91±0．18）％，明显高于低级星形细胞瘤（t值分别为-6．082和-6．776，P值均为0．000）。以低级星形细胞瘤实质部分的rADC值的下限（1．52％）作为判断低、高级别星形细胞瘤阈值的准确性为89．3％。结论肿瘤实质部分的扩散系数值对脑星形细胞肿瘤的病理学分级准确性较高，尤以rADC值为佳。     

DWI对病毒性脑炎、脑梗死和脑低级星形细胞瘤的鉴别诊断价值

目的探讨扩散加权成像（DWI）对病毒性脑炎、脑梗死和脑低级星形细胞瘤的鉴别诊断价值。资料与方法26例病毒性脑炎和25例脑梗死病例在急性或亚急性阶段、19例脑低级星形细胞瘤在治疗前或手术前接受了常规MRI、DWI检查。病毒性脑炎和脑梗死病例均经临床治疗及随访证实,脑低级星形细胞瘤病例均经手术病理证实。测量并计算3组病例DWI的表观扩散系数（ADC）值和相对表观扩散系数（rADC）值,采用SAS8.2统计分析软件对各组病例ADC值之间以及rADC值之间进行统计学检验。结果病毒性脑炎平均最小ADC值和rADC值分别为（0.93±0.29）×10^-3mm^2/s和1.07±0.31,脑梗死平均最小ADC值和rADC值分别为（0.49±0.14）×10^-3mm^2/s和0.65±0.19,脑低级星形细胞瘤平均最小ADC值和rADC值分别为（1.35±0.25）×10^-3mm^2/s和1.60±0.34。病毒性脑炎、脑梗死和脑低级星形细胞瘤的平均最小ADC值（F=62.33,P〈0.01）之间以及rADC值（F=53.04,P〈0.01）之间的差异有统计学意义,脑低级星形细胞瘤的ADC值和rADC值最高,脑梗死的ADC值和rADC值最低。结论DWI的ADC值和rADC值能较好地鉴别病毒性脑炎、脑梗死和脑低级星形细胞瘤。     

头颈部病变MR扩散成像的初步研究

目的探讨MR扩散加权成像（DWI）在头颈部病变中的诊断价值。方法回顾性分析57例头颈部病变共85个病灶，其中恶性肿瘤22个（22例），良性肿瘤13个（13例），囊性或液性病灶13例共17个病灶，包括囊肿12个（8例），肿瘤坏死4个（4例），脓肿1个（1例）；淋巴结病灶33个。所有患者均经临床追踪或手术病理证实。分析各病灶在扩散敏感因子（b值）为0、500和1000s·mm^-2时DWI特点及其表观扩散系数（ADC）值。结果良、恶性肿瘤在DWI表现有所不同，13个良性肿瘤与脊髓（或脑干）的信号比值随b值增加迅速下降；22个恶性肿瘤与脊髓（或脑干）信号比值随b值增加变化不明显。恶性肿瘤的平均ADC值[（0．78±0．24）×10^-3mm^2·s^-1]低于良性肿瘤[（1．48±0．20）×10^-3mm^2·s^-1]，差异有统计学意义（t=8．9，P〈0．01）；良、恶性肿瘤的ADC值受试者特异性曲线（ROC）下面积Az值为0．971±0．030，当ADC值取1.13×10^-3mm^2·s^-1时，判断良、恶性肿瘤的敏感度为100％，特异度为90．5％，准确度90．5％。鳞状细胞癌的ADC值与分化程度相关，分化好者其ADC值高。囊性或液性病变（12个）、肿瘤坏死（4个）和脓肿（1个）在DWI上的信号强度与其组织病理成分相关，具有一定的信号特征和ADC值。淋巴结转移瘤的平均ADC值[（0．81±0．11）×10^-3mm^2·s^-1]高于良性淋巴结病变[（0．69±0．04）×10^-3mm^2·s^-1]，差异有统计学意义（t=3．48，P〈0．01），但是两者之间有较大的重叠，且在DWI上表现相仿。结论DWI和ADC值在头颈部病变的鉴别诊断中具有重要价值。     

MR扩散加权成像鉴别颅内囊性病变的价值

目的探讨MR扩散加权成像（DWI）在颅内囊性病变中的鉴别诊断价值。方法对76例经临床及手术病理证实的颅内囊性病变患者，行常规MR、DWI及增强MR检查，其中脑脓肿19例，原发性脑胶质瘤20例，小脑血管母细胞瘤4例，脑转移瘤10例，蛛网膜囊肿7例，表皮样囊肿16例。回顾性分析颅内囊性病变的DWI信号特征，定量测定囊性变区表观扩散系数（ADC）值。结果DWI上19例脑脓肿呈高信号；34例脑肿瘤患者中，除3例脑胶质瘤呈高信号、1例呈等信号，1例脑转移瘤呈高信号外，其余29例均呈低信号。各种病变ADC值分别为：脑脓肿（0．62±0．15）×10^-3 mm^2／s、脑胶质瘤（2．39±0．78）×10^-3 mm^2／s、脑血管母细胞瘤（2．68±0．40）×10^-3 mm^2／s、脑转移瘤（2．79±0．79）×10^-3 mm^2／s。脑脓肿与脑胶质瘤、脑血管母细胞瘤、脑转移瘤的囊变坏死区ADC值比较，差异均有统计学意义（P〈0．01）；脑胶质瘤与脑血管母细胞瘤、脑转移瘤的囊变坏死区ADC值比较，差异均无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。7例颅内蛛网膜囊肿的DWI呈低信号；16例表皮样囊肿DWI呈明显高信号。颅内蛛网膜囊肿和表皮样囊肿的ADC值分别为（2．96±0．36）×10^-3 mm^2／s和（0．94±0．13）×10^-3 mm^2／s，二者之间差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）。结论DWI及ADC值对鉴别脑脓肿和囊性或坏死性脑肿瘤具有重要的价值，DWI表现为低信号的颅内囊性病变可除外脑脓肿。     

复发性视神经脊髓炎脑扩散张量成像研究

目的利用扩散张量成像（DTI）探讨复发性视神经脊髓炎（RNMO）患者是否存在隐匿性脑组织损伤及其发生机制。方法对16例RNMO患者和16例性别和年龄匹配的正常志愿者脑组织的平均扩散系数（ND）和部分各向异性（FA）进行直方图和感兴趣区（ROI）分析，以P≤0．005为差异有统计学意义。结果与志愿者比较，RNMO患者脑的平均MD升高[脑组织：RNMO患者（0．95±0．02）×10^-3mm^2／s，志愿者（0．91±0．03）×10^-3mm^2，t=3．940，P〈0．001；脑白质：RNMO患者（0．82±0．02）×10^-3mm^2／s，志愿者（0．80±0．02）×10^-3mm^2／s，t=3．117，P=0．004；脑灰质：RNMO患者（1．06±0．04）×10^-3mm^2／s，志愿者（0．88±0．05）×10^-3mm^2／s，t=4．031，P〈0．001]、脑白质的FA直方图峰高抬高[RNMO患者（2．61±0．18）‰，志愿者（2．38±0．18）‰，t=3．627，P=0．001]及脑灰质的MD直方图峰高降低[RNMO患者（7．37±0．89）‰，志愿者（8．91±1．71）‰，t=3．210，P=0．003]和峰位置抬高[RNMO患者（0．83±0．02）×10^-3mm^2／s，志愿者（0．81±0．02）×10^-3mm^2／s，t=4．373，P〈0．001]；与脊髓和视神经有直接联系ROI的平均MD升高[延髓：RNMO患者（1．27±0．11）×10^-3mm^2／s，志愿者（1．11±0．10）×10^-3mm^2／s，t=4．260，P〈0．001；大脑脚：RNMO患者（1．01±0．11）×10^-3mm^2／s，志愿者（0．87±0．05）×10^-3mm^2／s，t=4．391，P〈0．001；内囊：RNMO患者（0．74±0．01）×10^-3mm^2／s，志愿者（0．72±0．01）×10^-3mm^2／s，t=4．683，P〈0．001；视放射：RNMO患者（0．88±0．03）×10^-3mm^2／s，志愿者（0．82±0．03）×10^-3mm^2／s，t=4．619，P〈0．001）、平均FA降低（延髓：RNMO患者0．27±0．01，志愿者0．29±0．03，t=2．996，P=0．005；大脑脚：RNMO患者0．49±0．04，志愿者0．54±0．03，t=4．280，P〈0．001；内囊：RNMO患者0．66±0．02，志愿者0．69±0．02，t=3．953，P〈0．001；视放射：RNMO患者0．53±0．04，志愿者0．59±0．03，t=4．705，P〈0．001）；而与脊髓和视神经无直接联系的胼胝体的平均MD[膝部：RNMO患者（0．76±0．04）×10^-3mm^2／s，志愿者（0．73±0．03）×10^-3mm^2／s；压部：RNMO患者（0．77±0．05）×10^-3mm^2／s，志愿者（0．73±0．04）×10^-3mm^2／s]和FA值（膝部：RNMO患者0．82±0．03，志愿者0．82±0．03；压部：RNMO患者0．83±0．03，志愿者0．83±0．02）差异无统计学意义（P值均〉0．005）。结论RNMO患者存在隐匿性脑组织损伤，这可能与继发于脊髓和视神经病灶的顺行和逆行性变性有关。     

通过MR扩散张量成像了解与年龄相关的豆状核变化

目的探讨MR扩散张量成像（DTI）观察豆状核年龄相关性变化的价值与意义。方法69名健康志愿者纳入本研究。入组对象按年龄分为3组：≤30岁（I）组，22例；31～50岁（Ⅱ）组，24例；〉50岁（Ⅲ）组，23例。利用DTI分别测量受试者大脑左右两侧壳核、苍白球的表观扩散系数（ADC）值、部分各向异性（FA）值及扩散张量特征值λ1、λ2、λ3。分析不同年龄组间ADC、FA、λ1、λ2、λ3值的差异及与年龄的相关性。结果I、Ⅱ、Ⅲ组的壳核ADC值分别为：（6．68±0．40）×10^-4、（6．47±0．36）×10^-4、（6．44±0．34）×10^-4mm^2／s，苍白球ADC值分别为：（6．13±0．50）×10^-4、（6．05±0．33）×10^-4、（6．05±0．52）×10$-4mm^2／s。I、Ⅱ、Ⅲ组的壳核FA值分别为：0．20±0．03、0．23±0．03、0．25±0．03，苍白球FA值分别为：0.35±0．03、0．36±0．03、0．37±0．04。各年龄组内壳核ADC值大于苍白球，而FA值小于苍白球。壳核FA值的组问差异有统计学意义（F=10．082，P=0.000），壳核I、Ⅱ、Ⅲ组入，值分别为（5．35±0．45）×10^-4、（5．04±0．46）×10^-4、（4．90±0．44）×10^-4mm^2／s，差异亦有统计学意义（F=5．675，P=0．005）；壳核FA值与年龄呈正相关（r=0．555，P〈0．01），λ3值与年龄呈负相关（r=-0.440，P〈0．01）。结论壳核FA值随年龄的增长而上升，λ3值随年龄的增长而下降。     

MR扩散加权成像在评价前列腺癌内分泌治疗中的应用价值

目的探讨内分泌治疗前后前列腺外周带癌区和非癌区的表观扩散系数（ADC）值的变化情况。方法对经手术病理或穿刺活检证实的14例前列腺癌和18例内分泌治疗6个月以上的前列腺癌患者行MR扩散加权成像（DWI）。依病理结果，将前列腺6分区归类为癌区和非癌区，测量每个分区的ADC值，同时测量每例膀胱、闭孔内肌的ADC值，对2组的结果进行比较。结果未治疗组14例癌区和非癌区的ADC值分别为（1．22±0．25）×10^-3、（1．59±0．19）×10^-3mm^2／s，差异有统计学意义（t=7．03，P〈0．01）。经内分泌治疗后的18例癌区的ADC值升高至（1．46±0．30）×10^-3mm^2／s，非癌区的ADC值为（1．59±0．24）×10^-3mm^2／s，癌区和非癌区之间ADC值差异有统计学意义（t=2．46，P〈0．05）。两组癌区之间ADC值差异有统计学意义（t=4．66，P〈0．01），非癌区、膀胱、闭孔内肌的ADC值差异无统计学意义（t值分别为0．06、0．48、1．64，P值均〉0．05）。结论ADC值用于判断前列腺癌内分泌治疗效果有应用前景。     

磁共振扩散张量成像在星形细胞瘤分级中的价值

目的 探讨磁共振扩散张量成像（DTI）技术在星形细胞瘤分级中的应用价值。资料与方法对15例1-2级星形细胞瘤及22例3～4级星形细胞瘤进行了MR检查,扫描序列包括T1WI、T2WI、液体衰减反转恢复序列（FLAIR）、DTI及增强后T1WI。结果脑部分各向异性指数（FA）图、FA彩色编码图、纤维束追踪图均能显示脑白质纤维受累情况,而常规MRI难以显示。1—2级星形细胞瘤组肿瘤区表观扩散系数（ADC）值（1．33±0．17）与3—4级星形细胞瘤组肿瘤区ADC值（1.17±0．21）比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。两组瘤周白质FA值与ADC值比较差异均有统计学意义。结论DTI可无创性显示脑自质纤维,且肿瘤区ADC值对星形细胞瘤良恶性分级有重要价值。     

磁共振扩散加权成像和ADC值在前列腺癌诊断中的应用价值

目的探讨磁共振扩散加权成像（DWI）及表观扩散系数（ADC）在前列腺癌诊断中的应用价值。资料与方法回顾分析经组织病理学证实的前列腺癌49例患者资料,DWI采用单次激发平面回波序列（EPI）。感兴趣区（ROI）包括前列腺癌、前列腺良性增生（BPH）和正常前列腺周围带,并计算相应的ADC值。结果49例前列腺癌患者血清前列腺特异抗原（PSA）平均为49.1ng/ml。肿瘤病灶ROI的ADC值在X、Y和Z轴方向分别有41、9和13例获得;前列腺良性增生分别在3个方向为39、11和13例;正常前列腺周围带为31、9和10例。前列腺癌在X、Y和Z轴方向平均ADC值分别为2.282×10^-3mm^2/s、2.293×10^-3mm^2/s和3.017×10^-3mm^2/s;BPH各个方向平均ADC值分别为2.559×10^-3mm^2/s、2.812×10^-3mm^2/s和3.585×10^-3mm^2/s;正常前列腺外周区组织3个方向的平均ADC值分别为2.892×10^-3mm^2/s、3.303×10^-3mm^2/s和4.112×10^-3mm^2/s。前列腺癌在X轴方向的ADC值明显低于相同方向前列腺增生和正常周围带的ADC值（P〈0.005）。结论DWI和ADC值在前列腺癌的诊断中应用方便、易行,ADC值是区别前列腺癌组织和非肿瘤组织的可靠指标。     

MR扩散加权成像对兔急性一氧化碳中毒后迟发性中毒脑病的预测价值

目的探讨MR扩散加权成像（DWI）对兔一氧化碳（CO）中毒迟发性中毒脑病的预测价值。方法健康大耳白兔60只，用自制CO染毒柜吸入染毒，兔昏迷后停止CO气体通入，保持染毒柜处于密闭状态6h。于染毒前及染毒后1h，3、5、7、15、30、45和60d分别行轴面及矢状面T2WI、轴面T1WI和DWI检查。未出现迟发性中毒脑病症状组（未出现组）的实验兔观察至60d为实验终点；出现了迟发性中毒脑病症状组（出现组）的实验兔观察至30～45d为实验终点。观察兔脑中毒前后大脑皮层ADC值变化规律，探讨ADC值变化与迟发性中毒脑病的关系。结果未出现组15只兔于染毒后1hADC值[（7．58±0．36）×10^4mm^2／s]较染毒前[（8．02±0．35）×10^4mm^2／s]降低（q=0．4441，P〈0．01）；染毒后5d[（7．84±0．39）×10^-4mm^2／s]开始逐渐恢复，染毒后60d恢复至染毒前的水平（P〉0．05）。出现组15只兔在染毒后1hADC值[（7．40±0．32）×10^-4mm^2／s]较染毒前[（8．08±0．32）×10^-4mm^2／s]明显降低（q=0．6728，P〈0．01）。染毒后5d[（7．88±0．44）×10^-4mm^2／s]恢复接近染毒前水平，7d又开始下降，15d下降最明显[（7．29±0．93）×10^-4mm^2／s]，至实验终点未能恢复，染毒后15d较染毒前相比差异有统计学意义（q=0．7850，P〈0．01）。结论ADC值下降程度与脑组织损害程度存在着相关性；急性期ADC值下降程度能预测迟发性中毒脑病的出现可能性，15dADC值再次明显下降提示出现了迟发性中毒脑病。     

Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) - validation of a Swedish version

The Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) is a self-administered instrument measuring outcome after knee injury at impairment, disability, and handicap level in five subscales. Reliability, validity, and responsiveness of a Swedish version was assessed in 142 patients who underwent arthroscopy because of injury to the menisci, anterior cruciate ligament, or cartilage of the knee. The clinimetric properties were found to be good and comparable to the American version of the KOOS. Comparison to the Short Form-36 and the Lysholm knee scoring scale revealed expected correlations and construct validity. Item by item, symptoms and functional limitations were compared between diagnostic groups. High responsiveness was found three months after arthroscopic partial meniscectomy for all subscales but Activities of Daily Living.     

The acutely limping child

Acute limping may be the result of multiple pathologies in children. The differential diagnosis varies based on the age of the child. Irrespective of age, the initial imaging work-up includes AP and frog leg radiographs of the pelvis and ultrasound; MRI may sometimes be helpful. In children less than 3 years, infections and trauma are most frequent. MRI is the imaging modality of choice when osteomyelitis is clinically suspected. Between the ages of 3 and 10 years, transient synovitis of the hip and Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease are main considerations but infection, inflammation and focal bony lesions are also considered. In children over 10 years, slipped capital femoral epiphysis also is considered.     

Do Balance Board Training Programs Reduce the Risk of Ankle Sprains in Athletes?

Introduction Ankle sprains are the most common musculo-skeletal injury that occurs in athletes,particularly in sports that require jumping and landing on one foot such as soccer,and basketball(1-4).These injuries often result in significant time loss from participation,long-term disability,and have a major impact on health care costs and resources(5-8).     

High Intensity Interval Training:New Insights

KEY POINTS ·High-intensity interval training(HIT)is characterized by repeated sessions of relatively brief，intermittent exercise.often performed with an“a11 out”effort or at an intensity close to that which elicits peak oxygen uptake(i.e.，≥90%of VO2 peak).     

Endovascular management of carotid-cavernous fistulas

Objective To investigate endovascular treatment of traumatic direct carotid-cavernous fistulas （CCF） and their complications such as pseudoaneurysms. Methods： Over a five-year period, 22 patients with traumatic direct CCFs were treated endovascularly in our institution. Thirteen patients were treated once with the result of CCF occluded, 8 twice and 1 three times. Treatment modalities included balloon occlusion of the CCF, sacrifice of the ipsilateral internal carotid artery with detachable balloon, coll embolization of the cavernous sinus and secondary pseudoaneurysms, and covered-stem management of the pseudoaneurysms. Results All the direct CCFs were successfully managed endovascularly. Four patients developed a pseudoaneurysm after the occlusion of the CCF with an incidence of pseudoaneurysm formation of 18.2% （4/22）. A total number of 8 patients experienced permanent occlusion of the ICA with a rate of ICA occlusion reaching 36.4% （8/22）. Followed up through telephone consultation from 6 months to 5 years, all did well with no recurrence of CCF symptoms and signs. Conclusion Traumatic direct CCFs can be successfully managed with endovascular means. The pseudoaneurysms secondary to the occlusion of the CCFs can be occluded with stent-assisted coiling and implantation of covered stents.     

Developmental validation of the PowerPlex(®) ESI 16 and PowerPlex(®) ESI 17 Systems: STR multiplexes for the new European standard

In response to the ENFSI and EDNAP groups’ call for new STR multiplexes for Europe, Promega^® developed a suite of four new DNA profiling kits. This paper describes the developmental validation study performed on the PowerPlex^® ESI 16 (European Standard Investigator 16) and the PowerPlex^® ESI 17 Systems. The PowerPlex^® ESI 16 System combines the 11 loci compatible with the UK National DNA Database^®, contained within the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® PCR Amplification Kit, with five additional loci: D2S441, D10S1248, D22S1045, D1S1656 and D12S391. The multiplex was designed to reduce the amplicon size of the loci found in the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® kit. This design facilitates increased robustness and amplification success for the loci used in the national DNA databases created in many countries, when analyzing degraded DNA samples. The PowerPlex^® ESI 17 System amplifies the same loci as the PowerPlex^® ESI 16 System, but with the addition of a primer pair for the SE33 locus. Tests were designed to address the developmental validation guidelines issued by the Scientific Working Group on DNA Analysis Methods (SWGDAM), and those of the DNA Advisory Board (DAB). Samples processed include DNA mixtures, PCR reactions spiked with inhibitors, a sensitivity series, and 306 United Kingdom donor samples to determine concordance with data generated with the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® kit. Allele frequencies from 242 white Caucasian samples collected in the United Kingdom are also presented. The PowerPlex^® ESI 16 and ESI 17 Systems are robust and sensitive tools, suitable for the analysis of forensic DNA samples. Full profiles were routinely observed with 62.5 pg of a fully heterozygous single source DNA template. This high level of sensitivity was found to impact on mixture analyses, where 54–86% of unique minor contributor alleles were routinely observed in a 1:19 mixture ratio. Improved sensitivity combined with the robustness afforded by smaller amplicons has substantially improved the quantity of data obtained from degraded samples, and the improved chemistry confers exceptional tolerance to high levels of laboratory prepared inhibitors.     

Bronchial stump fistula :treatment with covered retrievable hinged metallic stents-preliminary clinical experience

Objective To evaluate the preliminaily clinical efficacy and retrievability of a retrievable hinged covered metallic stent in the treatment of the bronchial stump fistula （BSF）. Methods Between April 2003 and March 2005, 8 patients with bronchial stump fistula after pneumonectomy or lobectomy were treated with two types （A and B） of retrievable hinged covered metallic stents. Type A stent was placed in 6 patients and type B in 2 under fluoroscopic guidance. The stent was removed with a retrieval set when BSF was healed or complications occurred. Results Stent placement in the bronchial tree was technically successful in all patients, without procedure-related complications. Immediate closure of the BSF was achieved in all patients after the procedure. Stents were removed from all patients but one. Removal of the stents was difficult in two patients due to tissue hyperplasia. Patients were followed up for 6 - 21 months. Placement of the stents remained stable in all patients except one due to severe cough. Permanent closure of BSF was achieved in 7 （87.5%） of 8 patients. Conclusion Use of a retrievable hinged covered expandable metallic stent is a simple, safe, and effective procedure for closure of the BSF. Retrieval of the stent seems to be feasible. （J Intervent Radiol, 2007, 16： 253-257）     

Prevalence and severity of hip and groin pain in sub‐elite male football: a cross‐sectional cohort study of 695 players

The purpose of this study was twofold: (a) to investigate the prevalence of hip and groin pain in sub‐elite male adult football in Denmark and (b) to explore the association between prevalence and duration of hip and groin pain in the previous season with the Copenhagen Hip and Groin Outcome Score (HAGOS) in the beginning of the new season. In total 695 respondents from 40 teams (Division 1–4) were included. Players completed in the beginning of the new season (July–Sept 2011) a self‐reported paper questionnaire on hip and/or groin pain during the previous season and HAGOS. In total 49% (95% CI: 45–52%) reported hip and/or groin pain during the previous season. Of these, 31% (95% CI: 26–36%) reported pain for >6 weeks. Players with the longest duration of pain during the previous season had the lowest HAGOS scores, when assessed at the beginning of the new season, P < 0.001. This study documents that half of sub‐elite male adult football players report pain in the hip and/or groin during a football season. The football players with the longest duration of pain in previous season displayed the lowest HAGOS scores in the beginning of the new season.