增强MR肺灌注扫描诊断肺动脉栓塞的初步研究

目的应用增强MR肺灌注扫描技术（MRPP）与增强MR肺动脉造影（MRPA）、核素肺灌注扫描相对照，初步探讨此项成像技术诊断肺动脉栓塞的敏感性及特异性。方法14例最终明确诊断为肺动脉栓塞患者，均行增强MRPA及MRPP。5例患者同时拥有核素肺通气一灌注扫描结果。3例经溶栓治疗后复查MRPA及MRPP。通过在上、中下肺野和异常区域内设置感兴趣区（ROI），测量信号强度（SI）、时间一信号曲线，获取灌注高峰期信号强度变化率。结果14例肺动脉栓塞患者，MRPA发现共62支肺动脉闭塞，MRPP共发现55个肺灌注异常区与之相吻合。符合率为88．71％，14例中MRPP显示有25个肺段合并有段及段以远的肺动脉栓塞。5例同时拥有核素扫描结果的患者，核素显示37个段灌注缺损，MRPP显示33个段，敏感度为89．19％，3例经溶栓治疗后复查MRPA和MRPP，均见受累肺动脉明显改善，肺灌注缺损区明显减少。正常灌注与灌注缺损区及低灌注区的信号强度变化率（TROS）差异有统计学意义（t=22．882，P〈0．01）。结论MRPP能够显示肺动脉栓塞的灌注缺损区和低灌注区。时间一信号曲线显示肺动脉栓塞区对比剂无灌注高峰期，信号曲线波动幅度小，信号强度变化率减低。MRPP对段及段以远的肺动脉栓塞的显示有较高的研究价值。MRPP联合MRPA可进一步提高MR诊断肺动脉栓塞的敏感度。     

肺灌注/通气显像与肺动脉造影诊断肺栓塞的对比分析

目的：评价肺灌注／通气显像诊断肿栓塞的价值。方法：回顾性分析45例疑肺栓塞患者的肺核素显像结果，并与肺动脉造影检查对照。结果：肺动脉造影诊断为肺栓塞的患者26例，有180个肺动脉支为充盈缺损，其肺灌注显像示167个节段呈完全肺段性或亚肺段缺损，符合率为92．7％。肺动脉造影显示为86个肺动脉支为部分充盈缺损，肺灌注显像有63个肺段或亚肺段缺损，符合率为73．2％（P＜0．01）。肺核素显像对肺栓塞诊断的灵敏度为92．3％，特异性为84．2％，阳性预测值和阴性预测值均为88．9％。26例肺动脉造影诊断为肺栓塞的患者，有23例行肺通气显像，通气／灌注均不匹配。结论：肺灌注／通气显像对肺栓塞诊断具有重要的临床价值。     

肺通气/灌注显像与磁共振肺动脉造影诊断肺栓塞初步对比分析

目的 通过对肺栓塞(PE)患者肺通气/灌注(V/Q)显像与磁共振肺动脉造影(MRPA)的初步对比分析,评价其临床价值.方法 28例临床及心电图改变怀疑PE的患者,其中男11例,女17例,年龄(50.1±14.4)岁,在3 d内分别行肺V/Q显像及MRPA.经肺动脉造影、手术及溶栓治疗有效证实为PE者22例,分为肺叶、肺段、亚肺段受累3个组.另6例经临床综合分析及随访诊断证实为非PE,其中1例经肺动脉造影证实.结果 肺叶PE组共10个肺叶受累,V/Q显像和MRPA检查结果一致.肺段PE组V/Q显像显示125段受累,MRPA检测139支段支动脉受累,后者检出肺段数高,但差异无统计学意义(P=0.110).亚肺段PE组,V/Q显像显示84个亚肺段受累,MRPA报告55个亚段动脉支受累,两者差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 对于肺叶和肺段PE,MRPA和V/Q显像都是灵敏的;对于亚肺段PE,V/Q显像明显优于MRPA.     

电子束CT诊断主动脉-肺动脉间隔缺损的价值

目的评价电子束CT（EBCT）对主动脉．肺动脉间隔缺损（APSD）及其合并畸形的诊断价值。方法7例APSD患者，年龄1～13岁。均行X线平片、超声心动图及EBCT检查。心电门控EBCT血管造影采用270mg I／ml非离子型对比剂碘海醇，层厚1．5～3．0mm。其中3例行心血管造影检查，2例有手术对照。将同一患者的各项影像学检查结果及手术所见进行比较并分析。结果7例主-肺动脉间隔缺损EBCT全部诊断，2例经手术证实；3例经心血管造影检查证实；超声心动图仅检出2例。同时，EBCT检查示4例合并右肺动脉起源异常、主动脉弓离断；5例合并动脉导管未闭，均经手术和（或）造影证实；超声心动图检查漏诊右肺动脉起源异常2例，漏诊主动脉弓离断2例；心血管造影漏诊动脉导管未闭1例。结论X线平片、超声心动图、心血管造影及EBCT综合影像诊断是必要的，作为无创性检查方法，EBCT在主动脉-肺动脉间隔缺损及其合并畸形诊断有重要价值。     

先天性一侧肺动脉缺如的电子束CT诊断

目的 评价电子束CT(EBCT)诊断先天性一侧肺动脉缺如的价值。方法 对经平片、超声心动图检查后拟诊为肺血管疾病或原发性肺动脉高压的患者行EBCT检查，EBCT诊断先天性一侧肺动脉缺如的11例患者入选，并与超声心动图、核素通气灌注扫描、心血管造影的检查结果作进一步的比较及评估。结果 单发一侧肺动脉缺如4例，均为女性成年人。合并多发心血管畸形7例，其中合并复杂畸形3例，均为男性儿童和左肺动脉缺如；合并单发心血管畸形4例，其中3例为右肺动脉缺如。结论 (1)儿童时期明确诊断的一侧肺动脉缺如多合并有心血管畸形，且左肺动脉缺如多见，成年人明确诊断的单发一侧肺动脉缺如多为右肺动脉缺如。(2)EBCT对先天性一侧肺动脉缺如的诊断有较高的实用价值，较之多普勒超声更为准确，与心血管造影各具独特优势，但EBCT为无创检查是其特点。     

电子束CT心肌灌注色彩编码技术的应用

目的 探讨利用电子束CT（EBCT）心肌灌注色彩编码技术分析心肌缺血性改变的影像学意义及临床价值。方法 34例临床诊断心肌缺血患者进行了EBCT长轴或短轴多层电影和血流检查，经后处理得到左室心肌色彩编码参量图像及相关参数。34例中，心电图诊断心肌缺血28例，超声心动图诊断心肌缺血31例，核素心肌显像检查报告34例61个节段心肌缺血。结果 EBCT检查报告34例54个节段心肌缺血，前壁18个节段、前间壁4个节段、侧壁15个节段、下后壁9个节段、心尖8个节段。EBCT报告心肌梗死的6例，核素心肌显像检查均得到同样的诊断。结论 心肌灌注色彩编码参量图可客观反映心肌的缺血性改变，与核素心肌显像检查有良好的致相关性，且直观效果强；同时，能为EBCT冠状动脉造影诊断冠状动脉狭窄提供佐证信息，提高其诊断准确性。     

肺通气/灌注显像对急性肺血栓栓塞症患者的诊断价值

目的 评价放射性核素肺通气／灌注（V／Q）显像在急性肺血栓栓塞症（PTE）诊断中的价值及国人肺动脉血栓栓塞后肺血流灌注受损情况和受累肺段、肺叶的分布特点。方法 采用前瞻性描述性研究方法，将明确诊断为PTE的519例患者分为大面积、次大面积PTE组（249例）和非大面积（不含次大面积）PTE组（270例）。对519例急性PTE患者均进行了肺V／Q显像，其中有773例次与CT肺动脉造影（CTPA）结果进行了对比分析。结果 在治疗前行肺V／Q显像和CTPA的PTE患者中，PTE的总检出率分别为93．3％和89．3％（P〉0．05）；急性大面积和次大面积PTE组的检出率分别为86．9％和100％（P〈0．001）；急性非大面积PTE组的检出率分别为98．2％和77．5％（P〈0．001）。肺V／Q显像示病变分布的特点为：右肺多于左肺，下叶多于上叶，背段多于前段。肺V／Q显像与CTPA的符合率比较：肺高于肺叶，肺叶高于肺段，溶栓组高于抗凝组。结论 肺V／Q显像在急性PTE的诊断中具有重要的作用和独特的价值，与CTPA联合应用，可起到决定性的诊断作用。PTE患者肺内血栓的分布特点符合“浓度守衡定律”。     

原发性肺动脉肿瘤的影像学诊断

目的：探讨原发性肺动脉肿瘤临床及影像学特点。方法：对3例经手术、病理证实的原发性肺动脉肿瘤（良性间叶细胞瘤、恶性间叶细胞瘤及纤维肉瘤各1例）进行回顾性分析。3例均经胸部X线平片、电子束CT（EBCT）、核素肺灌注显像、超声心动图及肺动脉造影进行检查。结果：2例EBCT检查作出正确诊断，其中1例其他影像学检查均考虑肺动脉栓塞；另1例所有影像学检查均误诊为肺动脉栓塞。结论：原发肺动脉肿瘤非常少见，临床无特异性，诊断困难。X线平片、CT及肺动脉造影均有其相应的征象，但均为非特异性，综合影像学检查是必要的。     

放射性核素肺显像与螺旋CT诊断急性肺栓塞的对比研究

目的 比较肺通气／灌注（V／Q）显像与多层螺旋CT肺动脉造影（CTPA）在诊断急性肺动脉血栓栓塞症（PTE）方面的临床价值。方法 前瞻性分析2005年10月～2006年5月共51例临床疑诊急性PTE患者的肺灌注显像，其中18例行肺通气显像，并与CTPA对比。以汇总所有临床资料、各实验室检查及影像学检查后讨论得出的最终诊断作为“标准”。结果 最终24位患者被诊断为PTE占47．1％（24／51例），V／Q显像与CTPA的灵敏度分别为95．8％（23／24例）和95．8％（23／24例），特异性分别为88．9％（24／27例）和92．6％（25／27例），准确性分别为92．2％（47／51例）和94．1％（48／51例）。在定性诊断方面，2种影像学检查结果差异无统计学意义（χ^2=0．14，P=0．71），两者定性诊断符合率为86．3％（44／51例），Kappa值为0．73。24例PTE患者中，CTPA显示为“完全阻塞”的肺动脉血管所对应的44个肺段中，肺灌注显像显示为“放射性稀疏、缺损”的肺段数为32个（72．7％）；CTPA显示为“部分充盈缺损”的肺动脉血管所对应的266个肺段中，肺灌注显像显示为“放射性稀疏、缺损”的肺段数为155个（58．3％），显示为“亚肺段放射性稀疏、缺损”的肺段数为9个（3．4％）。结论 V／Q显像与CTPA在PTE定性诊断方面符合率高，一致性好，但在定位方面存在差异；两者为互补关系。     

肺灌注/通气显像与肺动脉造影诊断肺动脉栓塞的对比研究

目的评价核素肺通气/灌注(V/Q)显像在肺动脉栓塞(PE)诊断中的价值。方法临床疑有PE患者30例,男女各15例,平均年龄(38.2±13.9)岁。均行胸部X线片检查、核素V/Q显像和肺动脉造影。11例患者在行肺灌注显像时,选择双侧足背静脉注射肺灌注显像剂,同时完成双下肢静脉显像。结果30例患者中22例V/Q显像示不相匹配的肺叶、肺段或多发亚肺段的放射性分布稀疏或缺损,提示为PE;但肺动脉造影证实22例中20例为PE。8例患者的V/Q显像为相匹配的肺叶、肺段或多发亚肺段的稀疏或缺损,提示不是PE,与肺动脉造影结果一致。核素V/Q显像诊断PE的灵敏度为100%（20/20例）,特异性为80.0%（8/10例）,准确性为93.3%（28/30例）。X线胸片和核素下肢静脉显像有助于PE的正确诊断。结论多数PE患者通过核素肺V/Q显像结合X线胸片可以作出明确诊断,少数肺V/Q显像与临床表现不符的患者需行肺动脉造影。     

Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) - validation of a Swedish version

The Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) is a self-administered instrument measuring outcome after knee injury at impairment, disability, and handicap level in five subscales. Reliability, validity, and responsiveness of a Swedish version was assessed in 142 patients who underwent arthroscopy because of injury to the menisci, anterior cruciate ligament, or cartilage of the knee. The clinimetric properties were found to be good and comparable to the American version of the KOOS. Comparison to the Short Form-36 and the Lysholm knee scoring scale revealed expected correlations and construct validity. Item by item, symptoms and functional limitations were compared between diagnostic groups. High responsiveness was found three months after arthroscopic partial meniscectomy for all subscales but Activities of Daily Living.     

Endovascular management of carotid-cavernous fistulas

Objective To investigate endovascular treatment of traumatic direct carotid-cavernous fistulas （CCF） and their complications such as pseudoaneurysms. Methods： Over a five-year period, 22 patients with traumatic direct CCFs were treated endovascularly in our institution. Thirteen patients were treated once with the result of CCF occluded, 8 twice and 1 three times. Treatment modalities included balloon occlusion of the CCF, sacrifice of the ipsilateral internal carotid artery with detachable balloon, coll embolization of the cavernous sinus and secondary pseudoaneurysms, and covered-stem management of the pseudoaneurysms. Results All the direct CCFs were successfully managed endovascularly. Four patients developed a pseudoaneurysm after the occlusion of the CCF with an incidence of pseudoaneurysm formation of 18.2% （4/22）. A total number of 8 patients experienced permanent occlusion of the ICA with a rate of ICA occlusion reaching 36.4% （8/22）. Followed up through telephone consultation from 6 months to 5 years, all did well with no recurrence of CCF symptoms and signs. Conclusion Traumatic direct CCFs can be successfully managed with endovascular means. The pseudoaneurysms secondary to the occlusion of the CCFs can be occluded with stent-assisted coiling and implantation of covered stents.     

The acutely limping child

Acute limping may be the result of multiple pathologies in children. The differential diagnosis varies based on the age of the child. Irrespective of age, the initial imaging work-up includes AP and frog leg radiographs of the pelvis and ultrasound; MRI may sometimes be helpful. In children less than 3 years, infections and trauma are most frequent. MRI is the imaging modality of choice when osteomyelitis is clinically suspected. Between the ages of 3 and 10 years, transient synovitis of the hip and Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease are main considerations but infection, inflammation and focal bony lesions are also considered. In children over 10 years, slipped capital femoral epiphysis also is considered.     

Do Balance Board Training Programs Reduce the Risk of Ankle Sprains in Athletes?

Introduction Ankle sprains are the most common musculo-skeletal injury that occurs in athletes,particularly in sports that require jumping and landing on one foot such as soccer,and basketball(1-4).These injuries often result in significant time loss from participation,long-term disability,and have a major impact on health care costs and resources(5-8).     

High Intensity Interval Training:New Insights

KEY POINTS ·High-intensity interval training(HIT)is characterized by repeated sessions of relatively brief，intermittent exercise.often performed with an“a11 out”effort or at an intensity close to that which elicits peak oxygen uptake(i.e.，≥90%of VO2 peak).     

Developmental validation of the PowerPlex(®) ESI 16 and PowerPlex(®) ESI 17 Systems: STR multiplexes for the new European standard

In response to the ENFSI and EDNAP groups’ call for new STR multiplexes for Europe, Promega^® developed a suite of four new DNA profiling kits. This paper describes the developmental validation study performed on the PowerPlex^® ESI 16 (European Standard Investigator 16) and the PowerPlex^® ESI 17 Systems. The PowerPlex^® ESI 16 System combines the 11 loci compatible with the UK National DNA Database^®, contained within the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® PCR Amplification Kit, with five additional loci: D2S441, D10S1248, D22S1045, D1S1656 and D12S391. The multiplex was designed to reduce the amplicon size of the loci found in the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® kit. This design facilitates increased robustness and amplification success for the loci used in the national DNA databases created in many countries, when analyzing degraded DNA samples. The PowerPlex^® ESI 17 System amplifies the same loci as the PowerPlex^® ESI 16 System, but with the addition of a primer pair for the SE33 locus. Tests were designed to address the developmental validation guidelines issued by the Scientific Working Group on DNA Analysis Methods (SWGDAM), and those of the DNA Advisory Board (DAB). Samples processed include DNA mixtures, PCR reactions spiked with inhibitors, a sensitivity series, and 306 United Kingdom donor samples to determine concordance with data generated with the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® kit. Allele frequencies from 242 white Caucasian samples collected in the United Kingdom are also presented. The PowerPlex^® ESI 16 and ESI 17 Systems are robust and sensitive tools, suitable for the analysis of forensic DNA samples. Full profiles were routinely observed with 62.5 pg of a fully heterozygous single source DNA template. This high level of sensitivity was found to impact on mixture analyses, where 54–86% of unique minor contributor alleles were routinely observed in a 1:19 mixture ratio. Improved sensitivity combined with the robustness afforded by smaller amplicons has substantially improved the quantity of data obtained from degraded samples, and the improved chemistry confers exceptional tolerance to high levels of laboratory prepared inhibitors.