肝内胆管结石行肝叶切除术患者围手术期营养支持

目的 探讨肝内胆管结石行肝叶切除术患者围手术期的肠内外营养支持对手术治疗效果的影响.方法 回顾性分析2011年3月-2015年3月重庆市涪陵中心医院收治的55例肝叶切除术患者,均为择期手术.根据围手术期营养支持方法的不同,随机分为肠内外营养组(n=25)和肠外营养组(n=30).结果 肠内外营养组术后并发症发病率及肠道功能恢复时间,明显优于肠外营养组(28％ vs 40％),[(4.50±0.50)d vs (5.50±1.00)d],差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);两组手术前后体重指数变化[(22.10±1.80) vs (22.30±1.70)]、前白蛋白[(130.00±45.00) mg/Lvs (124.00±55.00) mg/L]和白蛋白[(35.50±2.72) g/L vs (36.50±2.70) g/L]改善情况,差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 围手术期肠内外营养支持可明显改善患者的营养状况,缩短术后肠道功能恢复时间及住院日,提高手术治疗效果.     

血液透析对维持性血液透析患者血清瘦素及营养状况的影响

目的 探讨不同透析方式对患者血清瘦素水平及营养状况的影响.方法 选取维持性血液透析患者60例,按随机数字表法分为低通量、高通量血液透析组、血液透析滤过组,20名健康体检者为对照组,分析患者血清瘦素水平及营养状况的相互关系及影响因素.统计参数主要包括血清白蛋白、体重指数、主观综合性营养评估、血清瘦素水平、尿素氮清除率等.结果 (1)低通量组、高通量血液透析组、血液透析滤过组患者血清瘦素水平与正常对照组比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05),白蛋白、体重指数水平与正常对照组比较差异也有统计学意义(P＜0.05);(2)低通量组患者透析6个月后血清瘦素、白蛋白、体重指数比较差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05),但白蛋白＜35 g/L患者营养改善明显,高通量血液透析组、血液透析滤过组患者经透析6个月后血清瘦素、主观综合性营养评估、白蛋白、体重指数比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05),但仅白蛋白＜ 38.3 g/L的人群受益,对白蛋白＞38.3 g/L的人群影响不明显.结论 高通量血液透析与血液透析滤过能够减轻高瘦素血症,改善营养不良,营养水平较低的患者受益更明显.     

腹腔镜胃癌根治术后营养支持的临床疗效

目的 探讨肠内营养与肠外营养对腹腔镜胃癌根治术后营养不良患者的临床疗效.方法 通过前瞻性对照研究分析2007年12月至2010年4月在中山大学附属第三医院行腹腔镜胃癌根治术60例患者营养支持的临床资料,按随机数字表法分为肠内营养组和肠外营养组(每组各30例),比较营养支持后两组患者的人体测量学,营养学指标,营养相关并发症及费用.计量资料采用t检验,计数资料采用x2检验.结果 肠内营养组患者体质指数、三头肌皮褶厚度、上臂肌围、Hb、转铁蛋白、Alb分别为(16.9±2.4)kg/m2、(10.6±2.5)mm、(24.2±2.5)cm、(106±15)g/L、(2.2+0.4)g/L、(39±3)g/L,肠外营养组患者分别为(16.6±2.1)kg/m2、(9.2±1.3)mm、(24.0±3.4)cm、(102±18)g/L、(2.0+0.4)g/L、(38±3)g/L,两组比较差异均无统计学意义(t=0.52,1.72,0.05,0.93,1.94,1.29,P＞0.05).但肠内营养组前白蛋白、氮平衡水平、肛门排气时间、每日相关费用、菌群失调、糖代谢紊乱、肝功能损害分别为(0.30±0.10)g/L、0.8±0.3、(29±10)h、(210±30)元、1例、2例、2例,肠外营养组分别为(0.25±0.09)g/L、0.4±0.2、(38±6)h、(700±50)元、9例、12例、15例,两组比较差异有统计学意义(t=2.03,6.08,2.25,10.38,x2=7.68,9.32,13.87,P<0.05).结论 腹腔镜胃癌根治术后对患者实施营养支持可促进患者的恢复,而肠内营养疗效优于肠外营养,可作为营养支持的首选途径.     

肠内营养添加谷氨酰胺对烧伤患者的免疫调理作用

目的 了解烧伤后早期肠内营养添加谷氨酰胺(Gln)对患者免疫调理状态的影响.方法 将24例烧伤患者随机分为2组,每组12例.标准营养(EN)组:给患者喂食标准肠内营养制剂能全力;免疫营养(EIN)组:喂食能全力+Gln.分别于伤后1、4、7、10 d清晨空腹抽血,检测血清总蛋白(TP)、白蛋白(ALB)、前白蛋白(PAB)、转铁蛋白(TF)和免疫球蛋白IgG、IgA、IgM的浓度以及T淋巴细胞亚群CD3+、CD4+、CD8+和CD4+/CD8+的比值.结果 伤后各时相点2组患者TP、ALB、TF、CD3+、IgM组间比较,差异均无统计学意义(P＞0.05).伤后4、7、10 d,EIN组患者PAB浓度分别为(90±14)、(92±16)、(106±21)mg/L,显著高于EN组(60±15)、(64±13)、(72±17)mg/L(P＜0.05).伤后7、10 d,EIN组CD4+细胞百分比为(55±5)%、(56±5)%,明显高于EN组的(45±5)%、(49±5)%(P＜0.05);CD4+/CD8+比值为1.92±0.31和2.36±0.36,明显高于EN组的1.53±0.27和1.72±0.42(P＜0.05);IgA分别为(2.8±0.6)、(3.1±0.6)g/L,IgG为(12.1±1.3)、(14.2±1.3)g/L,显著高于EN组的IgA[(2.2±0.5)、(2.5±0.5)g/L,P＜0.05]和IgG[(9.8±1.2)、(10.4±1.3)g/L,P＜0.05].结论 添加Gln的肠内营养制剂可以促进免疫球蛋白IgA、IgG的合成并增加PAB浓度,改善患者营养状况,纠正免疫功能紊乱.     

经皮空肠营养置管肠内营养应用于全胃切除术胃癌患者的临床研究

目的 探讨术中经皮空肠营养置管早期肠内营养对全胃切除胃癌患者的营养状态及免疫功能的影响.方法 将113例胃癌患者随机分成两组,术中空肠营养管置入肠内营养组(66例)和肠外营养支持组(47例).两组均行全胃切除术,术后分别接受7d同等条件的营养支持,比较两组排气时间、并发症发生率,检测两组患者术前和术后3、7d有关的实验室指标.结果 肠内营养组的肛门排气时间明显短于肠外营养组[(4.1±2.2)d比(5.1±2.0)d,t=2.156,P=0.037];肠内营养组与肠外营养组相比,术后7d血清前白蛋白显著增高[(18±7)mg/dl比(14±7) mg/dl,t=2.370,P=0.022]、转铁蛋白水平明显增高[(205±45)mg/dl比(186±39) mg/dl,t=3.665,P=0.001];术后7d肠内营养组与肠外营养组相比,血清IgA[(2.3±1.0) g/L比(1.9±0.7) g/L,t=2.178,P=0.034]、IgM[(1.4±0.4) g/L比(1.0±0.4) g/L,t =2.124,P=0.039]、IgG[(9.5±1.9) g/L比(9.0±2.3) g/L,t =2.189,p=0.033]均显著增高;术后肠内营养组消化道功能障碍发生率低于肠外组(3％比13％,x2=3.962,P=0.048).结论 胃癌全胃切除术患者术中经皮穿刺空肠营养管置入予以术后早期肠内营养安全方便,营养状态及免疫水平改善均优于肠外营养.     

回输外引流胆汁和胰液对胰十二指肠切除术疗效的影响

目的 探讨回输外引流的胆汁和胰液对胰十二指肠切除术疗效的影响.方法 回顾性分析2005年6月至2009年3月滨州医学院附属医院收治的51例行胰十二指肠切除术患者的临床资料.根据是否回输外引流的胆汁和胰液分为回输组(32例)和非回输组(19例).观察两组患者术后胆汁和胰液日均引流量,手术情况,肠内营养耐受性,肝脏功能及营养状态等指标.应用x2检验、Fisher确切概率法、两独立样本t检验、Mann-Whitney U检验、单因素方差分析等对数据进行统计分析.结果 术后回输组患者肺部感染率为3％ (1/32),低于非回输组患者的26％( 5/19),两组比较,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).回输组患者自术后4～10 d胰液日引流量显著低于非回输组(t=7.143,9.244,8.808,7.915,6.461,14.097,15.038,P＜0.05),而两组患者胆汁日均引流量比较,差异无统计学意义.营养支持治疗后,回输组患者腹泻发生率为9％(3/32),低于非回输组的37％(7/19),两组比较,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).回输组达到全量肠内营养支持的平均时间为3d,短于非回输组的4 d(U=145.000,P＜0.05).回输组和非回输组患者术前TBil、DBil、IBil分别为(261±108)、(132±55)、(129±55) μmol/L和(239±92)、(124±46)、(116 +46) μmol/L;营养支持治疗12 d后,两组患者的上述指标分别为(39±19)、(20±10)、(19±9) μmol/L和(55±22)、(29±12)、(26±11) μmoL/L,回输组患者上述指标下降程度高于非回输组(t=7.324,8.437,5.827,P＜0.05).回输组和非回输组患者术前血清前白蛋白、视黄醇结合蛋白、转铁蛋白分别为(0.261±0.021)g/L、(34.3±2.8) mg/L、(3.08±0.26) g/L和(0.263 ±0.021 )g/L、(33.8±3.5) mg/L、(3.10±0.27)g/L;术后两组患者的上述指标迅速下降,营养支持治疗3d后各项指标逐步回升,12 d后,两组患者的上述指标分别为(0.238±0.025)g/L、(30.7±2.0)mg/L、(2.78±0.19)g/L和(0.222±0.025) g/L、(29.3±2.1)mg/L、(2.63±0.21)g/L,并且回输组患者的上述指标明显高于非回输组(t=4.615,6.097,4.913,P＜0.05).结论 胰十二指肠切除术后回输外引流的胆汁和胰液可提高患者对肠内营养耐受性,降低肺部感染发生率,促进血清胆红素水平降低,改善患者营养状态,具有较高实用价值.     

短肽型肠内营养制剂在围手术期的应用

研究短肽型肠内营养制剂在围手术期的应用价值。将接受该研究的患者随机分为4组:SS组接受术前和术后肠内营养制剂、NN组在手术前后均未接受肠内营养制剂、SN组在术前接受肠内营养制剂、NS组在术后接受肠内营养制剂。比较4组患者术后营养学指标(体质量、总蛋白、白蛋白、前清蛋白、转铁蛋白)、术后并发症(吻合口瘘、刀口感染)以及术后排气时间、住院时间等指标。患者术后第3天白蛋白:SS组(35.2±3.9)g/L,NN组(28.5±6.2)g/L(P0.05);前清蛋白(mg/L):SS组(334.3±59.3)g/L、NS组(332.7±48.6)g/L、NN组(298.4±56.1)g/L,SS组、NS组高于NN组(P0.05)。患者术后第8天总蛋白:SS组(58.3±4.6)g/L、NN组(55.4±3.3)g/L(P0.05);白蛋白:SS组(34.5±2.9)g/L、NS组(35.4±5.7)g/L、NN组(29.3±7.2)g/L,SS组、NS组高于NN组(P0.05);前清蛋白:SS组(336.3±37.8)mg/L、NS组(337.6±50.7)mg/L、NN组(286.5±58.9)mg/L,SS组、NS组高于NN组(P0.05)。患者术后排气时间及住院时间SS组低于NN组(P0.05)。并发症:腹泻SS组高于NN组(P0.05)。围手术期给予短肽型肠内营养制剂,改善了患者术后的营养水平,降低了并发症的发生,缩短了住院时间。     

早期肠内肠外营养支持对肝硬化大鼠肝切除术后的影响

目的 观察早期肠内肠外营养支持对肝硬化大鼠肝部分切除术后的影响.方法 采用24只雄性SD大鼠随机分为3组:A组正常大鼠肠内营养;B组肝硬化大鼠肠内营养;C组肝硬化大鼠肠外营养.3组大鼠行肝部分切除术后1 d分别进行等热量[690 kJ/(kg·d)]等氮量[1.22g/(kg·d)]营养支持,共5 d.术后6 d测定大鼠体质量、肝功能、前白蛋白、转铁蛋白、肝组织白蛋白(ALB)mRNA的表达及细胞增殖核抗原(Ki-67)蛋白表达水平.结果 与术前比较,术后A组大鼠体质量增加,B、C组体质量减轻,差异有统计学意义[A:(6.16±3.28)g;B:(5.46±2.59)g;C:(6.13±3.21)g,P＜0.05).术后B、C组大鼠肝功能与A组比较,血清AST、ALT、ALP升高,ALB降低,差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05);B组与C组比较,ALP升高,差异有统计学意义[B:(209±81)IU/L;C:(271:±92)IU/L,P＜0.05).术后B、C组大鼠血清前白蛋白和转铁蛋白与A组比较均降低,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);C组与B组比较,血清前白蛋白降低,差异有统计学意义[B:(161±37)mg/L;C:(133±29)mg/L,P＜0.05].术后B、C组肝组织ALB mRNA表达水平比A组下降,差异有统计学意义(A:1.46±0.12;B:1. 07±0.14;C:0.84±0.18,P＜0.05);B组与C组比较,C组肝组织ALB mRNA表达水平降低,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).术后A组肝组织Ki-67蛋白表达指数比B、C组高,差异有统计学意义(A:8.90±0.45;B:5.60±0.34;C:3.80±0.21,P＜0.05);而B组Ki-67指数比C组高,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 肝硬化大鼠肝部分切除术后存在明显的肝功能不全和肝再生能力下降,虽经过积极的肠内或肠外营养支持,其术后各项指标的恢复均明显差于无肝硬化的大鼠.肠内营养较肠外营养更能促进肝硬化大鼠肝部分切除术后肝脏蛋白质的合成代谢和肝再生,肠内营养途径可进一步降低与肠外营养相关的胆汁淤积并发症的发生.     

生物电阻抗技术用于老年尿毒症患者两种透析方式的营养状况评估

目的:营养不良是老年透析患者常见的并发症之一,本研究旨在应用生物电阻抗技术评估老年透析患者的营养状态。方法:回顾性分析我院133例老年透析患者(年龄65岁)的一般资料、生化指标以及肌肉指数,并应用生化电阻抗进行相关参数指标的评估。结果:老年PD患者Alb水平(30.97±5.47)g/L明显低于Hb患者(35.26±0.61)g/L,而TC水平为(4.50±0.14)mmol/L、TG水平为(2.11±0.18)mmol/L,高于Hb患者TC(3.92±0.11)mmol/L、TG(1.52±0.10)mmol/L水平,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。生物电阻抗测量联合肌肉指数结果提示,与HD组相比,PD组患者ECW/TBW=0.49±0.08,显著升高(P0.05),而体重指数及体脂含量均降低,但差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:生物电阻抗技术可有效应用于老年透析患者的营养评估,其相关参数可以帮助我们有效评判透析患者的营养状况,老年PD患者更容易出现高脂血症及营养不良。     

长程血液透析对维持性血液透析患者生活质量的影响

目的 研究长程血液透析(LSHD)对维持性血液透析(MHD)患者生活质量的影响.方法 选取首都医科大学附属北京友谊医院血液净化中心40例MHD患者,通过问卷调查和收集临床资料相结合的方法,进行前瞻性配对临床研究.根据临床资料、检验指标、睡眠质量将患者配对分组为普通透析(HD)组和LSHD组,各20例,进行6个月的临床试验,观察两组患者临床表现、生化指标及生活质量的情况.结果 LSHD组的Kt/V(1.73±0.36比1.41±0.23,P＜0.05)、血红蛋白[(124.67±9.08)比(110.55±9.01) g/L,P＜0.01]、血清白蛋白[(45.01±2.66)比(39.28±2.63) g/L,P＜0.01]显著高于HD组 ;血压控制比例(14/20比5/20,P=0.010)和睡眠质量(16/20比5/20,P=0.001)显著优于HD组 ;生活质量SF-36评分显著高于HD组(P＜0.05),差异均有统计学意义.结论 长程透析可以改善MHD患者睡眠质量、营养状况,从而改善生活质量.     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.