直肠癌全直肠系膜切除术中易损伤神经的定位及应用

目的 :探讨直肠癌全系膜切除术中容易损伤的有关内脏神经丛及分支的定位。方法 :在成人男性骨盆矢状标本及男性躯干标本上解剖观测有关内脏神经丛及分支的形态及位置。结果 :上腹下丛位于腹主动脉分叉至骶骨岬下约 2cm的范围内 ;左右腹下神经的夹角约为 95 .9° ;两侧神经的投影点分别位于骶骨岬中点至左右坐骨大切迹下缘 (近坐骨棘 )内侧一横指处 ;盆丛上、下端的投影点分别位于直肠膀胱陷凹上外侧约 4.71cm和 2 .98cm的盆壁 ,盆丛内侧缘距直肠外侧约 1 .1 1cm处。结论 :手术中应根据神经的定位分离或保护各神经丛及分支 ,就能最大限度的避免损伤神经 ,防止术后性功能及排尿功能障碍。     

骶骨前间隙的应用解剖学

目的:为直肠手术防止伤及骶骨前间隙内的结构提供应用解剖学资料.方法:在20具成人盆部标本上测量骶骨前筋膜的厚度,观测骶前静脉、骶正中动脉、骶外侧动脉、骶横静脉的数目、位置,并测量其外径.结果:骶骨前筋膜的中点厚度为1.75mm.骶横静脉的中点外径:第1骶骨为4.0mm,第2骶骨为3.5mm,第3骶骨为1.6mm.骶骨前间隙位于骶尾骨的盆面与骶骨前筋膜之间.间隙内有骶前静脉、骶正中动脉、骶外侧动脉.同时观察了骶交感干及骶前神经节、盆内脏神经解剖位置等.结论:行直肠手术时应不破坏骶骨前筋膜,才能有效地保护骶骨前间隙内的诸结构,特别是第1、2、3的骶前静脉外径均在1.6mm以上,它们相互之间常吻成为骶前静脉丛,避免损伤,防止出血.     

腹腔镜入路骶神经电刺激器植入的解剖学特点及其临床意义

目的　讨论腹腔镜下骶前方植入骶神经电刺激电极手术入路解剖及手术可行性。 方法　在20具成人尸体标本上模拟腹腔镜下显露骶骨前第2~4骶神经前支手术,观察骶骨前方第2~4骶神经前支的形态特征和骶孔周围可能损伤重要血管的区域。 结果　第2~4骶神经前支出骶前孔至汇成骶丛的长度：S2左(32.62±3.15) mm,右(31.46±3.28) mm;S3左(21.96±2.59) mm,右(20.61±3.14) mm;S4左(15.04±1.64) mm,右(16.09±1.38) mm。骶外侧动脉的脊支动脉进入骶前孔的方位主要为内上象限。臀下动脉穿过神经时比较偏外侧靠近神经汇合处。骶椎旁静脉在第2~4骶前孔处与骶外侧动脉伴行,脊支静脉出骶前孔的位置与动脉一致。 结论　骶骨前方第2~4骶神经前支游离的长度能够达到硬膜外型骶神经电刺激器电极植入的要求。手术中骶前孔内侧为血管易损伤的危险区域。     

全直肠系膜切除相关盆自主神经的解剖学观察

目的：阐述全直肠系膜切除术相关盆自主神经的局部解剖学特点，探讨盆自主神经保留的部位和对策。方法：对20具男性盆腔固定标本进行解剖观察。结果：腹主动脉丛远离肠系膜下动脉起点；上腹下丛贴近骶岬表面；腹下神经部分毗邻输尿管；盆内脏神经伴行直肠中动脉外侧部；下腹下丛位于直肠系膜后外侧；其直肠侧支走行于直肠侧韧带内，直肠前支向前穿过Denonvilliers筋膜后叶；勃起神经位于Denonvilliers筋膜前叶外侧部。结论：盆自主神经保留的部位是：离断肠系膜下血管时的腹主动脉丛左干，直肠后分离时的上腹下丛和腹下神经，直肠侧面分离时的下腹下丛和盆内脏神经，直肠前分离时的勃起神经。共同原则是：在直肠后间隙中贴近直肠系膜操作；直视下操作；避免过度牵引直肠系膜。     

男性盆腔神经丛的外科应用解剖

目的　探讨泌尿外科术中避免损伤盆腔神经丛 (盆丛 )的解剖标志。方法　对 42具盆腔器官作盆腔解剖或组织切片 ,观察盆丛与盆腔脏器的毗邻关系。结果　盆丛位于直肠的前外侧 ,距肛门口 ( 9.5± 1.6)cm ,精囊的后外侧 ,在前列腺基底部与前列腺血管形成神经血管束 ,于尿道膜部外侧和后外侧 ,穿尿生殖膈。结论　精囊和前列腺神经血管束可作为泌尿外科术中防止损伤盆丛的一个标志。     

骨盆骨折骶髂关节分离前路钢板固定的应用解剖

目的 :为骨盆骨折骶髂关节分离行前路钢板固定时提供解剖学基础。方法 :2 0具尸体骨盆解剖观测骶骨翼大小及骶丛的位置。结果 :骶丛距骶骨翼边缘距离 (左右平均距离 )分别为 :上缘 :L4(19.1±1.5 )mm ,L5(2 4.5± 1.4)mm ,中点 :L4(17.2± 1.8)mm ,L5(2 0 .1± 1.4)mm ,下缘 :L4(13 .9± 2 .9)mm ,L5(15 .2± 1.6)mm。L4神经位于骶丛外缘。结论 :骶髂关节分离前路钢板固定时L4神经根易受损伤 ,安全放置钢板的位置是骶骨翼中上部 ,距骶骨翼边缘 2 0mm内。     

骶直肠筋膜在轴向腰椎椎间融合术中的应用解剖

目的　观察骶直肠筋膜在轴向腰骶椎椎间融合术中的应用解剖。 方法 10具(20侧)男女骨盆标本,观察骶直肠筋膜的位置,并进行相关解剖学测量。 结果　①骶直肠筋膜起自S3者较多,为44.4%,将骶前间隙分为上下两部分;②男性骶直肠筋膜跨越直肠两侧连于骨盆腔壁腹膜,女性的则两侧跨越直肠后连于直肠子宫襞;③骶直肠筋膜长度（23.14±1.41）mm、厚度（1.25±0.13）mm,距离手术切口（66.10±7.03）mm、距离S1/S2横线中点（23.09±1.87）mm。 结论　①骶直肠筋膜在骶前间隙内普遍存在,术中应对其进行锐性分离以避免骶前静脉丛撕裂伤;②女性骶直肠筋膜可能为子宫骶韧带的一部分。     

两块特殊骶骨报告

<正>作者在我院教学使用的骶骨标本中,发现有两块骶骨特殊,这两块骶骨均由6块骶椎愈合而成,现报道如下:形态观察:两块骶骨均由6块骶椎愈合而成,都各有5对骶前孔和5对骶后孔。与最常见的骶骨比,都多出了一块骶椎,多出了1对骶前孔和1对骶后孔。由于多出一块骶椎,所以,骶曲曲度与常见的骶骨明显加大。测量数据:第一块,如图一、二所示。从腹侧面测量(图一),骶岬中部至第六骶椎腹侧缘中部直线距离为11.7cm,沿骶曲弧线测量的距离为     

骶骨变异1例报告

骶骨常见变异有骶椎裂,第一骶椎腰化或第5腰椎骶化。作者在解剖教学中发现6块骶椎融合成骶骨变异1例,现报道如下。老年男性骶骨,呈倒置三角形,骶骨长14.2 cm,宽0.8cm。第1骶椎上关节面形似蚕豆,长4.3 cm,宽2.8 cm。6块骶椎相互融合成5对骶孔和5条横线。骶岬到第一横线的最短距离为3.1 cm。第1横线长2.9 cm,第2横线长2.5 cm,第1对骶前孔与第2对骶前孔的最短距离为3.1 cm。第3横线长2.4 cm,第2对骶前孔与第3对骶前孔的最短距离为2.6 cm。第4横线长2.4 cm,第3对骶前孔与第4对骶前孔的最短距离为2.6 cm。第5横线长2.1 cm,第4对骶前孔与第5对骶前…     

盆腔内筋膜的解剖结构及神经走形：避免修复中的损伤

背景：盆腔内走行着大量支配泌尿生殖等系统脏器的神经,包括内脏神经和脊神经两种,每一种均由运动神经和感觉神经两种成分组成。其中内脏神经的核心为盆丛。1982年,Heald提出的全直肠系膜切除已经成为直肠癌诊疗的“金标准”。但术中极易损伤神经,导致术后出现尿潴留、性功能障碍等并发症。目的：综述前人的研究,以明确盆腔内筋膜的解剖结构和神经走形。方法：以“splanchnic nerves,superior hypogastric plexus,pelvic plexus,pelvic splanchnic nerve,total mesorectal excision(TME),clinical anatomy”为关键词,检索2000年1月至2015年1月PubMed数据库中关于盆腔内神经及相关脊神经的走形和成分、盆腔内神经节及相关脏器反射等研究,以盆腔内的神经为主。结果与结论：盆腔内的主要内脏神经丛为：①上腹下丛：主体位于由左、右髂总动脉和骶岬围成的髂间三角内,左髂总静脉和第5腰椎前面。②盆丛：腹下神经、盆内脏神经、骶内脏神经在直肠侧面的后下方1/3处汇合形成神经丛,也称下腹下丛,位于输尿管后下方、膀胱及精囊腺的背侧。由内脏神经丛发出的神经包含交感神经、副交感神经及感觉神经3种成分,走行分布在盆腔各脏器表面,支配其运动与感觉功能。明确的盆腔内筋膜的解剖结构和神经走形是全直肠系膜切除成功的关键,可在手术中最大程度避免神经损伤,提高患者预后及生活质量。中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建;骨细胞;软骨细胞;细胞培养;成纤维细胞;血管内皮细胞;骨质疏松;组织工程     

Pain and Effusion and Quadriceps Activation and Strength

Context:

Quadriceps dysfunction is a common consequence of knee joint injury and disease, yet its causes remain elusive.

Objective:

To determine the effects of pain on quadriceps strength and activation and to learn if simultaneous pain and knee joint effusion affect the magnitude of quadriceps dysfunction.

Design:

Crossover study.

Setting:

University research laboratory.

Patients or Other Participants:

Fourteen (8 men, 6 women; age = 23.6 ± 4.8 years, height = 170.3 ± 9.16 cm, mass = 72.9 ± 11.84 kg) healthy volunteers.

Intervention(s):

All participants were tested under 4 randomized conditions: normal knee, effused knee, painful knee, and effused and painful knee.

Main Outcome Measure(s):

Quadriceps strength (Nm/kg) and activation (central activation ratio) were assessed after each condition was induced.

Results:

Quadriceps strength and activation were highest under the normal knee condition and differed from the 3 experimental knee conditions (P < .05). No differences were noted among the 3 experimental knee conditions for either variable (P > .05).

Conclusions:

Both pain and effusion led to quadriceps dysfunction, but the interaction of the 2 stimuli did not increase the magnitude of the strength or activation deficits. Therefore, pain and effusion can be considered equally potent in eliciting quadriceps inhibition. Given that pain and effusion accompany numerous knee conditions, the prevalence of quadriceps dysfunction is likely high.Key Words: arthrogenic muscle inhibition, central activation failure, voluntary activation, muscles

Key Points

• Knee pain and effusion resulted in arthrogenic muscle inhibition and weakness of the quadriceps.
• The simultaneous presence of pain and effusion did not increase the magnitude of quadriceps dysfunction.
• To reduce arthrogenic muscle inhibition and improve muscle strength, clinicians should employ interventions that target removing both pain and effusion.

Quadriceps weakness is a common consequence of traumatic knee joint injury^1,2 and chronic degenerative knee joint conditions.^3,4 Arthrogenic muscle inhibition (AMI), a neurologic decline in muscle activation, results in quadriceps weakness and hinders rehabilitation by preventing gains in strength.⁵ The inability to reverse AMI and restore muscle function can lead to decreased physical abilities,⁶ biomechanical deficits,⁷ and possibly reinjury.⁵ Furthermore, researchers^8,9 have suggested that quadriceps weakness resulting from AMI may place patients at risk for developing osteoarthritis in the knee. In light of the substantial influence of quadriceps AMI on these clinically relevant outcomes, we need to improve our understanding of the factors that contribute to this neurologic decline in muscle activity so efforts to target and reverse it can be implemented and gains in strength can be achieved more easily.Joint injury and disease are accompanied by numerous sequelae (ie, pain, swelling, tissue damage, inflammation), so ascertaining which one ultimately leads to neurologic muscle dysfunction is difficult. Whereas a joint effusion can result in AMI,^10–12 the effects of pain are less understood despite many clinicians attributing AMI to pain. Using techniques that introduce knee pain without accompanying injury may provide insights into the role of pain in eliciting AMI.The degree of knee joint damage may play a role in the quantity of AMI that manifests. Hurley et al^13,14 demonstrated that quadriceps AMI, measured using an interpolated-twitch technique, was greater in patients with extensive traumatic knee injury (eg, fractured tibial plateau, ruptured medial collateral ligament, and medial meniscectomy) than patients with isolated joint trauma (ie, isolated anterior cruciate ligament [ACL] rupture). Similarly, patients with more knee joint symptoms (ie, greater number of symptoms and increased severity of symptoms) may present with greater magnitudes of quadriceps inhibition. Recently, investigators¹⁵ have suggested that patients with more pain display less quadriceps strength, supporting this tenet. Given that effusion and pain often present simultaneously with joint injuries and diseases, such as ACL injury and osteoarthritis, examining both the isolated and cumulative effects of these sequelae appears warranted to determine if they influence the magnitude of muscle inhibition.Experimental joint-effusion and pain models are safe and effective experimental methods that allow for the isolated examination of their effects on muscle function. The effusion model, whereby sterile saline is injected directly into the knee joint capsule,⁷ produces a clinically relevant magnitude of the joint effusion that may be present with traumatic injury. Effusion is thought to activate group II afferents responding to stretch or pressure,^16–18 which in turn may facilitate group Ib interneurons and result in quadriceps AMI.⁵ The pain model involves injecting hypertonic saline into the infrapatellar fat pad to produce anteromedial knee pain similar to that described in patients with patellofemoral pain syndrome.¹⁹ Pain is considered to initiate AMI through activation of group III and IV afferents that act as nocioceptors to signal damage or potential damage to joint structures.^16–18 The firing of these afferents then may lead to facilitation of group Ib interneurons, the flexion reflex, or the gamma loop, ultimately resulting in quadriceps inhibition.²⁰ Thus, these models allow us to create symptoms that are associated with knee injury and have the added benefit of providing a way to examine their effects in isolation.Therefore, the purpose of our study was to determine the effects of pain on quadriceps strength and activation and to learn if simultaneous pain and knee joint effusion would affect the magnitude of quadriceps dysfunction. We hypothesized that pain alone would result in quadriceps inhibition and that the magnitude of inhibition would be greater when effusion and pain were present simultaneously.     

即早基因c-fos与脑血管病及学习记忆

即早基因c-fos是广泛存在于原核细胞和真核细胞的高度保守基因.在正常情况下,c-fos基因参与细胞生长、分化、信息传递、学习和记忆等生理过程,而在病理情况下c-fos基因表达及调控变化与多种疾病的发生和发展有关.C-fos在中枢神经系统的某些部位可有基础水平的表达,但表达很低,当受到如脑缺血、脑出血、痫性发作、应激等刺激后,其在数十分钟内做出反应,在对外界刺激-转录耦联的信忠传递过程中起着核内第三信使的重要作用.     

Opportunities and challenges in the prevention and control of cancer and other chronic diseases: children's diet and nutrition and weight and physical activity

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this article is to review the role of behavioral research in disease prevention and control, with a particular emphasis on lifestyle- and behavior-related cancer and chronic disease risk factors--specifically, relationships among diet and nutrition and weight and physical activity with adult cancer, and tracking developmental origins of these health-promoting and health-compromising behaviors from childhood into adulthood. METHOD: After reviewing the background of the field of cancer prevention and control and establishing plausibility for the role of child health behavior in adult cancer risk, studies selected from the pediatric published literature are reviewed. Articles were retrieved, selected, and summarized to illustrate that results from separate but related fields of study are combinable to yield insights into the prevention and control of cancer and other chronic diseases in adulthood through the conduct of nonintervention and intervention research with children in clinical, public health, and other contexts. RESULTS: As illustrated by the evidence presented in this review, there are numerous reasons (biological, psychological, and social), opportunities (school and community, health care, and family settings), and approaches (nonintervention and intervention) to understand and impact behavior change in children's diet and nutrition and weight and physical activity. CONCLUSIONS: Further development and evaluation of behavioral science intervention protocols conducted with children are necessary to understand the efficacy of these approaches and their public health impact on proximal and distal cancer, cancer-related, and chronic disease outcomes before diffusion. It is clear that more attention should be paid to early life and early developmental phases in cancer prevention.