2007年莒县农村外来妇女HIV等相关病原体感染和心理健康状况调查

[目的]了解莒县农村外来妇女艾滋病病毒（HIV）等相关病原体的感染和心理健康状况。[方法]2007年,采集莒县全部外来妇女的血液,检测HIV抗体、乙肝病毒表面抗原（HBsAg）、丙肝病毒（HCV）抗体、梅毒（TP）抗体,抽取其中部分人,用社会支持评定量表、自评抑郁量表、焦虑自评量表进行心理状况测试。[结果]检测742人,HIV感染率为0.13%,HBsAg阳性率为8.89%,HCV感染率为1.62%,梅毒感染率为1.35%。调查127名外来妇女,68.50%出现过性病相关症状 对HIV经性、血液、母婴途径传播的知晓率为14.96%～19.69%,对非传播途径的正确回答率为4.72%～12.60% 测试127人,焦虑、抑郁得分均高于全国常模（P〈0.01）。[结论]农村外来妇女中存在HIV、梅毒、HBV、HCV感染者,艾滋病知识知晓率低,心理健康状况较差。     

莒县外来妇女HIV等相关疾病感染及心理健康状况调查

[目的]了解莒县外来妇女HIV等相关疾病感染和心理健康状况. [方法]采集莒县全部外来妇女和部分当地妇女的血液,检测HIV抗体、乙肝病毒表面抗原(HBsAg)、丙肝病毒(HCV)抗体、梅毒(TP)抗体,采用社会支持评定量表、自评抑郁量表、焦虑自评量表在莒县随机整群抽取4个乡镇,对其外来妇女和当地妇女进行面对面的调查. [结果]外来妇女艾滋病、乙肝、丙肝、梅毒感染率分别为0.13%、9.20%、1.52%、1.40%,均高于当地妇女;外来妇女中22.35%存在不同程度的焦虑,54.75%存在不同程度的抑郁,社会支持情况显著低于当地妇女;年龄、文化程度、结婚持续时问、子女状况及社会支持是影响外来妇女的焦虑及抑郁情况的因素. [结论]外来妇女中存在艾滋病、乙肝、丙肝及梅毒的感染流行,外来妇女的心理健康状况明显低于当地妇女,应该重视对外来妇女的心理疏导和干预.     

山东省农村外来妇女HIV感染状况调查

[目的]了解山东省外来妇女艾滋病、乙肝、丙肝、梅毒感染状况。[方法]以健康查体为名,对山东省13县、市、区登记在册的外来妇女进行面对面入户调查,并采集静脉血检测HIV、HBV、HCV及梅毒感染标志物。[结果]山东省13个县、市、区外来妇女血液7 102份,艾滋病、乙肝、丙肝、梅毒感染率分别为0.65%、13.38%、2.90%、1.70%,且各种疾病间存在严重的合并感染;按经济状况划分,经济状况中等和落后地区外来妇女的疾病感染率均明显高于经济发达地区,但个别经济发达地区感染率亦较高。[结论]山东省农村外来妇女中存在艾滋病、乙肝、丙肝及梅毒的感染流行,应加强对外来妇女的综合监测和管理,控制其向一般人群的进一步传播。     

农村外省籍嫁入妇女HIV和梅毒感染状况分析

目的 了解山东省邹城市农村外籍嫁入妇女的人类免疫缺陷病毒(HIV)和梅毒感染状况,为制定艾滋病防治措施提供科学依据.方法 对1995年以来由外省迁入邹城市与当地农民婚配的妇女进行问卷调查,并采集静脉血4 ml,检测HIV抗体和梅毒抗体.结果 邹城市外来妇女HIV感染8例,感染率为0.30%;梅毒感染38例,感染率为1.41%; HIV和梅毒双重感染者4例.HIV感染者原籍均为云南省,HIV感染者迁入时间最早为2003年.同时发现3例通过性接触将HIV传染给配偶,1例经母婴传播将HIV传染给子女.梅毒感染者中云南籍占81.58%.结论 邹城市农村外来妇女存在HIV和梅毒的感染流行,并已有HIV二代传播;外来妇女成为当地传播HIV/AIDS的危险因素之一.     

2010—2011年盐城市盐都区孕产妇艾滋病哨点监测分析

目的了解盐城市盐都区孕产妇艾滋病病毒(HIV)、梅毒、丙型肝炎病毒(HCV)的感染状况及艾滋病防治相关知识水平,为预防控制工作提供依据。方法按照《全国艾滋病哨点监测实施方案》要求,2010和2011年分别对400名孕产妇进行问卷调查和血清学检测。结果 2010和2011年监测的孕产妇艾滋病防治知识知晓率分别为60.25%(241/400)和83.75(335/400),HIV和HCV抗体均未检出,梅毒抗体检出率分别为1.5%和1.0%。结论盐都区孕产妇人群艾滋病和丙肝呈低流行,但存在多种危险因素,应加强健康教育和行为干预,提高艾滋病防治知识知晓率,减少对艾滋病的恐慌和歧视,阻断母婴传播的发生。     

宜昌市孕产妇艾滋病知识调查及HIV、HCV和梅毒监测结果

目的:了解宜昌市孕产妇艾滋病知识知晓水平以及艾滋病病毒(HIV)、丙型肝炎病毒(HCV)利梅毒的感染状况,为阻断艾滋病母婴传播提供科学依据。方法:对宜昌市400名孕产妇进行问卷调查,采集血样进行HIV、HCV和梅毒的血清学检测。结果:400名调查对象的艾滋病知识总知晓率为92.75%,高危行为少,HCV和梅毒感染率各为0.50%,未发现HIV抗体阳性。结论:HIV、HCV和梅毒在宜昌市孕产妇人群呈低流行状态,今后应继续加强艾滋病知识的宣传教育,开展产前常规HIV和梅毒检测,阻断艾滋病母婴传播途径。     

2013年广安市吸毒者艾滋病哨点监测结果分析

目的了解广安市吸毒者HIV、梅毒、HCV感染状况及艾滋病防治知识知晓情况,为在吸毒者中开展艾滋病行为干预提供依据。方法依据《全国艾滋病哨点监测方案》,采用问卷收集吸毒者基本特征、艾滋病防治知识、血清及行为学信息;并采集血样检测HIV、梅毒、HCV抗体。结果 400名吸毒者多为青壮年,文化程度以初中及以下水平为主。HIV、梅毒、HCV阳性检出率分别为0.25%、3%和6.75%,邻水县梅毒、丙肝检出率均高于广安区(P0.05)。吸毒者最近1年发生商业性行为者占33.75%,发生性行为时使用安全套者仅占4.27%。部分艾滋病防治知识知晓率较低,广安区吸毒者中艾滋病防治知识知晓率高于邻水县(96.43%和88.46%,P0.05)。结论要重视对吸毒者进行有针对性的艾滋病防治知识宣传教育及行为干预,尤其是对青壮年及文化程度较低人群,以减少艾滋病、梅毒、丙肝的传播和感染。     

2016-2020年北京市丰台区流动人口艾滋病哨点监测结果分析

目的 探讨北京市丰台区男性流动人口艾滋病知识知晓情况和影响因素及高危行为特征和感染情况,为防治策略提供依据.方法 对丰台区2376名男性流动人口进行面对面问卷调查,并采集血液标本进行HIV、梅毒、丙肝病毒(HCV)抗体实验室检测.结果 2016-2020年监测对象2376名,历年艾滋病防治知识知晓率分别为77.4％、5...     

2009-2013年攀枝花市艾滋病哨点孕产妇监测结果分析

目的目的了解攀枝花市孕产妇艾滋病病毒(HIV)、梅毒、丙型肝炎病毒(HCV)的感染状况、相关危险因素及其变化趋势,为制定防控措施和评估干预效果提供依据。方法严格按照《全国艾滋病哨点监测实施方案操作手册》的要求,2009-2013年的4~6月,分别对首次到哨点医院建卡或进行围产期保健的400名孕产妇进行问卷调查和血清学检测。结果 2009-2013年共监测2002名孕产妇,HIV和梅毒抗体阳性率分别为0.05%、0.20%,未检出HCV抗体阳性者;艾滋病知识知晓率为58.44%。结论攀枝花市孕产妇人群HIV、梅毒和丙肝呈低流行,但艾滋病知识知晓率较低,存在多种危险因素。今后应开展针对性的健康教育和行为干预,加强孕期HIV和梅毒检测。     

泉州市2010—2013年MSM哨点监测结果

目的对男男性接触者(MSM)的HIV、HCV和梅毒的感染状况进行调查,了解艾滋病相关知识知晓率和高危行为的情况,为提高干预质量、控制疾病传播提供依据。方法对MSM进行问卷调查及HIV、HCV抗体和梅毒实验室检测。结果共调查1 300人,HIV、HCV和梅毒检出率分别为9.9%、0.2%和9.1%,HIV合并梅毒感染者52例。艾滋病防治知识知晓率为87.4%,男男性行为每次使用安全套比例为51.5%,艾滋病防治知识知晓率高者,HIV/HCV/梅毒的阳性率都较低。结论 MSM是艾滋病性病感染的高危人群,存在较严重的知行分离现象。及时有效开展健康教育与行为干预,是控制艾滋病经传播的重要措施。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.