慢性阻塞性肺疾病合并肺结核32例住院病例分析

慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)是严重危害人民身体健康的 重要慢性呼吸系统疾病[1],COPD的患病率在全球范围内是4 ～10％,亚太地区是6.3％,我国40岁以上人群是8.4％[2],中国约有4300万COPD患者.同时我国也是世界上结核病负担最重的22国家之一,结核病患者数居世界第二位[3].从流行病学看,COPD与肺结核两者的易发人群易重叠,在临床 上COPD合并肺结核较常见,由于对COPD合并肺结核认识 不足及诊断一元论的影响,常常被诊断为单一疾病.我院 2006年1月～2010年12月收治32例COPD合并肺结核病(人,开始都被诊断为单一COPD,治疗效果不好后才怀疑有合 并肺结核,来我院时有的患者病情已很危重,失去治疗机会.为了提高两者合并存在的发现率和治愈率,特将确诊为 COPD合并肺结核的32例住院病例进行回顾性分析,总结两 者合并存在的特点,报告如下.     

慢性阻塞性肺疾病血栓前状态与静脉血栓形成

慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)是一种常见的呼吸系统疾病.COPD患者尤其是急性发作期发生静脉血栓栓塞症(VTE)越来越受到重视.有关COPD急性加重合并VTE的发病机制、诊断方法以及血栓前状态的研究是如今的热点.COPD患者存在血栓前状态已成为公认的事实,然而目前尚没有统一的肺血栓栓塞症相关的诊断指标,很难给临床的治疗提供依据.通过检索与此相关的文献,针对COPD急性加重合并VTE的发病机制,诊断以及抗凝治疗进行综述,为今后的研究和诊疗工作提供信息.     

慢性阻塞性肺病和骨质疏松

慢性阻塞性肺病(COPD)不仅是肺部疾病,而且是一种全身性疾病.骨质疏松是COPD患者的肺外表现之一.随着COPD患者病情加重,骨质疏松的发病率亦有所增加.但COPD患者发生骨质疏松的机制至今尚未完全明确.探讨COPD患者骨质疏松症的发生情况及影响因素,有助于提高对COPD发生骨质疏松的早期认识,预防骨质疏松的发生、发展,对改进COPD患者的生活质量和延长生命具有重要意义.     

老年慢性阻塞性肺病合并肺结核的诊治特点

目的 探讨老年慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)合并肺结核的诊断特点及疗效.方法 对我院2004年1月至2009年12月收治的220例肺结核患者(COPD组与非COPD组)的临床资料进行回顾性分析.结果 与非COPD组相比,COPD组在症状、客观检查方面存在差异,肺部影像学检查能提高COPD伴肺结核诊断率,伴COPD并不影响肺结核疗效.结论 COPD合并肺结核其诊断并无特异性方法,肺部影像学检查阳性率最高.如早期诊断,合理的综合治疗,则COPD并不影响肺结核预后.     

慢性阻塞性肺疾病合并肺间质纤维化的研究进展

随着对慢性阻塞性肺疾病(chronic obstructive pulmonary disease,COPD)研究的不断深入,COPD后期肺间质纤维化(pulmonary interstitial fibrosis,PIF)的改变逐渐取代了肺气肿的固有变化的现象已经被多位学者证实,并被临床工作者接受,使以往认为COPD与PIF是两种相互独立、不能共存的疾病类型的观点发生改变.双重的病理改变更加严重地破坏了肺组织结构,造成严重缺氧和弥散功能障碍,使COPD病情恶化加速,其发病率及病死率逐年增高,已引起学术界的广泛关注,并对其进行了深入研究,但突破性进展仍有待时日.目前尚存在的瓶颈问题包括病因不清、发病机制复杂、病情多呈进行性进展、临床缺乏早期诊断手段、缺乏有效的治疗措施等,而恰恰早期诊断和恰当的治疗仍可望改善患者的生活质量和延长生存期.本文阐述了COPD合并PIF的发病机制、诊断、治疗方面的研究现状,以深化对COPD合并PIF的认识,为临床提供预防、诊断及抗炎、抗纤维化的治疗思路.     

慢性阻塞性肺疾病合并社区获得性肺炎311例临床分析

目的 探讨慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)合并社区获得性肺炎(CAP)的临床特点和发病规律,为临床治疗提供可借鉴的经验.方法 对311例COPD合并CAP患者的临床诊治情况进行回顾性分析.结果 311例中男264例,女47例,年龄42～88岁,平均72.2岁,老年人易发生,有相当部分患者临床表现不典型,血象及胸片也无特异性,并发症多而严重,病死率高,积极综合治疗可降低病死率.结论 COPD合并CAP常见,提高对两者合并存在的临床特点和发病规律的认识,有利于早期诊断及治疗,并改善预后.     

血清肺泡表面活性蛋白D与慢性阻塞性肺疾病

慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)为一大致死及致残性高的疾病,早期诊断困难,临床迫切需要寻找一种特异性的血清标记物,作为COPD的早期诊断、治疗及预后的评估指标.肺表面活性蛋白D(SP-D)为一种可能的COPD的新型特异性的标记物.该篇就其基本结构、功能及与COPD相关性作一综述,探讨SP-D在COPD中的应用价值.     

老年慢性阻塞性肺疾病合并肺结核的早期诊断及治疗探讨

目的分析住院老年人慢性阻塞性肺疾病（COPD）合并肺结核的临床特点,探讨其早期诊断及治疗措施。方法对48例住院老年COPD合并肺结核患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结论老年COPD合并肺结核的临床症状、体征、影像学及辅助检查均不典型,且合并症、并发症多,漏诊、误诊率高。应引起临床医师的高度重视,以早期诊断,及时治疗。     

慢性阻塞性肺疾病合并心血管疾病的机制及分子标志物的变化

慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)的心血管疾病患病率及病死率均增加,可能与COPD患者血管内皮功能障碍有关,其中内皮祖细胞数量与功能下降起着重要作用.此外,系统性炎症反应、氧化/抗氧化失衡、蛋白酶/抗蛋白酶失衡等机制亦导致COPD患者心血管事件风险增加.在COPD患者中早期监测循环血中心血管事件的分子标志物如BNP、hsCRP、SAA、MMPs等有助于早期诊断和指导治疗共患的心血管疾病.     

慢性阻塞性肺疾病患者合并抑郁障碍的研究简

目的 探讨慢性阻塞性肺疾病患者抑郁症发生情况及影响因素.方法 采用抑郁自评量表对90例COPD患者进行调查,明确COPD患者抑郁症的发生率,以及性别、年龄、病程、急性发作次数以及肺功能等对COPD患者抑郁发生的影响.结果 90例COPD患者有40例合并抑郁症,发病率占44.4%,其抑郁症的发病率与性别、年龄、病程、急性发作次数、合并症及肺功能有密切关系.结论 对慢性阻塞性肺疾病患者心理状况的调查以及早期干预对于提高COPD患者的治疗效果及生活质量具有重要意义.     

胰岛素瘤的解剖分布特点分析

目的胰岛素瘤是最常见的胰腺神经内分泌肿瘤，因其临床表现多样，导致诊断困难。影像学诊断尤其是超声内镜(EUS)在胰岛素瘤的诊断中起着重要作用，拥有较高的敏感性和特异性。本研究拟通过明确胰岛素瘤的解剖分布特点，以期有助于提高影像学的诊断准确率和降低漏诊率，尤其是在教育和培训实践中对于EUS的学习者更具有指导价值。 方法回顾性分析解放军总医院第一医学中心病案资料数据库1993年1月至2019年11月经外科手术、病理确诊为胰岛素瘤的患者的临床资料，检索方法采取搜索术后病理诊断为"胰岛素瘤"的病例，通过查阅病例的方法，提取出胰岛素瘤的大小和解剖分布等数据，进一步分析其特点。 结果共检索到确诊为胰岛素瘤的患者116例，其中，男45例、女71例，年龄13～76岁，平均年龄(44.4±14.85)岁。胰岛素瘤单发110例(94.8%)、多发6例(5.2%)。位置分布：头颈部46例(39.7%)，单发45例、多发1例；体尾部68例(58.6%)，单发65例、多发3例；全胰腺多发2例(1.7%)。病变大小特点：最大径0.4～3.4 cm，平均大小(1.53±0.58)cm。≤1 cm 29例、>1 cm而≤1.5 cm41例、>1.5 cm而≤2.0 cm28例，≤3 cm 15例，>3 cm 3例。年龄与肿瘤的大小相关，≤44岁患者肿瘤平均大小为(1.36±0.51)cm、>44岁患者肿瘤平均大小为(1.70±0.60)cm，P<0.05。头颈部的肿瘤大于体尾部的肿瘤，头颈部肿瘤平均大小(1.66±0.63)cm，体尾部(1.42±0.52)cm，P<0.05。 结论胰岛素瘤在胰腺体尾部较头颈部更好发；绝大多数单发，但可以全胰腺多发；多数小于1.5 cm，肿瘤的大小与患者年龄和肿瘤的解剖分布相关。     

Pathogenesis of carcinoma of the papilla of Vater

Most adenomas and carcinomas of the small intestine and extrahepatic bile ducts arise in the region of the papilla of Vater. In familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) it is the main location for carcinomas after proctocolectomy. In many cases symptoms due to stenosis lead to diagnosis at an early tumor stage. In about 80%, curative intended resection is possible. Operability is the most relevant prognostic factor. Most ampullary carcinomas resp. carcinomas of the papilla of Vater develop from adenomatous or flat dysplastic precursor lesions. They can be sited in the ampulloduodenal part of the papilla of Vater, which is lined by intestinal mucosa. They also can develop in deeper parts of the ampulla, which are lined by pancreaticobiliary duct mucosa. Intestinal-type adenocarcinoma and pancreaticobiliary-type adenocarcinoma represent the main histological types of ampullary carcinoma. Furthermore, there exist unusual types and undifferentiated carcinomas. Many carcinomas of intestinal type express the immunohistochemical marker profile of intestinal mucosa (keratin 7?, keratin 20+, MUC2+). Carcinomas of pancreaticobiliary type usually show the immunohistochemical profile of pancreaticobiliary duct mucosa (keratin 7+, keratin 20?, MUC2?). Even poorly differentiated carcinomas, as well as unusual histological types, may conserve the marker profile of the mucosa they developed from. These findings underline the concept of histogenetically different carcinomas of the papilla of Vater which develop either from intestinal- or from pancreaticobiliary-type mucosa of the papilla of Vater. Molecular alterations in ampullary carcinomas are similar to those of colorectal as well as pancreatic carcinomas, although they appear at different frequencies. In future studies, molecular alterations in ampullary carcinomas should be correlated closely with the different histologic tumor types. Consequently, the histologic classification should reflect the histogenesis of ampullary tumors from the two different types of papillary mucosa.     

Demonstration of the mechanism of action of biguanides

Summary Palmitic acid oxidation in rat diaphragm homogenate is depressed by biguanide concentrations that are still incapable of inhibiting oxidative phosphorylation. Glucose oxidation is not directly effected by the same biguanide concentrations: however, the inhibitory effect of palmitic acid on glucose oxidation is partly removed by biguanides. Inhibition of fatty acid oxidation, which accounts for most of the metabolic effects caused by these drugs, can be regarded as the fundamental mechanism of action of biguanides. There is some evidence suggesting that these drugs might interact with carnitine, thus preventing long-chain fatty acids from being transported across the mitochondrial membrane to the site of oxidation. Traduzione a cura degli AA.     

Lack of correlation of degree of villous atrophy with severity of clinical presentation of coeliac disease

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Both the clinical presentation and the degree of mucosal damage in coeliac disease vary greatly. In view of conflicting information as to whether the mode of presentation correlates with the degree of villous atrophy, we reviewed a large cohort of patients with coeliac disease. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We correlated mode of presentation (classical, diarrhoea predominant or atypical/silent) with histology of duodenal biopsies and examined their trends over time. RESULTS: The cohort consisted of 499 adults, mean age 44.1 years, 68% females. The majority had silent coeliac disease (56%) and total villous atrophy (65%). There was no correlation of mode of presentation with the degree of villous atrophy (p=0.25). Sixty-eight percent of females and 58% of males had a severe villous atrophy (p=0.052). There was a significant trend over time for a greater proportion of patients presenting as atypical/silent coeliac disease and having partial villous atrophy, though the majority still had total villous atrophy. CONCLUSIONS: Among our patients the degree of villous atrophy in duodenal biopsies did not correlate with the mode of presentation, indicating that factors other than the degree of villous atrophy must account for diarrhoea in coeliac disease.     

氯硝柳胺悬浮剂的毒性评价

目的评价氯硝柳胺悬浮剂的毒性，为现场大规模应用灭螺提供依据。方法按照中华人民共和国国家标准GB 15670-1995《农药登记毒理学试验方法》和鱼类毒性试验方法进行。结果经口、经皮肤的LDso雌、雄性大鼠均>5 000 mg/kg，经呼吸道的LCso雌、雄性大鼠均>5 000mg/m3，该药经口、经皮肤、经呼吸道毒性均属微毒类药物；兔眼用药后，观察期内无不良反应，对眼无刺激性；皮肤用药后对皮肤无刺激性。与氯硝柳胺原药、氯硝柳胺乙醇胺盐原药和氯硝柳胺乙醇胺盐可湿性粉剂相比，氯硝柳胺悬浮剂对鱼急性毒性最低。结论氯硝柳胺悬浮剂属微毒类药物，对鱼的毒性低于其乙醇胺盐可湿性粉剂，适合于现场应用。     

血吸虫童虫生长发育及其机制的研究进展

血吸虫童虫是宿主免疫系统攻击的重要靶标,包括皮肤型、肺型和肝门型童虫。宿主分子对童虫生长发育具有重要作用。童虫生长发育机制包括免疫调节、信号转导、性别发育及凋亡等。肌动蛋白、组织蛋白酶、烯醇化酶和葡萄糖基转移酶等分子为血吸虫童虫生长发育的重要分子。本文对血吸虫童虫生长发育及其机制的研究进展做一综述。     

124例耐多药结核分枝杆菌基因突变特征分析

目的对临床分离的耐多药结核分枝杆菌相关基因的突变特征进行分析。方法对124例耐多药结核分枝杆菌以及50株敏感株的耐药相关基因(包括异烟肼inh A、kat G、oxyR-ahp C间隔区以及利福平rpo B)进行序列测定,分析其基因突变情况。结果异烟肼耐药inh A基因突变率为14.5%;kat G基因突变率为70.2%(87/124),主要位于315位;oxyR-ahp C间隔区突变率为15.3%;inh A、kat G两种基因同时突变率75.0%,三种基因同时突变率为89.5%。利福平rpo B基因突变的检出率高达95.2%,突变主要发生在531、526、516位点。结论我省耐多药菌异烟肼耐药相关基因最常见突变为kat G 315、inh A C-T(-15)、axyR-ahp C间隔区(-10)C-T,利福平为rpo B531、526、516。结合MDR-TB耐药相关基因的特征分析,可以建立一种快速、准确、特异的适合于我省的检测结核菌耐多药性的新方法。     

Assessment of quality of life of parents of children with juvenile chronic arthritis

The aim of the study was to assess the quality of life (QOL) and the psychological status of parents of children with juvenile chronic arthritis (JCA). The QOL, anxiety and depression of the parents of 28 children with JCA were evaluated and compared to those of the parents of 28 healthy children. Mothers of JCA children and mothers of healthy children reported similar QOL. The reported anxiety and depression levels were similar for mothers and fathers in both groups. The parents of children with pauciarticular-type JCA reported lower QOL and higher levels of anxiety and depression than the parents of children with other types, namely polyarticular and systemic JCA. These findings may be explained by the fact that the pauciarticular patients had shorter disease duration and were less frequently seen in the outpatient clinic. The QOL of mothers of children with JCA was found to be slightly impaired in the group of children with pauciarticular JCA. Future larger studies are needed to confirm these results, as the number of subjects in the three groups was rather low. Received: 26 September 2001 / Accepted: 8 February 2002     

Numerical Simulation of the Effect of Rate of Change of Glucose on Measurement Error of Continuous Glucose Monitors

Background

A 5-day in-patient study designed to assess the accuracy of the FreeStyle Navigator® Continuous Glucose Monitoring System revealed that the level of accuracy of the continuous sensor measurements was dependent on the rate of glucose change. When the absolute rate of change was less than 1 mg•dl⁻¹•min⁻¹ (75% of the time), the median absolute relative difference (ARD) was 8.5%, with 85% of all points falling within the A zone of the Clarke error grid. When the absolute rate of change was greater than 2 mg•dl⁻¹•min⁻¹ (8% of the time), the median ARD was 17.5%, with 59% of all points falling within the Clarke A zone.

Method

Numerical simulations were performed to investigate effects of the rate of change of glucose on sensor measurement error. This approach enabled physiologically relevant distributions of glucose values to be reordered to explore the effect of different glucose rate-of-change distributions on apparent sensor accuracy.

Results

The physiological lag between blood and interstitial fluid glucose levels is sufficient to account for the observed difference in sensor accuracy between periods of stable glucose and periods of rapidly changing glucose.

Conclusions

The role of physiological lag on the apparent decrease in sensor accuracy at high glucose rates of change has implications for clinical study design, regulatory review of continuous glucose sensors, and development of performance standards for this new technology. This work demonstrates the difficulty in comparing accuracy measures between different clinical studies and highlights the need for studies to include both relevant glucose distributions and relevant glucose rate-of-change distributions.     

治疗高血压药物的经济学评价

重视高血压治疗中的经济学评价,对利用我国有限的卫生资源来遏制高血压对人民群众的危害有着重要的现实意义。药物经济学对于药物治疗的成本和治疗的结果给予同样的关注。因为治疗高血压的费用,不仅涉及药物价格,还包括患者的危险水平,降压疗效和对临床终点事件的影响,以及治疗的依从性和安全性。因此药物经济学更强调整体成本和价-效比。低危病人,若非药价低廉,治疗的价-效比不够理想。而在高危的患者,价-效比越小越经济而不是药费越便宜越好。