血管内超声在冠心病诊治中的应用

目的　探讨血管内超声 (IVUS)在冠状动脉粥样硬化诊断及治疗中的作用。方法　对 6 0例行冠状动脉造影 (CAG)患者的 76处冠状动脉血管段行IVUS检测。结果　IVUS在显示血管壁的形态结构 ,斑块性质方面敏感性高于冠状动脉造影。与IVUS相比 ,CAG低估冠脉病变的严重程度 (P <0 .0 0 1)。CAG示冠脉内斑块不明显 ,IVUS检测显示需要手术干预的病变血管 37处 ;CAG示冠脉内斑块明显但不需手术干预的病变血管 31处。结论　IVUS能准确诊断冠状动脉粥样硬化病变 ,IVUS能准确选择支架适应证 ,帮助选择支架大小 ,IVUS是目前冠心病诊断及指导支架置入的最佳手段     

多层螺旋CT对冠状动脉粥样硬化斑块的显示结果及与超声结果的比较

目的评价多层螺旋CT（MSCT）探查无明显管腔狭窄的冠状动脉粥样硬化斑块的能力及准确性。方法共35例连续患者行冠状动脉内超声（IVUS）及16层MSCT检查，其中30例MSCT成像成功。对94支无明显狭窄的冠状动脉节段MSCT及IVUS图像行对照研究，逐一分析每支冠状动脉节段是否出现粥样硬化斑块。IVUS根据斑块回声特点将斑块分为钙化斑块、纤维斑块和软斑块，MSCT则测量斑块密度，以CT值表示。结果对照IVUS结果，MSCT对出现任何粥样硬化斑块节段的诊断敏感性为82．1％（46／56），特异性为89．5％（34／38）。对于含钙化斑块的节段，MSCT诊断敏感性为92．1％（35／38），特异性为96．4％（54／56）。对于含非钙化斑块的节段，MSCT诊断敏感性为73．2％（30／41），特异性为88．7％（47／53）。对于仅含非钙化斑块的节段，MSCT诊断敏感性为66．7％（12／18）。MSCT分析54个斑块平均CT值，按照IVUS分类，钙化斑块19个，纤维斑块19个，软斑块16个，对应CT值分别为：钙化斑块（489±169）HU（196～817HU），纤维斑块（69±21）HU（25～117HU）以及软斑块（23±18）HU（-12～47HU）。非参数Kruskal-Wallis检验显示3组斑块MSCT测量密度CT值间差异有统计学意义（P值均〈0．01）；两种方法对斑块面积的测量具有相关性（r=0．58，P〈0．01），MSCT测定斑块平均面积为5．3mm^2，IVUS为5．6mm^2。结论MSCT对无明显管腔狭窄的冠状动脉粥样硬化斑块有良好的探查能力。根据斑块密度（CT值）差异，MSCT能区分不同类型冠状动脉粥样斑块。对斑块面积测量，MSCT与IVUS结果具有相关性。     

多层螺旋CT冠状动脉成像在冠心病中的临床应用

目的　评价多层螺旋CT冠状动脉造影 (MSCTA)在冠心病中的应用价值。方法　对4 0例冠心病患者 (35例拟诊冠心病 ,5例冠状动脉支架或搭桥术后患者 )进行了心电门控螺旋CT(MSCT)增强扫描 ,所得数据传到工作站进行三维重建 ,并与冠状动脉造影结果相对照。结果　 4 0例患者中对 16 0支冠状动脉 (简称冠脉 )进行了MSCT三维重建 ,35例拟诊者中 4例MSCTA和DSA排除了冠脉疾病 ;31例 12 4支冠脉中 ,MSCTA对于显示近中段≥ 5 0 %的狭窄有一定的准确性 (敏感性 81 8% ,特异性 90 1% ) ,不能显示轻度狭窄病变、远端或细小分支病变 ;可以发现并判断粥样硬化斑块的类型 ,显示斑块的形态及引起狭窄的程度。钙化斑块特别是钙化范围广者可引起管腔轻度狭窄 (冠状动脉腔径狭窄 <5 0 % ) ,非钙化斑块则引起较明显的狭窄 (冠状动脉腔径狭窄≥ 5 0 % )。 4例冠状动脉支架和 1例冠状动脉搭桥术后均可清晰显示支架和血管桥的位置及远端血流情况。结论MSCTA是有效可靠的冠心病诊断方法 ,对病变血管管腔狭窄、粥样硬化斑块的评价有一定的应用价值。它作为一种非创伤性检查方法 ,可替代DSA用于易碎软斑块的早期检查。     

糖尿病和非糖尿病胸痛患者64层螺旋CT冠状动脉斑块特点的对照研究

目的利用64层螺旋cT冠状动脉造影研究糖尿病和非糖尿病胸痛患者冠状动脉斑块的特点。方法收集120例胸痛患者（糖尿病组60例,非糖尿病组60例）64层螺旋cT冠状动脉造影成像资料,观察2N患者冠状动脉斑块的分布特点与类型,并进行对照研究。并将糖尿病组60例患者根据病程将其分成3组（〈5年,5-10年,〉10年）,并对各组冠状动脉狭窄及斑块性质进行评价。结果本组120例患者共计1800段血管进行分析,其中糖尿病组存在斑块297段,而非糖尿病组存在斑块119段（χ2=99．057,P〈0．01）,糖尿病组单支病变的比例明显少于非糖尿病组,糖尿病组2支及以上的病变发生率明显高于非糖尿病组（P〈0．01）。受累血管段分布中,以左冠前降支受累差异有统计学意义（χ2=5．626,P〈0．05）,而左冠主干、回旋支及右侧冠状动脉均无明显差异。在斑块类型分布中,糖尿病组以软斑块和混合斑块为主（P〈0．05）。60例糖尿病患者中,〈5年组斑块发生率14．2％（64／450）,病变以软斑块为主,管腔以轻度狭窄为主;5～10年组斑块发生率为46．7％（112／240）,病变以混合性斑块为主,管腔呈现中度狭窄为主;〉10年组斑块发生率57．6％（121／210）,病变以混合斑块和钙化斑块为主,管腔多呈中．重度狭窄。结论64层螺旋CT冠状动脉造影能够比较准确地反映糖尿病和非糖尿病胸痛患者的粥样斑块之间的差异,同时能够准确识别斑块分布和特征,进行危险评估,指导临床选择合适的治疗方案。     

浅谈64层螺旋CT冠状动脉造影扫描技术及影响图像质量的因素

目的探讨多层螺旋CT冠状动脉造影（MSCTA）的方法及影响图像质量的因素。方法82例临床疑有冠心病的患者均经MSCTA检查，其中，46例疑有冠状动脉狭窄的患者又行选择性冠状动脉造影，评价MSCTA对冠状动脉近段、中段和远段的显示能力，分析影响图像质量的因素。结果MSCTA对冠状动脉近、中段的显示率达93．2％以上，对冠状动脉远段的显示略差。结论MSCTA可作为冠状动脉粥样硬化疾病的筛选手段，显示冠状动脉图像清晰可靠。     

64排128层螺旋CT血管造影成像技术对颈内动脉粥样硬化狭窄性病变的诊断价值简

目的：探讨64排128层螺旋CT血管造影成像技术（MSCTA）在颈内动脉粥样硬化狭窄性病变诊断中的应用价值。方法回顾性分析行颅颈部CTA检查的31例缺血性脑血管病患者的临床资料,患者全部行颅颈部CTA检查,对其颈动脉成像质量进行评价。结果本组31例缺血性脑血管病患者检查共发现病变血管43支,轻度狭窄20支（46％）,中度狭窄14支（33％）,重度狭窄7支（16％）,闭塞2支（5％）。其中1级可评价血管显示率为87％,2级可评价血管显示率为11％,3级可评价血管显示率为2％。结论64排128层MSCTA可用于颈内动脉粥样硬化狭窄性病变的诊断。     

64层螺旋CT及其联合心肌酶检查用于急性心源性胸痛诊断的价值

目的 探讨64层螺旋CT及其联合心肌酶检查用于诊断急性心源性胸痛的价值.方法 对70例急性心源性胸痛患者及35例正常对照进行64层螺旋CT血管成像(MSCTA)、血清心肌酶检查.结果 MSCTA联合心肌酶检查诊断急性心源性胸痛特异性为100.00％,敏感性为95.71％,均显著高于单用MSCTA时的94.29％和90.00％(P＜0.05);MSCTA在诊断冠状动脉狭窄时发现狭窄数量稍低于冠状动脉造影,但无统计学意义(P＞0.05);MSCT分辨钙化粥样斑块CT值为(341.66士308.43)HU,而非钙化粥样斑块CT值为(59.89士67.94)HU,差异具有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 64层螺旋CT联合心肌酶诊断急性心源性胸痛时具有良好的特异性与敏感性,64层螺旋CT还可用于判断冠状动脉狭窄与斑块性质.     

多层螺旋CT冠状动脉造影扫描技术及图像质量的影响因素

目的探讨多层螺旋CT冠状动脉造影(MSCTA)的方法及影响图像质量的因素。资料与方法对106例临床疑有冠心病的患者进行MSCTA,其中58例疑有冠状动脉狭窄的患者进行了选择性冠状动脉造影,评价MSCT对冠状动脉近段、中段和远段的显示能力,分析影响图像质量的因素。结果MSCTA对冠状动脉近中段的显示率达91．2％以上,对冠状动脉远段的显示较差。结论MSCTA可作为冠状动脉粥样硬化疾病的筛选手段,显示冠状动脉图像清晰可靠。     

冠状动脉粥样硬化斑块成份的CT定量研究

目的：探讨在双源CTA检查中冠状动脉粥样硬化易损斑块和稳定斑块各组份构成比方面的差异,提高对易损斑块的认识。方法：回顾性分析53例行双源CT冠状动脉成像和血管造影（CAG）检查的急性冠脉综合征（ACS）和稳定型心绞痛（SAP）患者的病例资料,分别测量ACS患者罪犯病变处斑块（易损斑块）、稳定斑块及sAP患者稳定斑块的体积,分析比较这3组病变的斑块负荷量;测量3组病变斑块内脂质和钙化成份的体积,并分析其构成比。所有数据采用SPSS17．0软件进行统计学分析。结果：罪犯病变处的斑块负荷量明显高于稳定性病变处（P〈0．05）,3组分别为50．45％±10．03％、36．35％±11．17％、42．39％±11．77％。易损斑块组的脂质含量明显高于2组稳定斑块,三者的脂质含量百分比分别为43．82％±14．74％、14．65％±13．11％和14．47％±11．85％,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）;易损斑块钙化所占百分比明显低于稳定斑块,三组分别为23．21％±16．80％、57．68％±26．78％和60．74％±25．74％（P〈0．05）。两组稳定斑块之间的脂质和钙化百分比差异无统计学意义（P=0．958）。根据斑块内脂质（〉31．5％）和钙化百分比（〈41％）诊断易损斑块的敏感度、特异度、阳性预测值（PPV）和阴性预测值（NPV）分别为89．5％、87．0％、79．1％和93．8％。结论：双源CT冠状动脉血管成像可作为冠状动脉粥样硬化易损斑块的有效检测方法。     

64层MDCT评价冠脉粥样硬化斑块的准确性:与IVUS对照研究

目的:评价64层MDCT在判断冠脉粥样硬化斑块性质及测量血管大小、斑块负担的应用价值。方法:14例患者经MDCT显示的位于冠脉近、中段的粥样硬化斑块作为研究对象,在斑块的最大层面测量斑块的CT值,根据CT值将斑块分类。并测量、计算最小管腔面积、血管外膜面积,斑块面积、斑块负荷。以IVUS为金标准,分别计算MDCT判断斑块性质的敏感性、特异性及各类斑块的平均CT值,并对血管测量进行统计学分析。结果:14例患者粥样硬化斑块25个,软斑块11个,纤维斑块7个,钙化斑块7个,平均CT值分别为49±32HU,93±23HU,1138±350HU。MDCT对脂质、纤维和钙化斑块诊断的敏感性和特异性分别为90.9%和92.9%;85.7%和94.4%;100%和100%。MDCT测量的管腔面积、血管面积、斑块面积、斑块负荷高于IVUS测量的结果,但两者之间没有统计学差异。结论:64层MDCT是一种准确无创的诊断和测量冠脉粥样硬化斑块的工具。     

In vitro evaluation of 56 coronary artery stents by 256-slice multi-detector coronary CT

Objective

We sought to investigate stent lumen visibility of 56 coronary stents with the newest 256-multi-slice-CT (256-MDCT) technology for different reconstruction algorithms in an in vitro model.

Background

Early identification of in-stent restenosis (ISR) is important to avoid recurrent ischemia and prevent acute myocardial infarction (AMI). Since angiography has the disadvantage of high costs and its invasiveness, MDCT could be a convenient and safe non-invasive alternative for detection of ISR.

Material and methods

Percentages of in-stent lumen diameter and in-stent signal attenuation (measured as contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR)) of 56 coronary stents (group A ≤2.5 mm; group B = 2.75–3.0 mm; group C = 3.5–4.0 mm) were evaluated in a coronary vessel in vitro phantom (iodine-filled plastic tubes) employing four different reconstruction algorithms (XCD, CC, CD, XCB) on a novel 256-MDCT (Philips-iCT, collimation = 128 mm × 0.625 mm; rotation time = 270 ms; tube current = 800 mA s with 120 kV). Analysis was conducted with the semi-automatical full-width-at-half-maximum (FWHM) method. P-values <0.05 were regarded statistically significant.

Results

In-stent lumen diameter >60% for group C stents was significantly larger and CNR was significantly lower (both p < 0.05) for sharp kernels (CD; XCD) when compared to groups A/B. The FWHM-method showed significantly smaller in-stent lumen diameter (p < 0.05) when compared to the manual method.

Conclusion

256-MDCT could potentially be employed for clinical assessment of stent patency in stents >3.0 mm when analysed with cardio-dedicated sharp kernels, although clinical studies corroborating this claim should be performed. However, stents ≤3.0 mm reconstructed by soft kernels revealed insufficient in-stent lumen visualisation and should not be used in clinical practice.Further improvements in spatial and temporal image resolution as well as reductions of radiation exposure and image noise have to be accomplished for the ambitious goal of characterising both CT coronary artery anatomy and in-stent lumen.     

Translumbar selective coronary arteriography

Translumbar selective coronary arteriography was performed using a preshaped 7 French coronary catheter introduced over the long translumbar needle. The patients had abdominal aortic occlusion, left subclavian artery occlusion, and innominate artery stenosis, which precluded the usual angiographic approaches.     

^99Tc^m-MIBI运动负荷-静息心肌灌注显像对冠心病患者经皮腔内冠状动脉血管成形术的疗效评价

目的 用^99Tc^m-甲氧基异丁基异腈（^99Tc^m-MIBI）运动-静息心肌灌注显像评价经皮腔内冠状动脉成形术（PTCA）的疗效。方法20例冠心病患者在PTCA术前和术后应用^99Tc^m-MIBI行运动负荷．静息心肌灌注显像,并对图像进行半定量分析。其中8例患者于术后6个月再次心肌灌注显像。结果对20例患者的27支冠状动脉呈狭窄病变进行PTCA,术前血管的平均狭窄为（84．3±9．2）％,术后平均残留狭窄减为（31．2±9．1）％。运动负荷-静息显像显示可逆性缺损（心肌缺血）的心肌节段数由术前的55个（30．6％）减为术后的10个（5．6％）,差异有显著性（x^2=38．02,P〈0．005）。术后心肌灌注的改善率为81．8％,8例患者术后6个月心肌显像显示3例出现缺血节段,冠状血管造影证实为再狭窄。结论^99Tc^m-MIBI运动负荷-静息心肌灌注显像是一种有效的无创性的判断PTCA术后疗效及再狭窄的方法。     

Fatal atheromatous embolization during coronary angiography

Multiple fatal embolism following left heart catheterization is described in two patients. Postmortem examination showed friable atheromatous aortic plaques as the likely source of emboli that clinically involved the heart, peripheral blood vessels, brain, gastrointestinal system and solid organs. Histologic examination showed widespread arterial embolism by atheromatous material.     

实时冠状动脉定量分析在经皮冠状动脉介入治疗术中的应用

目的 探讨实时冠状动脉定量分析(QCA)在经皮冠状动脉介入治疗(PCI)中的有效性和可靠件.方法 在PCI治疗中,应用目测法与QCA进行术中分析,采用t检验和方差分析,对两种方法的各项参数进行对比.结果 研究共入选102例患者,应用QCA法与目测法对比,判断病变长度[分别为(22.9±8.9)、(24.8±10.6)mm,t=9.63]、狭窄汽径[分别为(3.0±0.4)、(2.9±0.7)mm,t=6.31]、狭窄面积[分别为(87.8±10.7)、(85.0±12.9)mm2,t=2.54)差异均有统计学意义(P值均<0.05);不同病变之间应用QCA法与目测法对比,判断病变也不同.应用QCA指导支架置入后靶病变直径狭窄率、面积狭窄率均<20%的国际标准.结论 QCA能够有效、可靠地指导支架置入.     

Fatal cases of congenital coronary aneurysms in young persons

Summary The literature of coronary aneurysms is reviewed. Such lesions are rare and amongst the approximately 100 cases published only 16 fulfil the criteria of being congenital in origin.This paper deals with 3 cases of congenital coronary aneurysms in young persons — 33, 14 and 21 years of age — of which two showed multiple aneurysms. In all cases the cause of death was due to compromised coronary circulation due to the coronary aneurysm.Differential diagnostic difficulties against arteriosclerotic aneurysms are elucidated. Low age in connection with histologic normal vessels, multiplicity and the presence of additional congenital malformations support the congenital etiology.

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Zusammenfassung Die Literatur über Coronaraneurysmen wird durchgearbeitet. Es werden hier gut 100 Fälle erwähnt, aber nur in 16 Fällen ist das Leiden als angeboren anzusehen.Es wird über 3 Fälle von angeborenen Coronaraneurysmen bei jüngeren Personen (33, 14 und 21 Jahre alt) berichtet, von denen 2 multiple Aneurysmen aufweisen. In sämtlichen Fällen war der Tod auf erschwerten Coronarkreislauf zurückzuführen. Es wird betont, daß das Leiden außerordentlich selten vorkommt.Die differentialdiagnostischen Schwierigkeiten den arteriosklerotischen Coronaraneurysmen gegenüber werden hervorgehoben. Junges Alter in Verbindung mit im übrigen histologisch normalen Gefäßen, Multiplizität sowie das Vorhandensein von anderen angeborenen Mißbildungen sind Faktoren, die für eine kongenitale Ätiologie sprechen.

     

Complications of coronary arteriography: A follow-up report

A nationwide survey of complications due to coronary arteriography during 1973–74 yielded responses from 176 hospitals (89,079 coronary arteriograms). The overall mortality rate three times as high for non-heparinized as for heparinized patients. In institutions performing fewer than 100 examinations per year, the combined incidence of death, myocardial infarction, and cerebral embolism was five times higher than in institutions performing more than 400 examinations per year. Left main coronary artery or three-vessel disease was present in most patients who died of the procedure. Compared to a previous survey of 1970–71, there was a profound decrease in significant complications (including death, myocardial infarction, and cerebral embolism) and entry site complications such as thrombosis. A reduction in mortality with the femoral technique since 1971 was not accounted for by heparinization and may reflect increasing experience with the method and shorter angiographic times. Supported in part by USPHS grants HL20895, HL05832, and GM18674     

Three-dimensional MR imaging of the coronary arteries: Preliminary clinical experience

A three-dimensional (3D) magnetization-prepared (MP) rapid gradient-echo (RAGE) and 3D RAGE technique was used to image the coronary arteries in healthy volunteers and patients with known disease. Each sequence produced images of volumes partitioned into 16 thin sections with differing blood-fat-myocardium contrast. The two types of images were subtracted to null fat signal, thus producing a third image set that showed flowing blood. Total imaging time was about 17 minutes. In the volunteers, the 3D MP-RAGE and subtraction images consistently showed the morphology of the right coronary artery. The left main and left anterior descending arteries were also well seen. The circumflex artery was less consistently identified. Of the 17 diseased coronary artery segments identified at catheterization, 16 had altered signal intensity (narrowing, occlusion, reduced contrast-to-noise ratio, irregularity) on the subtraction images, while 13 had altered signal intensity on the 3D MP-RAGE images. The results indicate that this 3D MP-RAGE and 3D RAGE technique has potential utility as a screening method for coronary heart disease.