黄芩苷对卡氏肺孢子虫肺炎大鼠SOD和MDA影响

目的 研究黄芩苷对卡氏肺孢子虫肺炎(PCP)大鼠血清和肺组织匀浆超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性和丙二醛(MOA)含世的影响,探讨中药黄芩苷对PCP大鼠的抗氧化作用.方法 给SD大鼠皮下注射地塞米松磷酸钠建立PCP动物模型,观察黄芩苷对PCP模型建立前后肺组织病理及血清和肺组织中SOD活性和MDA含量的影响,研究中药黄芩苷对PCP大鼠的抗氧化作用.结果 黄芩苷可使大鼠肺组织炎症明显减轻,血清和肺组织中SOD活性高剂量组分别为(1075.69±9.91)和(1235.73±202.52)U/ml,显著高于模型组的(664.14±245.76),(290.20±39.68)U/ml;MDA含量分别为(1.67±0.57),(1.73±0.35)nmol/(mg prot)显著低于模型的(8.46±0.78)和(28.00±7.43)nmol/(mg prot).结论 黄芩苷对PCP大鼠具有一定的抗氧化作用,能够降低MDA含量和升高SOD活性,减轻炎症反应.     

复合营养素减肥及调节血脂作用

目的 探讨复合营养素(复合维生素、多种矿物质、几丁聚糖)对肥胖大鼠体重及高脂血症大鼠血脂的影响.方法 利用高营养饲料、高脂饲料分别诱导大鼠肥胖模型和高脂血症模型后,每种模型分为模型对照组和复合营养素低、中、高剂量组,剂量分别为0.54,1.07,3.2l g/(kg·bw),观察复合营养素对大鼠体重及血脂的影响.结果 给予复合营养素45 d后,复合营养素低、中、高剂量组大鼠体重分别为(469.10±29.75),(475.10±39.69),(467.85±28.79)g,均明显低于肥胖模型组的(505.65±14.34)g(P<0.05);但各组大鼠之间总摄食量比较差异无统计学意义;高脂模型大鼠中复合营养素低、中、高剂量组大鼠血清总胆固醇(TC)分别为(2.67±0.38),(2.51±0.21),(2.79±0.33)mmol/L,均明显低于高脂模型组的(3.10±0.46)mmol/L;甘油三酯(TG)分别为(1.46±0.23),(1.39±0.26),(1.48±0.15)mmol/L,均明显低于高脂模型组的(1.69±0.21)mmooL/L;低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)分别为(0.85±0.16),(0.79±0.14),(0.93±0.13)mmol/L,均明显低于高脂模型组的(1.97±0.30)mmol/L;而血清高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)分别为(1.28±0.26),(1.41±0.31),(1.36±0.24)mmol/L,均明显高于高脂模型组的(0.89±0.22)mmoVL(P<0.05).结论 复合营养素对高营养饲料及高脂饲料分别诱导的肥胖大鼠和高脂血症大鼠有减轻体重和调节血脂的作用.     

大黄酸对非酒精性脂肪性肝病大鼠TLR4信号通路的影响

目的从氧化应激探讨大黄酸对非酒精性脂肪性肝病(NAFLD)大鼠TLR4信号通路的影响。方法采用高脂高果糖诱导建立NAFLD大鼠模型。将40只SD雄性大鼠随机分为对照组、模型组、大黄酸组。测定大鼠体质量、肝湿重、血清学指标及与氧化应激和TLR4信号通路相关因子。结果与对照组比较,NAFLD模型组大鼠血清ALT、AST、GLU、TC、TG、MDA明显增高(P 0. 01),血清SOD、GSH-PX明显下降(P 0. 01),其肝组织TLR4 mRNA、MYD88mRNA、Cyr61 mRNA表达均上调(P 0. 05);与NAFLD模型组比较,大黄酸组大鼠血清ALT、TC、TG、GLU、MDA水平均明显下降(P 0. 01),血清AST水平下降(P 0. 05),血清SOD、GSH-PX明显上调(P 0. 01); TLR4 mRNA、Cyr61mRNA表达均下降(P 0. 05)。结论高脂高果糖饮食可诱发NAFLD,其机制可能与TLR4、MYD88、Cyr61信号通路有关;大黄酸对NAFLD有一定的治疗作用,其机制可能是下调TLR4、MYD88、Cyr61的高表达,从而有效抑制非酒精性脂肪性肝病大鼠肝组织氧化应激。     

白桦脂醇对大鼠酒精性肝损伤保护作用

目的 观察白桦脂醇对大鼠酒精性肝损伤的抗氧化作用.方法 将大鼠随机分为6组,正常组、低剂量组、中剂量组、高剂组量、阳性对照组(益肝灵组)和模型组.采用白酒灌胃的方法建立大鼠酒精性肝病模式,给予白桦脂醇保护.测定肝匀浆中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)、谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶(GST)活性和还原性谷胱甘肽(GSH)、丙二醛(MDA)含量,同时进行肝脏的病理切片观察.结果 高剂量白桦脂醇组中SOD、GSH-Px和GST活性和GSH含量明显升高,MDA含量明显降低,和模型组比较,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.01或P<0.05).阳性对照组可明显提高酒精性肝损伤大鼠肝组织中SOD、GSH-Px、GST活性和GSH含量,明显降低MDA含量,与模型组比较,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.01或P<0.05).高剂量白桦脂醇还能明显改善由酒精引起的肝组织脂肪样变和坏死.结论 白桦脂醇能抑制酒精诱导脂质过氧化反应对肝组织的损伤,对酒精性肝损伤有明显的保护作用.     

海洋胶原肽的分子组成及其降血脂和抗氧化作用研究

目的 测定海洋胶原肽(marine collagen peptide,MCP)的相对分子质量,观察其对实验性高脂血症大鼠的血脂水平和抗氧化酶活性及脂质过氧化产物丙二醛(MDA)含量的影响.方法 采用葡聚糖凝胶层析、高效液相和基质辅助激光解吸电离飞行时间质谱方法对MCP组分进行分离和相对分子质量测定.选用50只健康雄性SD大鼠分成正常对照、高脂模型对照和1.0、3.0、9.0 g/kg MCP组,正常对照组大鼠喂饲普通饲料,高脂模型对照组和MCP组大鼠喂饲高脂饲料(79%基础饲料+10%猪油+10%蛋黄粉+1%胆固醇),MCP组大鼠以灌胃方式连续给予不同剂量的MCP(2 ml/100 g)45 d,测定血脂水平及血清谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)活力、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性和MDA含量.结果 MCP的相对分子质量范围为100～860,摄人MCP 45 d后1.0、3.0和9.0 g/kg剂量组大鼠血清总胆固醇(TC)分别为(1.89±0.29)mmol/L、(2.07±0.39)mmol/L和(1.99±0.29)mmol/L,与高脂模型对照组(3.37±0.24)mmol/L相比明显降低;血清低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)水平分别为(0.83±0.16)mmol/L、(1.01±0.35)mmol/L和(0.91±0.26)mmol/L,明显低于高脂模型对照组(2.20±0.34)mmol/L;血清SOD活性分别为(218.6±33.2)U/ml、(242.7±21.4)U/ml和(242.1±44.8)U/ml,与高脂模型对照组(119.7±47.8)U/ml相比有显著升高;动脉粥样硬化指数(AI)分别为1.14±0.22、1.16±0.27和0.99±0.31,明显低于高脂模型对照组(2.27±0.55);抗动脉粥样硬化指数(AAI)分别为0.47±0.04、0.47±0.06和0.51±0.09,与高脂模型对照组(0.31±0.05)相比显著增高;3.0和9.0 g/kg剂量组大鼠血清甘油三酯(TG)水平分别为(0.90±0.15)和(0.86±0.12)mmol/L,明显低于高脂模型对照组(1.18±0.18)mmol/L;9.0g/kgbw MCP组大鼠血清MDA含量(7.1±4.1)nmol/ml明显低于高脂模型对照组(15.9±9.9)nmol/ml.结论 MCP具有降血脂和抗氧化的生物活性,对高脂血症的形成和动脉粥样硬化的发生具有一定的预防作用.     

虾青素对四氯化碳致小鼠急性肝损伤保护作用

目的 研究虾青素对四氯化碳(CCl4)所致小鼠急性化学肝损伤的保护作用.方法 雄性昆明种小鼠60只,随机分为正常对照组、急性化学性肝损伤模型组、联苯双酯(15 mg/kg)阳性对照组以及虾青素10,15,20mg/kg剂量组,共6组.测定各组小鼠肝脏系数、血清中丙氨酸氨基转移酶(ALT)、天门冬氨酸氨基转移酶(AST)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)活性与丙二醛(MDA)含量;测定肝组织中SOD、GSH-Px活性、MDA含量以及组织病理系数.结果 虾青素3个剂量组小鼠血清SOD由低到高依次为(110.18±14.28),(138.09±17.81),(170.19±20.20)U/(mg pro);肝组织SOD由低到高依次为(141.52±28.29),(172.20±29.24),(200.12±33.42)U/(mg pro);与模型组血清(74.52±14.40)U/(mg pro)、肝组织(102.29±34.29)U/(mg pro)比较均明显升高(P<0.01).虾青素3个剂量组小鼠血清GSH-Px活性由低到高次为(63.30±11.01),(72.40±10.77),(90.17±11.29)U/(mg pro);肝组织GSH-Px活性由低到高依次为(112.29±25.41),(142.96±24.13),(170.38±26.34)U/(mg pro);与模型组血清(60.13±10.28)U/(mg pro)、肝组织(110.69±24.26)U/(mg pro)比较均明显升高(P<0.01).虾青素3个剂量组小鼠血清ALT由低到高依次为(99.29±5.27),(83.50±5.12),(68.12±5.12)U/L;血清AST活性由低到高依次为(80.49±4.28),(64.20±4.10),(52.21±4.42)U/L,与模型组血清ALT(108.02±15.06)U/L、血清AST活性(97.28±12.28)U/L比较明显降低;血清与肝组织MDA含量明显降低,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.01),并能不同程度地改善肝脏病理组织损伤.结论 虾青素对CCl4所致急性化学性肝损伤具有预防性保护作用.     

米胚粉对Ⅱ型糖尿病大鼠血脂与氧化损伤的影响

目的探讨米胚粉饮食干预对Ⅱ型糖尿病模型SD雄性大鼠的影响,为防治Ⅱ型糖尿病的相关并发症提供科学依据。方法 102只SD雄性大鼠随机分为Ⅱ型糖尿病模型组和正常对照组,前者给予高脂高糖饲料和小剂量STZ后,再随机分为模型组、阳性对照组及米胚粉低、中、高剂量组,分别给予普通饲料、普通饲料+500mg/kg二甲双胍溶液灌胃、2.5%、10%、40%米胚粉饲料,正常对照组给予普通饲料。饮食干预4周后,计算各组大鼠死亡率,并检测血清及肝脏抗氧化指标(SOD、MDA、GSH-PX)和血脂指标(TG、CHO、LDL-C)。结果高剂量组无死亡发生,高剂量组与模型组相比较,血清与肝脏中SOD显著增加[分别为(44.81±6.17)、(150.36±24.11)U/ml](P0.05),MDA显著降低[分别为(7.53±1.84)、(7.07±1.13)U/ml](P0.05),且血清CHO与LDL-C明显降低[分别为(2.57±0.41)、(1.04±0.47)mmol/L](P0.05)。结论米胚粉对Ⅱ型糖尿病大鼠具有降血脂、改善氧化损伤、降低死亡率的作用。     

海藻萜类化合物联合VE对酒精性肝损伤大鼠影响

目的 研究凹顶藻萜类化合物(Laurencia extract,LET)与维生素E(VE)合用对乙醇诱导肝损伤大鼠的影响及其作用机制.方法 70只雄性Wistar大鼠随机分为7组.除空白组每天给予蒸馏水灌胃外,其余各组均每天乙醇12 mL/(kg·bw)灌胃,各干预组分别给予不同剂量LET加VE、VE、甘利欣灌胃,6周后测定血清肝功、血脂及肝匀浆中抗氧化指标.结果 不同剂量LET合用干预组血清肝功、血脂水平与乙醇模型组比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);LET中、高剂量合用干预组谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)活力分别为(59.523±11.015),(59.541±13.724)U/(mg·prot);丙二醛含量(MDA)分别为(5.018±1.239),(4.799±1.628)nmol/(mg·prot);高剂量合用干预组超氧化物歧化酶活力(SOD)为(147.690±9.989)U/(mg·prot),与乙醇模型组GSH-Px(45.624±10.589)U/(mg·prot)、MDA含量(10.593±1.716)nmol/(mg·prot)、SOD活力(100.153±13.632)12/(mg·prot)比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).结论 LET与VE合用能调整酒精性肝损伤大鼠体内脂质代谢,改善肝功能,减少脂质过氧化产物,对酒精造成的机体损伤表现出相应的保护效应.     

高脂饮食对模拟低氧环境SD大鼠主动脉的影响

目的：研究高脂饮食对模拟低氧环境SD大鼠主动脉的影响及其可能机制。方法20只雄性SD大鼠随机分为低氧组和低氧联合高脂饮食组,普通饮食或高脂饮食,4周后留取外周血及主动脉标本,采用TBA比色法检测血浆丙二醛（MDA）含量、WST-1法检测超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活力、硝酸还原酶法检测硝酸盐/亚硝酸盐（NOx）水平、终点法和直接检测法检测血脂含量,HE染色观察主动脉病理形态改变,Western blot法检测主动脉内皮型一氧化氮合酶（eNOS）蛋白表达水平。结果病理切片显示低氧组大鼠主动脉内皮细胞肿胀,局部内膜脱落,平滑肌细胞增生,低氧联合高脂饮食组主动脉局部内膜大片脱落,平滑肌细胞明显增生,核变圆,胞浆空泡变明显,细胞排列紊乱。低氧联合高脂饮食组与低氧组主动脉蛋白表达水平无明显变化。与低氧组（75.95±12.48）μmol/L,（0.26±0.0）4mmol/L,（1.55±0.10）mmol/L,（178.79±16.85）U/mL,（6.49±0.87）nmol/mL比较,血浆NOX含量（23.19±7.10）μmol/L明显降低,低密度脂蛋白（0.91±0.04）mmol/L与总胆固醇（2.36±0.22）mmol/L水平明显升高;低氧联合高脂饮食组大鼠血浆SOD活力（163.89±8.16）U/mL与MDA含量（4.31±1.10）nmol/mL显著低于低氧组（P〈0.05）。结论低氧环境下,高脂饮食加重了SD大鼠主动脉损伤,其机制可能与抗氧化能力不足及血脂异常引起血浆NOX水平降低有关。     

叶黄素对脂多糖致小鼠急性肺损伤保护作用

目的 研究叶黄素对脂多糖(LPS)所致小鼠急性肺损伤(ALI)的保护作用.方法 雄性昆明种小鼠60只,随机分为正常对照组、急性肺损伤模型组、地塞米松阳性对照组(5 mg/kg)以及叶黄素低、中、高剂量组(10,15,20mg/kg)共6组.不同剂量叶黄素给大鼠连续灌胃30 d后,腹腔注射脂多糖6.0me/kg建立ALI模型.在注射后6 h,收集腹主动脉血并进行左侧支气管肺泡原位灌洗以收集灌洗液,测定血中淋巴细胞亚群CD3+、CD4+、CD8+、肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)、白细胞介素8(IL-8)及丙二醛(MDA)及超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)活性;测定各组的肺湿重/干重比、肺组织中性粒细胞髓过氧化物酶(MPO)含量及肺组织匀浆TNF-α、白细胞介素10(IL-10)含量.结果 叶黄素各剂量组的血TNF-α含量由低到高依次为(390.10±81.50),(374.20±80.09),(340.18±84.39)ng/L,低于模型组(475.29±93.12)ng/L;IL-8含量由低到高依次为(111.13±16.30),(107.33±15.39),(103.39±14.36)ng/L,低于模型组(124.56±20.21)ng/L;MPO含量由低到高依次为(5.12±1.02),(5.03±0.80),(4.48±0.73)U/g低于模型组(6.02±1.06)U/g;MDA含量由低到高依次为:(9.20±0.62),(8.29±1.30),(7.10±1.21)nmol/(mg pro),低于模型组(11.28±2.14)nmol/(mg pro);肺组织湿重/干重比亦低于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.001),表明叶黄素各剂量组均可降低LPS诱发的过氧化反应.同时叶黄素各剂量组的IL-10含量由低到高依次为(71.23±22.39),(78.28±21.27),(85.18±28.15)ng/L,高于模型组(60.13±20.28)ng/L;血SOD含量由低到高依次为(114.30±41.50),(130.53±40.23),(149.19±41.77)U/(mg pro),高于模型组(74.52±24.40)U/(mg pro);GSH-Px活性由低到高依次为(77.70±12.15),(85.20±12.03),(90.47±13.12)U/(mg pro),高于模型组(62.24±10.13)U/(mg pro);并改善血中淋巴细胞亚群分布;差异均有统计学意义(P<0.001),表明叶黄素各剂量组均可拮抗LPS引起的抗氧化机制的损伤.结论 叶黄素对LPS所致急性肺损伤具有预防性保护作用.     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.