学龄前和学龄期儿童乙型病毒性肝炎传播现状及其影响因素

目的探讨学龄前和学龄期儿童乙型病毒性肝炎(乙肝)传播现状及影响因素。方法选取2013年6月至2017年6月在该院儿科门诊进行乙肝5项检查的1~14岁儿童1 936例。采集空腹外周静脉血,用ELISA法检测乙肝病毒(HBV)感染标志物;使用自制的调查表收集儿童的人口学特征、Hep B接种史、乙肝病毒暴露史,统计HBV感染情况。结果选取的1 936例儿童HBV感染率为7.70%,其中1~4岁、农村地区的儿童HBV感染率均明显低于5~14岁、市区的儿童,差异均有统计学意义(均P0.05)。有乙肝免疫史的儿童HBV感染率为4.27%,明显低于无免疫史儿童的12.45%,差异有统计学意义(P0.01);其中全程接种、合格接种、首剂Hep B及时接种的儿童HBV感染率均明显降低,差异均有统计学意义(均P0.01)。家庭成员中HBs Ag阳性、有创伤性治疗史、有口腔诊疗史的儿童HBV感染率明显升高,差异均有统计学意义(均P0.05);不同出生地儿童HBV感染率之间差异无统计意义(P0.05)。多因素Logistic回归分析显示,市区儿童HBV感染风险是农村儿童的2.20倍,有创伤性治疗史儿童HBV感染风险是无创伤性治疗史儿童的2.53倍,有口腔诊疗史儿童HBV感染风险是无口腔诊疗史儿童的1.95倍;乙肝免疫史是儿童HBV感染的保护因素,有乙肝免疫史儿童的HBV感染风险是无免疫史儿童的0.16倍。结论本地区学龄前和学龄期儿童HBV感染率仍处于较高水平,应根据危险因素针对性地开展防控工作,继续推行新生儿Hep B免费接种政策。     

潮州市中小学生乙型肝炎流行病学调查及影响因素分析

目的了解潮州市7～16岁的中小学生乙肝病毒(HBV)感染率和乙肝感染的影响因素,为制订预防控制策略提供依据。方法根据整群随机抽样的方法,抽取潮州市1321名中小学生进行乙肝5项和部分肝功酶检测,并采用多因素Logistic回归探讨乙肝感染的影响因素。结果 HBV感染率为3.25%,乙肝疫苗接种率为67.25%,接种率逐年上升;男、女性人群HBsAg阳性率分别为3.75%、2.94%,差异没有统计学意义;HBV感染的影响因素按OR值大小依次是家庭HBV遗传史、班级HBV暴露史、首针是否及时接种和乙肝疫苗接种史。结论潮州市HBV感染率较低,自从将乙肝疫苗纳入儿童免疫规划管理以来,中小学生HBV感染率已明显下降,但对有HBV家族遗传史和班级暴露史等易感人群的管理监测有待提高。     

上海市599名15岁以下儿童乙型肝炎感染危险因素的研究

目的 研究影响上海市15岁以下儿童感染乙型肝炎(乙肝)病毒(HBV)的危险因素,为提高儿童乙肝免疫预防效果提供依据.方法 以2006年全国乙肝血清流行病学调查上海现场的599名1～15岁儿童为研究对象,按是否感染HBV分为研究组和对照组,进行单因素分析并拟合多因素logistic回归模型,探讨影响儿童感染HBV的危险因素.结果 全部调查对象中感染HBV的儿童共有15例,感染率为2.50%.经综合考虑单因素分析和多因素分析,母亲怀孕时HBsAg状况、乙肝疫苗接种史、出生地点是影响儿童感染HBV的危险因素(P＜0.05),OR值分别为母亲HBsAg阳性者5.338,未接种乙肝疫苗者42.118,在家出生者12.239.结论 进一步降低上海市儿童HBV感染率,免疫预防的干预重点应为外来流动孕产妇和HBsAg阳性孕产妇,并应改进乡镇级医院新生儿乙肝免疫预防条件.     

张家港市人群乙型肝炎血清流行病学调查研究

[目的]了解张家港市人群乙型肝炎病毒(HBV)感染现状,评价乙肝疫苗纳入儿童免疫策略后的效果.[方法]按<006年全国人群乙肝等有关疾病血清学调查方案>样,开展问卷调查,并采静脉血进行乙肝血清学检测分析. [结果]张家港市人群乙肝疫苗接种率为50.83%,15岁以下人群组乙肝疫苗接种率(99.09%)明显高于15岁以上人群组(2.71%);人群HBsAg阳性率为5.73%,抗-HBs阳性率为52.19%,抗-HBc阳性率为24.43%,HBV感染率为32.43%,HBV感染标志全阴率为37.25%;15岁以下人群组HBsAg阳性率0.30%明显低于15岁以上人群组的11.14%,农民及文盲的HBsAg阳性率和HBV感染率最高. [结论]张家港市乙肝疫苗纳入儿童计划免疫效果显著,今后应加强以成人乙肝疫苗接种为主的综合防制措施.     

广东省乙型肝炎血清流行病学调查研究

目的了解广东省人群乙型肝炎（乙肝）病毒（HBV）感染现状,评价乙肝疫苗免疫策略的效果。方法采取多阶段随机抽样方法,对全省6县区3 927名1-59岁人群进行乙肝血清流行病学研究,用ELISA方法检测乙肝表面抗原（HBsAg）、乙肝表面抗体（抗-HBs）和乙肝核心抗体（抗-HBc）,并调查1-14岁儿童乙肝疫苗接种情况。结果广东省1-59岁人群HBsAg阳性率、抗-HBs阳性率、抗-HBc阳性率和HBV感染率经标化后分别为15.46%、61.51%、49.46%和66.20%。1-14岁人群HBsAg阳性率和HBV感染率明显低于15-59岁人群。1-4岁人群HBsAg阳性率和HBV感染率低于5-14岁人群,而抗-HBs阳性率高于5-14岁人群。HBsAg阳性率和HBV感染率：男性高于女性,农村高于城市,城市人群抗-HBs阳性率高于农村。1-4岁儿童乙肝疫苗接种率为91.90%,全程接种率89.01%,首针及时接种率为58.38%,明显高于5-14岁人群。结论广东省仍是乙肝高流行区;乙肝疫苗纳入儿童免疫策略效果显著,1-14岁人群HBsAg携带率和HBV感染有不同程度下降,1-4岁下降尤为明显。     

陕西省人群乙型肝炎血清流行病学调查

目的了解陕西省人群乙型肝炎（乙肝）病毒（HBV）感染现状,评价接种乙肝疫苗（HepB）15年后人群血清流行病学变动情况。方法采用多阶段随机抽样方法,抽取1～59岁人群2 224人进行问卷调查并采集血标本,用ELISA方法检测HBV血清学标志。结果调查人群HBsAg、抗-HBs、抗-HBc标化阳性率分别为3.50%、48.51%、24.45%,HBV标化感染率为37.58%。HepB接种率为50.09%,接种人群HBsAg阳性率（1.62%）及HBV感染率（8.80%）低于未接种人群（4.05%、50.00%）。15岁以下儿童HBsAg、抗-HBc阳性率和HBV感染率低于15岁以上人群,而抗-HBs阳性率、HepB接种率高于15岁以上人群。HBsAg阳性率、HBV感染率较1992年流行病学调查结果分别下降54.78%、31.86%,抗-HBs阳性率上升60.79%。HBV感染率农村（33.33%）高于城市（24.17%）,HepB接种率城市（88.61%）高于农村（75.96%）。结论陕西省实施HepB接种15年后,HBsAg阳性率、HBV感染率均有不同程度下降,15岁以下儿童下降更为明显。     

深圳市居民乙型肝炎病毒感染危险因素分析

目的 了解广东省深圳市居民乙肝病毒(HBV)感染现状,分析HBV感染的相关危险因素.方法 于2010年在深圳市采用多阶段系统随机抽样方法抽取10个社区、1000户家庭,进行入户个案调查乙肝感染相关危险因素,并采集血样.用酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)检测乙肝血清标志物:乙肝表面抗原(HBsAg)、乙肝表面抗体(抗-HBs)和乙肝核心抗体(抗-HBc).结果 HBsAg、抗-HBs、抗-HBc阳性率和HBV感染率分别为6.68％ (252/3771)、71.92％(2 712/3771)、37.39％(1564/3771)和45.98％(1734/3771);≤15岁人群乙肝疫苗接种率为93.62％(1 752/1 872),＞15岁人群接种率为79.48％(1 509/1899),差异有统计学意义(x2=160.89,P ＜0.01);接种乙肝疫苗者与未接种者的HBV感染率分别为32.45％(1508/3261)和87.24％ (445/510),差异有统计学意义(x2 =552.72,P＜0.01);HBsAg阳性率与HBV感染率均随年龄上升有增加的趋势;多因素Logistic回归分析结果显示,家中有乙肝患者、内窥镜史、手术史及有偿献血史是深圳市居民乙肝感染的危险因素.结论 深圳市乙肝感染情况低于全国平均水平;乙肝感染具有家庭聚集性;医疗卫生因素对乙肝感染的影响较大.     

甘肃省乙型肝炎病毒感染血清标志物的变化

目的了解甘肃省乙型肝炎(乙肝)病毒(Hepatitis B Virus,HBV)感染血清标志物的变化。方法对甘肃省1980、1992、2006年乙肝血清流行病学调查资料进行比较分析。结果甘肃省1～59岁人群乙肝病毒表面抗原(HBV Surface Antigen,HBsAg)阳性率由7.52%降至4.39%,1～9岁儿童HBsAg阳性率为1.66%,比1992年下降了77%;农村人群HBsAg阳性率均高于城市,城市人群HBsAg阳性率下降幅度大于农村;抗乙肝病毒表面抗原抗体(Antibody to HBsAg,Anti-HBs)阳性率由3.11%上升到49.48%,1992年随年龄增长而升高,2006年则随年龄增长而下降,1～9岁儿童Anti-HBs阳性率最高;HBV感染率和抗乙肝病毒核心抗原抗体(Antibody to HBVCore Antigen,Anti-HBc)阳性率均呈现随年龄的增长逐渐升高的趋势,但2006年的各年龄组人群HBV感染率和Anti-HBc阳性率均明显低于1992年。结论甘肃省1～59岁人群HBV感染率明显降低,乙肝疫苗免疫取得良好效果,尤其是针对儿童的免疫策略效果更为明显。     

泉州市居民乙肝病毒感染现状及影响因素分析

目的 了解福建省泉州市常住居民乙型肝炎病毒(HBV)感染现状及其影响因素,为采取干预措施提供参考依据.方法采用分层随机抽样方法对在福建省泉州市晋江、南安和安溪抽取的1～59岁常住居民共2 608人进行问卷调查和血清学检测.结果 福建省泉州市1 ～59岁常住居民的HBV感染率为64.03％;不同年龄、职业、学历及居住地区常住居民HBV感染率间差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.01);乙肝疫苗接种率为21.89％;其中1～4、5～14和15～59岁年龄组乙肝疫苗接种率分别为93.33％、60.14％和4.99％,不同年龄组接种率差异有统计学意义(x2=1 371.79,P＜0.001);接种乙肝疫苗居民的HBV感染率为13.66％,低于未接种乙肝疫苗居民的78.15％(x2=805.48,P＜0.001);多因素非条件Logistic回归分析结果表明,口腔诊疗史和理发室修面剃须史是泉州市常住居民HBV感染的危险因素;乙肝疫苗接种史和年龄是泉州市常住居民HBV感染的保护因素.结论泉州市HBV感染率较高;有口腔诊疗史和经常在理发室修面剃须的居民HBV感染的危险性较高,实施乙肝免疫接种是预防控制HBV感染的重要措施.     

江苏省农村地区儿童乙型肝炎疫苗免疫效果及其影响因素研究

目的探讨江苏省农村地区儿童接种乙型肝炎(乙肝)疫苗后免疫效果及其影响因素。方法采用多阶段分层随机整群抽样方法,抽取江苏省农村地区在实施乙肝疫苗计划免疫后出生的农村儿童为研究对象,检测HBsAg、抗-HBs标志,对抗-HBs阴转儿童进行不同种类疫苗的加强免疫,并分析HBsAg阳性儿童乙肝病毒(HBV)感染的危险因素。结果2522名1～7岁儿童中HBsAg阳性率在0．28%～1．28%之间,抗-HBs随年龄增加而逐渐下降,由1岁时的76．7%降至7岁时的45．5%;出生时未及时接种乙肝疫苗的儿童的HBV感染率显著高于及时接种儿童(1．4%:0．5%, P=0．031);应用不同剂量疫苗加强免疫后,抗-HBs阳转率均为90%以上。结论江苏省农村地区计划免疫适龄儿童人群的HBsAg阳性率为0．28%～1．28%,平均为0．8%,儿童中HBV感染主要为母婴传播,并与未及时接种乙肝疫苗有关。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.