大鼠主要皮动脉的形态计量学及其相互关系

目的 探讨大鼠主要皮动脉的形态计量学特征及其血流动力学特点. 方法 SD大鼠12只, 行一次性全身血管造影并配合利用Photoshop 与Scion Image等电脑图像处理技术,分析不同类型皮动脉的供血范围、血管密度变化趋势及其供血趋向性等. 结果 6个主要皮动脉的平均外径为(0.53±0.12)mm,其营养体区周长为(18.74±4.84)cm,平均血管密度为(391.31±76.58)灰度/(像素·厘米厚度);皮动脉外径与其营养体区周长呈正相关,其回归方程为:y=32.441x+1.233(r=0.851,n=54,P<0.01). 结论 大鼠皮动脉外径和其营养区域的周长成正比,相同外径的皮动脉,其营养区域的周长相等,区域形状越接近于圆其面积越大.轴型血管营养皮瓣的平均血管密度高于分支型血管.     

股后皮神经及其营养血管皮瓣的应用解剖

目的 :为股后皮神经及其营养血管为蒂的岛状皮瓣提供解剖学依据。方法 :在 3 4侧经动脉灌注红色乳胶的成人标本上 ,解剖观测了股后皮神经及其营养血管的走行、分布、吻合及外径 ,2侧成人新鲜标本墨汁灌注 ,观测营养血管的墨染范围。结果 :股后皮神经由臀大肌下缘中点入股后沿中线下降 ,其主要营养血管上段系臀下动脉的股后皮神经伴行动脉 ,起点外径 0 .7± 0 .2mm ,下段系动脉的升皮支 ,起点外径 0 .7± 0 .2mm ,营养血管沿途发出众多皮支与股后部其他血管的皮支形成网状吻合 ,营养股后部皮肤。结论 :以股后皮神经及其营养血管为蒂可设计切取顺行或逆行岛状皮瓣     

腓肠神经-小隐静脉营养血管远端蒂复合瓣的解剖学研究

目的:为腓肠神经-小隐静脉营养血管远端蒂复合瓣设计提出解剖学依据.方法:30侧经动脉灌注红色乳胶成人下肢标本,解剖观测腓动脉肌间隔穿支、腓肠外侧动脉肌皮穿支与腓肠神经-小隐静脉、腓肠肌外侧头、比目鱼肌以及腓骨营养血管的关系;小隐静脉浅深交通支.结果:腓动脉肌间隔穿支6～10支,外径0.5～1.6 mm,最远的动脉穿支距外踝尖上(1.0±1.3)cm,外径(0.6±0.2)mm.穿支分出骨膜动脉、肌支,营养腓骨和比目鱼肌外侧半.穿支穿深筋膜时,发深筋膜支、皮支、皮神经浅静脉血管,构成腓肠神经-小隐静脉营养血管链.腓肠外侧动脉发2～5支外径0.2～1.2 mm肌皮穿支,营养腓肠肌外侧头及相应区域皮肤.小隐静脉浅深交通支距外踝尖上(3.4±0.9)cm,外径(1.7±0.5)mm.结论:腓肠神经-小隐静脉营养血管与肌、骨、皮营养血管同源,以腓动脉的肌间隔动脉终末穿支远端蒂复合瓣,旋转点近外踝尖平面,可覆盖前足创面.     

以前臂内侧皮神经及营养血管为蒂筋膜皮瓣的应用解剖

目的:为带前臂内侧皮神经及其营养血管筋膜皮瓣提供形态学基础。方法:在32侧成人上肢标本上,观测前臂内侧皮神经营养血管及其周围皮肤的供血情况。结果:前臂内侧皮神经近侧的血供来源于尺侧返动脉混合肌皮支,起始处外径为0.8mm,穿出筋膜前长度为1.1cm;中段主要来自尺动脉近中段和远中段的粗大皮支,起始处外径均为0.7mm,穿出深筋膜前长度均为1.0cm;远侧有尺动脉腕上皮支,起始处外径为0.9mm,穿出深筋膜前长为2.6cm。其神经旁血管网与神经皮(穿)支及神经内血管广泛吻合组成了皮神经血管轴。结论:可设计成带前臂内侧皮神经及营养血管为蒂筋膜皮瓣,顺行或逆行转位修复邻近部位的软组织缺损。     

腓肠外侧皮神经营养血管岛状筋膜皮瓣的解剖学基础

目的 :为腓肠外侧皮神经营养血管岛状筋膜皮瓣提供解剖学依据。方法 :采用巨微解剖、全身动脉放射显影及电脑图像分析技术 ,解剖观察了腓肠外侧皮神经及其营养血管的起始、走行、分支与分布情况。结果 :腓肠外侧皮神经于腓骨头上方 ( 7.1± 1.3 )cm ,中线外侧 ( 1.8± 0 .6)cm起自腓总神经 ,分支分布于小腿后外侧上 2 /3部 ,末端与腓肠内侧皮神经相吻合。其营养动脉主要为窝外侧皮动脉 ,于腓骨头水平面上方 ( 4 .6± 2 .3 )cm处发自动脉 ,并于腓骨头上 ( 4 .6± 1.2 )cm ,中线外侧 ( 2 .1± 0 .5 )cm处开始伴行腓肠外侧皮神经下降 ,下端主要与腓动脉穿支吻合 ,形成一营养血管链。结论 :以腓肠外侧皮神经及其营养血管链为蒂可以设计近端或远端蒂岛状筋膜皮瓣。     

携带皮瓣的胸小肌移植重建拇对掌功能的应用解剖研究

目的:为临床开展携带胸外侧皮瓣的胸小肌移植重建拇对掌功能手术提供解剖学依据。方法:在10具20侧的成人胸部标本上,对以胸外侧动脉为共干血管蒂发出的胸外侧皮动脉和胸小肌支这种血管构造及其出现概率、左右两侧差异进行解剖学观测。结果:胸外侧动脉较恒定的发出皮支和肌支分别营养胸外侧皮肤和胸小肌,这种血管构造出现率为80%,左右两侧无明显差异(P>0.05)。胸外侧动脉主干外径(1.53±0.34)mm,蒂长(4.88±1.20)cm,皮支起始部外径(1.06±0.21)mm,长度(3.65±0.61)cm,肌支起始部外径(1.15±0.20)mm,长度(2.94±0.78)cm,静脉伴行于同名动脉。结论:利用携带胸外侧皮瓣的胸小肌作为移植供体重建拇对掌功能的术式是可行的。     

小腿部主要穿支的形态学分析与皮瓣设计

目的:探讨小腿部穿支的出现规律,为临床提供良好的皮瓣切取部位、简单易行的皮瓣切取方法。方法:(1)6具(12侧)动脉灌注明胶-氧化铅混悬液的新鲜成人整尸标本,解剖取下整个下肢被覆组织拍摄X线片,观测皮动脉的数量以及彼此间的吻合情况等。利用Photoshop与ScionImage分析穿支供血的趋向性,血管密度变化趋势及每个分支的供血面积等。(2)红色乳胶灌注的下肢标本26侧,解剖观测外径≥0.5mm的穿支,测量其管径及其走行,分支、分布情况等。结果:每侧小腿部有外径≥0.5mm的穿支(30±13)支。其被覆组织内有4条明显的营养血管链沿皮神经及浅静脉分布。其中小腿内侧穿支的外径为(0.8±0.2)mm,供血面积为(32.6±13.3)cm2,总供皮面积可达293cm2。结论:小腿部单个穿支的供血面积较小,但由于血管链的存在而可以极方便的拓展小腿部皮瓣的裁取面积;小腿内侧及后部营养血管链紧邻,可互为解剖学供区与动力学供区。     

胸背动脉穿支皮瓣的解剖研究和临床应用

目的:研究背阔肌肌皮穿支血管在皮肤内的走行和分布面积,探索背阔肌穿支皮瓣的切取范围和预测该穿支皮瓣的成活面积。方法:(1)选用10具新鲜尸体,采用改良氧化铅-明胶灌注技术进行动脉灌注。解剖胸背动脉穿支血管(口径大于0.5mm)。分别拍摄X线片以显示胸背动脉在背阔肌内和其穿支血管皮肤内的形态和分布。测定穿支血管的数量、口径及其供应区域的面积。(2)在解剖研究基础上应用了游离胸背动脉穿支皮瓣修复肢体和躯干皮肤缺损共6例。结果:发现胸背动脉发出3～6支肌皮穿支胸背动脉血管供应皮肤。其中最大的胸背动脉穿支起自外侧支,位于腋后襞下6～8cm。其以下从外侧支发出的穿支数可多达3个,每间隔1.5～4cm发出穿支。每个穿支斜行3～5cm穿过肌肉达皮肤。穿支动脉口径约为0.3～0.6mm,均有两条伴行静脉。临床应用胸背动脉穿支皮瓣6例,皮瓣最大面积为20cm×12cm,最小为15cm×8cm。皮瓣全部成活,随访8～14个月,皮瓣外形均满意,无需二次手术修薄皮瓣。供区隐蔽,无背阔肌功能障碍。结论:本研究为预测胸背动脉穿支皮瓣的成活面积及安全可靠地切取该穿支皮瓣提供解剖依据。     

游离前臂背侧皮瓣的应用解剖

目的:为以骨间后动脉为蒂的游离皮瓣提供解剖基础.方法:用20侧成尸上肢标本,观测骨间后动脉在前臂下1/3区穿支数日、位置、外径以及最粗皮支到尺骨茎突远端的距离;测量支配尺侧腕伸肌神经支与骨间后动脉交叉处血管外径和到最粗穿支发出点的距离.同时观察前臂后皮神经分布.结果:骨间后动脉在前臂下1/3有(3.0±1.1)条穿支,去除外径小于0.2 mm者,还有(2.6±0.8)条.穿深筋膜点穿支外径(0.4±0.2)mm,发出点外径(0.5±0.3)mm(P>0.05).最粗穿支从穿深筋膜点和发出点到尺骨茎突远端的距离分别为(5.5±1.1)cm和(5.6±1.6)cm(P>0.05).神经支和血管交叉处动脉外径(1.5±0.2)mm.最粗穿支发出点到交叉处距离(10.8±3.3)cm.前臂后皮神经在前臂位于脂肪和深筋膜层间,其终末支支配前臂背侧下1/3皮肤感觉.在前臂中、下1/3交界处神经横径(0.4±0.2)mm,距离肱骨外上髁和尺骨茎突远端连线垂直距离(1.2±0.6)cm.结论:以骨间后血管为蒂可在前臂下1/3设计游离皮瓣,携带前臂后皮神经可构成感觉皮瓣.     

股部皮神经营养血管皮瓣的应用解剖

目的：为股部皮神经及其营养血管为蒂的岛状皮瓣提供解剖学基础。方法：８侧经动脉灌注红色乳胶成人新鲜下肢标本，解剖观测股部主要皮神经血供及其筋膜皮支的分布范围；２侧成人新鲜下肢标本经墨汁灌注，皮肤脱水透明后观测各皮神经营养血管的分支分布及吻合。结果：①股外侧皮神经有营养动脉２～６支，超始外径１．０±０．４ｍｍ，其筋膜皮支分布达神经内侧４．１ｃｍ，外侧５．９ｃｍ；②股前皮神经有营养动脉１～５支，外径１．０±０．３ｍｍ，其筋膜皮支分布达神经内侧２．４ｃｍ，外侧３．４ｃｍ；③股后皮神经有营养动脉１～３支，外径０．９±０．３ｍｍ，其筋膜皮支分布达神经内侧３．９ｃｍ，外侧３．２ｃｍ。结论：以股部各主要皮神经及其营养血管为蒂可沿其皮神经走行设计切取顺行或逆行岛状皮瓣     

Photoperiodicity and the function of the hypophysis and the adrenal cortex

Summary The ACTH content of the hypophysis of rats rises from a minimum in the morning to a maximum in the evening hours. These fluctuations are associated with the diurnal rhythm of light and darkness, and are abolished under conditions of continual light or darkness for 30 days. Rhythmic fluctuations of the ascorbic acid content of the adrenals are also found, with maximum values in the evening, and these are likewise abolished by maintenance under conditions of constant illumination.Presented by Active Member AMN SSSR V. V. Parin     

Characteristics of the topographic interrelation of the head of the pancreas and the duodenum and pathology of the organs of the pancreatoduodenal area

Seventy pancreatoduodenal complexes of 55 patients with chronic pancreatitis and tumours of this zone and 15 patients died from other diseases are studies histotopographically . The pieces of the pancreatic head tissue in the medial wall of the duodenum were found in 12 cases of the first group and in 4 control cases. The pancreatic tissue consisted either of all elements of this organ or cystically dilated ducts and seemed to infiltrate different layers of the duodenum wall. Three variants of the pancreatic head structure are suggested on the basis of anatomo-topographical interrelationships of the pancreatic head and duodenum. In 12 out of 14 cases chronic pancreatitis and carcinoma of organs of this zone were combined with the variants of the pancreatic head structure, in 2 cases there was a true heterotopy . Pathogenetic significance of these variants for the development of chronic pancreatitis is discussed.     

Organization and distribution of the upper and lower esophageal motoneurons in the medulla and the spinal cord of the rat

The upper cervical esophagus is exerted on swallowing and peristalsis by somatic and visceral motoneurons, whereas the lower esophagus is exerted on only peristalsis by visceral motoneurons. We examined the origin of the esophageal motoneurons and whether there were any differences between the distributions of the upper and the lower esophageal motoneurons in the medulla and the spinal cord using cholera toxin subunit b (CTb) as the retrograde tracer. Following injection of CTb into the cervical esophagus resulted in heavy labeling of the neurons in the nucleus ambiguus including the compact (AmC), semicompact (AmS) and loose (AmL) formations, and the medial column of lamina IX at the C1-C5 levels of the cervical spinal cord corresponding to the spinal accessory nucleus. A few labeled neurons were found in the inferior salivatory nucleus, the rostral division of the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus (DMX), the accessory facial nucleus and the lateral column of lamina IX at the C2 and C3 levels. All these labeled neurons showed ChAT immunoreactivity. When CTb was injected into the cut end of the unilateral recurrent laryngeal nerve, many labeled neurons were found in the ipsilateral AmC, the AmL, and the bilateral medial column at the C1 and C2 levels. Following injection of CTb into the subdiaphragmatic esophagus resulted in heavy labeling of the neurons only in the AmC and the DMX. When CTb was injected into the sternomastoid muscle, many labeled neurons were found in the medullary reticular formation, the facial nucleus, the medial column at the C1-C3, C5 and C6 levels, and the lateral column at the C2, C3, C5 and C6 levels. Injections of a Fluoro-Gold into the cervical esophagus and a CTb into the sternomastoid muscle or the subdiaphragmatic esophagus in the same animal showed many double labeled neurons in the medial column of the accessory nucleus at the C1 and C2 levels, but no double labeled neurons in the AmC. These results indicated that the upper cervical esophagus is innervated by the visceral medullary vagal motoneurons as well as the somatic spinal accessory motoneurons. The lower esophagus is innervated only by the visceral medullary vagal motoneurons.     

指背腱膜滑动与近侧指间关节屈曲关系及临床意义

目的:探讨指背腱膜滑动距离与近侧指间关节(PIP)屈曲关系,为临床修复提供解剖学基础。方法:男性成人新鲜尸体标本10侧30指(示、中、环指各10指),切除手指皮肤,不破坏腱鞘、屈肌支持带、伸肌支持带、内在肌及外在肌,使肌腱保持正常的生理状态,分别测量各指中央束(CS)、侧束(LB)在PIP屈曲45°和90°时的滑动距离。结果:当PIP屈曲45°时,CS滑动距离为(2.7±0.4)mm,LB滑动距离为(2.8±0.6)mm;当PIP屈曲90°时,CS滑动距离为(4.3±0.7)mm,LB滑动距离为(4.8±0.6)mm。结论:指背腱膜滑动距离减少,严重影响手指的屈曲功能。对于指背腱膜的新鲜性损伤应予以精确修复;对于陈旧性损伤的修复应确保指背腱膜的正常滑动范围。