内镜下套扎联合硬化术及药物治疗食管胃底静脉曲张出血的临床疗效观察

目的观察内镜下食管静脉曲张套扎联合硬化术及药物治疗肝硬化食管胃底静脉曲张出血（EGV）的临床疗效。方法回顾性分析86例确诊为肝硬化食管静脉曲张出血患者,随机分为对照组和观察组各43例,对照组行生长抑素、泮托拉唑、心得安等药物治疗,观察组行内镜下套扎联合聚桂醇硬化术及生长抑素、泮托拉唑、心得安等药物治疗,观察所有食管静脉曲张出血患者1、3、6、12、18个月后的临床效果。比较两组食管胃底静脉曲张总消失率、再出血率、不良反应及并发症发生率。结果观察组曲张静脉总消失率、早期再出血率、远期再出血率、不良反应及并发症发生率明显低于对照组,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论内镜下食管静脉曲张套扎联合硬化术及药物治疗是治疗食管胃底静脉曲张出血安全有效的方法,疗效确切,提高了患者生存率,适合基层医院开展应用。     

The management of acutely bleeding varices by injection sclerotherapy

Acutely bleeding varices present a therapeutic dilemma because of the limited efficacy and high complication rates of conventional treatments. Over a period of 26 months, 56 episodes of acutely bleeding varices were treated with injection sclerotherapy as the initial management. Immediate control of haemorrhage was achieved in 91% of patients and control of bleeding during the hospital admission in 84%. Balloon tamponade and surgery were reserved for those patients in whom bleeding was not controlled by sclerotherapy; in 66% of patients the bleeding was controlled by sclerotherapy alone. Of the 56 episodes, 75% survived their admission to hospital. Acute injection sclerotherapy is as least as effective as conventional therapies in the control of bleeding with a low incidence of complications. The technique can be used in all patients irrespective of the severity of their liver disease and, when bleeding is controlled, allows the physician the choice of all the available prophylactic therapies.     

Arterial vasoconstrictor therapy for bleeding oesophageal varices.

Upper gastrointestinal bleeding in patients with hepatic cirrhosis carries considerable mortality. Difficulties are encountered both in determining the source of bleeding and in controlling blood loss. The techniques of selective visceral angiography not only supply diagnostic information, but can be used to administer selective intra-arterial vasoconstrictor therapy to control blood loss. We report our experience with 28 patients in whom angiography was performed with particular reference to six patients treated with selective vasoconstrictor therapy. Although the precise role of the technique is not yet established, early experience is most promising. We believe it will play an important role in a difficult group of patients in the future and may well supplant present methods of controlling bleeding.     

Acute respiratory insufficiency after endoscopy for bleeding oesophageal varices

Two patients with alcoholic liver disease and gross ascites underwent endoscopic injection and compression by Sengstaken tube of oesophageal varices under general anaesthesia. Postoperatively both patients developed acute respiratory failure, which resolved after air had been aspirated from the stomach via the Sengstaken tube. All air should be aspirated at the end of the procedure in patients with ascites who undergo endoscopy, and respiration should be carefully supervised postoperatively.     

Management of bleeding oesophageal varices: an eight-year prospective study

Ninety-one patients (56 men) were admitted with bleeding oesophageal varices on 132 occasions from 1972 to 1980 to the haematemesis and melaena unit of Prince Henry's Hospital, Melbourne. For 73 patients, alcoholic liver disease was the cause of portal hypertension. The management protocol for varices included early endoscopy, medical-surgical liaison, balloon tamponade for continued bleeding and strict criteria for surgery. The endoscopic diagnosis rate was 92%. There were 24 deaths (26%) during the initial admission to hospital and a further 12 patients (13%) died within one year. The mean transfusion requirement was 9.7 units per admission. Balloon tamponade was necessary on 103 occasions and failed to control bleeding on six of them. The results suggest that mortality from bleeding oesophageal varices can be reduced by a protocol which includes early endoscopy, intensive care, balloon tamponade, close medical-surgical liaison and portacaval shunt for recurrent bleeding in "good' risk patients.     

胃底静脉曲张破裂出血内镜下套扎-硬化序贯治疗的临床研究

目的观察胃底静脉曲张（GV）破裂出血内镜套扎-硬化序贯治疗的疗效和并发症。方法对31例胃底静脉曲张破裂出血患者,采用六连发套扎器行套扎治疗,之后再予硬化治疗,并对其疗效和并发症进行了随访。结果术后第6、12个月胃底静脉消除率分别为90．32％及74．07％,未见严重并发症。结论本项疗法是治疗肝硬化GV破裂出血的有效手段,无明显的副作用,远期疗效有待观察。     

Does multiple injection sclerotherapy have a role in the long-term management of oesophageal varices?

Sixty-nine cirrhotic patients were treated by injection sclerotherapy for bleeding oesophageal varices, with an emergency hospital mortality, from all causes, of 29%. The treatment of 35 of these continued with elective, long-term injections alone: 9 have so far survived more than 3 years, the longest being 5 years 4 months. The risk factor for rebleeding per patient month was 0·03 and, with its minimal complications, long-term sclerotherapy can be recommended as an alternative to portasystemic shunts for all grades of liver disease.     

内镜下套扎与硬化治疗食管静脉曲张出血疗效比较

目的 前瞻性对照观察内镜下套扎（EVL）与硬化（EVS）治疗肝硬化食管静脉曲张破裂出血的疗效。方法 将107例慢性乙型肝炎后肝硬化并发食管静脉曲张活动出血患者，随机分成套扎组（EVL）组及硬化剂组（EVS组），于入院24h内分别行镜下EVL及EVS治疗，10－14d重复治疗。结果 两组急诊止血率分别为EVL组91％（51／56），EVS组90％（46／51），再出血率EVL组为5％（3／56），EVS组为6％（3／51），两者治疗效果相仿（P＞0．05）。EVL组副作用发生率明显高于EVS组（P＜0．05），但均能自行消失，无须特殊处理。结论 内镜下套扎和硬化术治疗食管静脉曲张出血均安全有效，值得临床广泛开展使用。     

The role of injection sclerotherapy in the emergency and definitive management of bleeding esophageal varices

Acute esophageal variceal hemorrhage remains a catastrophic event with a high mortality from either exsanguination or hepatic coma precipitated by shock and the stress associated with massive blood transfusion, increased protein load in the gut, and the trauma of various procedures employed in an effort to arrest the bleeding. Survival from such an episode is followed by an increased risk of recurrent hemorrhage and a poorer prognosis than that of a patient with portal hypertension who has not sustained a variceal bleeding episode. Endoscopic injection sclerotherapy, especially if performed via the flexible instrument, would seem to be the treatment of choice for the acute variceal hemorrhage. It may prove to have a role in the subsequent management for the prevention of recurrent hemorrhage in certain categories of patients, although its exact place has yet to be defined.     

Weber-Christian disease producing splenic vein occlusion and bleeding gastric varices: successful treatment with sclerotherapy

A 48 year old woman with intra-abdominal Weber-Christian disease presented with bleeding gastric varices and evidence of splenic vein occlusion. We describe the problems encountered in making this diagnosis and subsequent treatment.     

Modern management of oesophageal varices

Haemorrhage from oesophageal varices is a life threatening emergency with a mortality rate in the order of 30%-50%. In the last three decades there have been many advances in the treatment and prevention of variceal bleeding. Over recent years the introduction of new pharmaceutical agents that reduce portal pressure, endoscopic variceal ligation, transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt, and the availability of liver transplantation have further increased the therapeutic options available to the physician treating this disorder. This article reviews the literature regarding therapies available in the treatment of haemorrhage from oesophageal varices and provides guidelines to aid the physicians in clinical decision making.     

食管静脉曲张破裂出血内镜下套扎、硬化剂注射及序贯联合治疗的对比研究

目的比较曲张静脉套扎术（EVL）、硬化剂注射（EVS）及套扎序贯硬化剂注射（EVLS）治疗食管静脉曲张破裂出血的临床疗效。方法回顾性研究208例诊断为肝硬化伴食管静脉曲张破裂出血的患者,分为EVL组68例、EVS组67例及EVLS组73例,术后随访1年,观察食管静脉曲张急诊止血率、近远期再出血率、复发率及其并发症发生率（包括严重吞咽困难、食管狭窄、食管溃疡出血、持续性胸骨后痛疼等）。结果3组患者急诊止血率及近期再出血率比较差异均无统计学意义（均P＞0.05）。食管静脉曲张远期再出血EVLS组4例（5.5%）、EVL组21例（30.9%）及EVS组12例（17.9%）,远期再出血率EVLS组最低（P＜0.05）,而EVL组与EVS组比较差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）;食管静脉曲张复发EVLS组14例（19.2%）、EVL组32例（47.1%）及EVS组22例（32.8%）,EVLS组较EVL组低（P＜0.01）,而EVLS组与EVS组及EVL组与EVS组比较差异均无统计学意义（均P＞0.05）;发生并发症EVS组29例（43.3%）,EVLS组19例（26.0%）,EVL组18例（26.5%）,EVS组并发症发生率最高（P＜0.05）,EVLS组与EVL组差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）。结论治疗EVB,EVLS与EVL或EVS相比更具优势,保证了较高的急诊止血率,有效降低复发率及远期再出血率,同时避免了较高的并发症发生率,值得临床进一步推广。