成人紫癜性肾炎的临床病理分析及转归

目的：了解深圳地区成人紫癜性肾炎的临床特征及其与肾脏病理的联系;探讨其转归及影响因素。方法：回顾性分析2001年1月～2009年12月间经我院临床及肾活检确诊的紫癜性肾炎52例,对其临床资料、病理特征及转归进行统计分析。结果：（1）成人紫癜性肾炎多好发于30岁以下,40岁以后患者高血压的发生率较高。（2）临床分型以蛋白尿＋血尿型（59.6%）最多见,其次为单纯性血尿（21.2%）和肾病综合征型（19.2%）;病理分级以Ⅱ级（44.2%）及Ⅲ级（36.5%）多见。（3）肾小管间质病变与肾小球慢性病变及活动病变的相关系数分别为0.587（P〈0.01）和0.260（P〉0.05）;蛋白尿越多的患者,其肾小球活动病变积分就越高。（4）多因素分析显示疗效与肾小球硬化率及肾小管间质病变呈负相关。结论：深圳地区成人紫癜性肾炎发病相对年轻,临床以蛋白尿＋血尿型多见,病理以Ⅱ、Ⅲ级常见;蛋白尿的严重程度与肾小球活动病变关系密切;影响疗效的主要因素为肾小球慢性病变及肾小管间质病变程度。     

63例大量蛋白尿表现的儿童紫癜性肾炎肾脏病理与临床分析

目的：探讨临床以大量蛋白尿表现的儿童紫癜性肾炎肾脏病理及临床之间的关系。方法：回顾性分析1997年～2009年我科临床以大量蛋白尿表现及肾活检病理诊断为紫癜性肾炎的63例患儿,根据ISKDC分类标准进行肾小球病理分级,并对肾小管间质改变进行计量评分。结果：（1）肾脏病理分级：Ⅲ级最常见37例（58.73%）,其次为Ⅱ级13例（20.63%）,肾病综合征组Ⅳ级和Ⅴ级比例高于肾病水平蛋白尿组（χ2=4.103,P〈0.05）;（2）肾小管间质病理评分：0级最常见49例（77.78%）,其次1级12例（19.05%）,3级仅2例（3.17%）,肾小管间质评分与肾小球病理分级存在正相关（r=0.507,P〈0.01）,但并不完全平行。（3）肾小管间质病变程度与病程呈正相关（r=0.8,P〈0.05）。结论：大量蛋白尿表现的紫癜性肾炎肾小球病理损害较重,肾小管间质损害轻,肾小管间质病变程度与病程呈正相关,临床需结合病理（包括肾小球及肾小管）全面评估肾组织损害程度,拟定治疗方案。     

紫癜性肾炎的临床病理研究及青少年和成人的比较

目的研究紫癜性肾炎的临床病理表现及青少年和成人紫癜性肾炎的不同特点.方法对31例紫癜性肾炎患者的临床表现、实验室及组织学检查进行分级或定量分析,并分别比较青少年组和成人组的情况.结果首次皮肤紫癜后1月内出现尿液异常的患者青少年多于成人(分别为92.9%和47.1%).临床表现以中等量蛋白尿最多(48.4%),肾病范围的蛋白尿青少年略多于成人.高血压发生率、肾小球周围炎症、间质细胞浸润及小血管病变成人多于青少年.新月体在紫癜性肾炎中较常见(64.5%).蛋白尿与组织学表现之间存在相关性.血IgA水平成人高于青少年[(2.81±1.35)g/L,(1.89±0.71)g/L,P＜0.05].结论紫癜性肾炎在青少年和成人之间存在一些不同的临床和组织学特点,病理和临床有一定的联系,血IgA水平并不反应疾病的活动性.     

尿液miR-374b表达水平与IgA肾病病情相关性初步研究

目的:观察尿标本miR-374b表达水平与IgA肾病(IgAN)病情相关性。方法:收集2016年01月~2016年10月我科住院病人,且首次经肾活检证实为Ig AN40例(少量蛋白尿(1 g/d)肾脏病理高积分IgAN、少量蛋白尿(1 g/d)肾脏病理低积分IgAN、中等量蛋白尿(1~3.5 g/d)IgAN、大量蛋白尿(3.5 g/d)IgAN各10例)、轻微肾小球病变、膜增生性肾小球肾炎I型、局灶节段性肾小球硬化、过敏性紫癜性肾炎及狼疮性肾炎各10例,我院体检中心正常健康对照组25例,收集上述各组尿液,采用RT-qPCR检测上述各组miR-374b表达水平,并分析miRNA-374b表达水平与肾脏病理Haas分级及尿蛋白的相关性。结果:IgA肾病患者miR-374b表达水平高于其他类型肾小球肾炎及健康对照组(P0.000 1),肾脏病理高积分少量蛋白尿IgAN患者miR-374b表达水平显著升高(P0.01),miR-374b表达水平与患者尿蛋白水平及肾脏病理损伤程度正相关(r~2=0.89,P0.01)。结论:尿液miR-374b表达水平与Ig A肾病病情呈正相关,为少量蛋白尿Ig A肾病的早期诊断及治疗提供新的思路。     

肾康联合来氟米特治疗成人过敏性紫癜性肾炎临床观察

过敏性紫癜性肾炎是以变态反应所至的广泛、无菌性毛细血管炎为病理基础的临床综合征，包括皮肤黏膜紫癜、关节疼痛、胃肠道病变、肾脏损害等症状，其中约30％的患者伴有不同程度的肾脏损害，若伴有持续性的血尿、蛋白尿，是影响患者预后的主要因素。目前，临床对此病尚无特异性强而疗效显著的治疗方法。笔者2004年1月～2006年12月运用肾康联合来氟米特治疗成人过敏性紫癜性肾炎40例，取得了满意的临床疗效，现报道如下。     

脱敏消斑汤治疗32例过敏紫癜性肾炎

过敏紫癜性肾炎是继发于过敏性紫癜(HSP)的肾脏损害,病理改变以全身性小血管损害及肾脏肾小球系膜病变为主.临床上以血尿、蛋白尿为主要表现,部分病人呈急性肾炎或迁延为慢性肾炎,是临床常见的继发性肾小球疾病,治疗上仍有一定难度.近年来,笔者以脱敏消斑汤治疗过敏紫癜性肾炎32例,取得了满意的疗效,现总结报告如下.     

单中心肾活检临床和病理特点分析

目的:总结和分析单中心肾脏疾病的病理类型和临床特征。方法:回顾性分析2013年6月1日～2018年5月31日在南充市中心医院行肾活检患者肾脏病理类型及临床分型的特点。结果:283例肾活检患者中,男女比例为1∶1. 18,发病高峰年龄为41岁～65岁。原发性肾脏病211例(74. 56%),其中肾小球疾病208例(73. 50%),常见的病理类型依次为膜性肾病73例(35. 10%)、Ig A肾病61例(29. 33%)、微小病变性肾病54例(25. 96%);继发性肾脏病64例(22. 61%),其中肾小球疾病62例(21. 91%),以狼疮肾炎最常见(35例,占56. 45%)。原发性肾小球疾病的临床类型分别为肾病综合征135例(64. 90%),慢性肾炎综合征52例(25. 00%),无症状血尿和/或蛋白尿19例(9. 13%),急性肾炎综合征1例(0. 48%),急进性肾炎综合征1例(0. 48%)。结论:南充地区肾脏疾病多见于中青年,原发性肾脏病是本地区最常见的肾脏疾病,原发和继发性肾脏病均以肾小球疾病最常见。膜性肾病是原发性肾小球疾病最常见的病理类型。狼疮肾炎是最常见的继发性肾脏病,且病理类型以Ⅳ-G(±V)型最常见。     

成人与儿童紫癜性肾炎的临床病理特点及预后分析

目的：探讨成人与儿童紫癜性肾炎的临床病理特点及疾病转归的差异。方法：收集温州医学院附属第一医院肾内科住院确诊为紫癜性肾炎（HSPN）的成人患者（≥18岁）36例,38例紫癜性肾炎患儿为温州医学院附属儿童医院住院病人,分析比较二者的临床病埋改变及疾病的转归。结果：（1）所有患者均有血尿。成人紫癜性肾炎临床分型为单纯性血尿2例．血尿＋蛋白尿23例,肾病综合征11例;儿童患者单纯性血尿6例,血尿＋蛋白尿22例,肾病综合征10例;两组比较无统计学差异（P〉0．05）。成人紫癜性肾炎合并高血压14例,合并肾功能损害9例;而所有儿童患者均无高血压或肾功能损害。（2）成人紫癜性肾炎病理分级：Ⅰ级3例、Ⅱ级2例、Ⅲ级28例、Ⅴ级2例、Ⅵ级1例,而儿童患者Ⅱ级31例、Ⅲ级7例,两组比较具有统计学差异（P〈0．001）。（3）27例成人紫癜性肾炎患者随访结果A组10例、B组14例、C组3例,30例儿童紫癜性肾炎的随访结果A组15例、B组13例、C组2例,两组预后无统计学差异（P〉0．05）。结论：成人与儿童紫癜性肾炎临床分型以血尿＋蛋白尿最多见,与儿童患者相比,成人临床表现偏重,合并高血压及肾功能损害较多见。成人紫癜性肾炎病理分级以Ⅲ级多见,而儿童病理分级以Ⅱ级多见,提示成人紫癜性肾炎病理较儿童严重。在本研究观察期内,我们发现成人与儿童紫癜性肾炎的预后均较好,二者预后无统计学差异。     

青年和中老年肾脏恶性肿瘤患者临床病理特点分析

目的 探讨青年和中老年肾脏恶性肿瘤患者临床病理特点. 方法 回顾性分析1986-2007年收治的83例青年(≤40岁)与703例中老年(＞40岁)肾脏恶性肿瘤患者的临床及病理资料. 结果 青年女性患者首发症状中腹痛(12/27,44.4%)和肿块(2/27,7.4%)发生率显著高于中老年组(154/703,21.9%和154/703,1.3%),均P＜0.05.青年组透明细胞癌(47/83,56.6%)发生率低于中老年组(501/703,71.3%),P＜0.05,以青年男性(31/56,55.4%)显著.青年组乳头状肾癌(21/83,25.3%)发生率较中老年组患者(118/703,16.8%)有升高趋势(P=0.054),其中青年男性(17/56,30.4%)显著(P=0.011);与中老年组患者(12/703,1.7%)相比,青年组其他类型肿瘤(包括恶性纤维组织细胞瘤、平滑肌肉瘤等)所占比例(6/83,7.2%)明显增高(P＜0.05),以青年女性(4/27,14.8%)显著;青年男性组肿瘤≤4 cm比例明显高于中老年组(24/56,42.9%与173/703,24.6%);＞7 cm比例(12/56,21.4%)则低于中老年组(295/703,42.0%),均P＜0.05.青年组5年生存率为91.6%(76/83),中老年组为80.9%(669/709),2组比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 与中老年组肾脏恶性肿瘤患者相比,青年组患者总体预后较好.青年女性患者临床表现典型,预后较差;而青年男性乳头状肾癌、小肾癌比例较高,预后较好.提示应加强对青年人群特别是对青年女性的肾肿瘤普查.     

17例肾性恶性高血压临床与病理分析

目的:了解肾性恶性高血压患者的临床特点及肾脏病理特征.方法:回顾分析5年内收治的17例肾性恶性高血压患者临床表现及肾脏病理改变情况.结果:17例肾性恶性高血压患者中,肾实性高血压16例(94.1%),肾血管性高血压1例(5.88%);平均年龄35.9 岁;临床诊断为慢性肾小球肾炎8例(47.06%),肾病综合征5例(29.41%),狼疮性肾炎3例(17.65%),过敏性紫癜性肾炎1例(5.88%);16例患者肾功能异常,其中表现为肾功能快速进展者3例(13.78%),进行性慢性肾功能损害13例(81.25%);B超显示双肾大小正常者11例(64.71%),轻度萎缩者6例(35.29%),肾脏结构正常者2例(11.76%),异常者15例(88.24%);中医辨证为气虚血瘀、湿浊(或湿热)内蕴13例(76.47%),其他类型4例(23.53%).肾脏病理改变以肾小球病变为主者15例(88.235%),其中增生硬化型IgA肾病6例(29.41%),肾小管间质性疾病1例(5.88%),肾血管性疾病1 例(5.88%).16例肾功能异常患者,治疗3个月后,显效1例、有效3例、无效12例,总有效率25.0%.结论:肾性恶性血压主要以肾实质性高血压为主,患者年龄较轻,其靶器官损害主要表现为进行性慢性肾衰竭及肾功能快速进展,肾脏萎缩虽然不明显,但肾脏结构多数异常;肾脏病理改变以增生硬化性肾小球病变为主,尤其是增生硬化性IgA肾病最为常见;中医病机特点主要为气虚血瘀,湿浊(或湿热)内蕴;肾性恶性高血压患者疗效较差.     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.