我国居民膳食脂类摄入量的研究

目的:研究我国居民膳食脂肪、胆固醇和脂肪酸摄入量状况,为进行合理的膳食指导提供基础资料。 方法: 在我国北方和南方各选两个区,每个区包括3个省、市或自治区。 在每个省、市、自治区内选出3个具有代表性的调查点。 采用三日称重和记帐法进行膳食调查,记录烹调方法。以调查点为单位计算每个标准人(体重63 kg成年男子) 每日的食物消费量。将食物聚为12类,各类食物均为烹调后制成的混合样品。其中8类样品测定脂肪、脂肪酸含量,4类样品测定胆固醇含量。 计算出各个地区每人每日脂肪、胆固醇、脂肪酸的摄入量。 结果: 北方一区、北方二区、南方一区、南方二区居民每人每日脂肪摄入量分别为70.5 g, 46.5 g, 58.7 g, 71.0 g, 胆固醇摄入量分别为 329.6 mg, 128.5 mg, 400.9mg, 306.0 mg。 膳食脂肪的主要来源是肉类和蔬菜类食物。三个地区胆固醇的主要来源是蛋类食物,南方二区肉类食物提供的膳食胆固醇量与蛋类食物非常接近。四个地区约90%的膳食饱和脂肪酸是棕榈酸和硬脂酸, 90%的单不饱和脂肪酸是油酸。亚油酸是最主要的n-6系列多不饱和脂肪酸,α-亚麻酸是最主要的n-3系列多不饱和脂肪酸。 S∶M∶P的比例分别是, 北方一区1∶1.1∶1.1, 北方二区 1∶1.6∶1.3, 南方一区1∶1.6∶1.3, 南方二区 1∶1.5∶1。     

中国南北方居民一年食物摄入量的变化趋势研究

目的了解中国南北方居民一年内食物摄入量的变化,比较南北方之间、城市与农村之间食物种类和摄入量的差异。方法采用24小时膳食回顾调查法对中国典型的北方农村和南方城乡合计约300名健康成年居民进行膳食调查,一年内共调查6次,每2个月一次,每次连续调查3天,共收集18天24小时膳食回顾信息。结果除蔬菜、水果和薯类外,南北方居民一年内不同季节食物摄入的种类季节性差异不大。南北方居民一年内不同季节食物摄入量存在显著差别,北方比南方、农村比城市季节性差异大。我国农村居民目前仍以植物性食物为主,尤其是北方农村居民。结论南北方居民食物摄入的种类季节性差异不大,但食物摄入量存在显著差别;农村地区若避开1月份(农闲)季节和7月份(农忙),其它月份进行的营养调查结果均可代表调查人群平常的膳食摄入情况;城市地区在一年的任何月份进行调查,对结果的影响都不大。     

中国八省成人膳食脂肪摄入状况及变化趋势分析——中国八省实例研究

目的 :　探讨 1 991～ 1 997年中国成人膳食脂肪摄入量、脂肪食物来源及其组成变化趋势。方法 :　利用“中国居民健康与营养调查”的资料 ,选取 1 991、1 993和 1 997年调查中 1 8～ 6 5岁健康成人作为研究对象 ,以成人膳食脂肪摄入量、脂肪供能比、脂肪食物来源和脂肪酸组成作为评价居民脂肪摄入状况的指标 ,以 SAS软件对数据库资料进行统计分析。结果及结论 :　 1 991～1 997年在城市、郊区和县城三类地区成人脂肪摄入量增加 ,脂肪提供能量在总能量中所占比例提高 ,城市已达到 3 4 .79%。胆固醇摄入量也呈增加趋势 ,城市居民胆固醇平均摄入水平已达到3 6 1 .5 5 mg/d。植物油脂和动物性食物消费量增加已成为城市居民脂肪摄入提高的主要原因。饱和脂肪酸、单不饱和脂肪酸和多不饱和脂肪酸在总能量中所占比例均呈提高趋势 ,其中以单不饱和脂肪酸增长最快。农村居民膳食脂肪摄入状况稳定在较低的摄入水平。     

青岛居民膳食脂肪摄人量及脂肪酸构成的调查分析

目的探析青岛居民膳食中脂肪摄入量及脂肪酸构成情况,以及其与血脂异常的相关性。为引导居民合理膳食,预防心血管病（CHD）的发生提供科学依据。方法2010年3月至7月期间采用营养流行病学调查方法对健康体检人群进行整群随机抽样选取189例研究对象（男性53例,女性136例）。分别进行体格检查、空腹血三酰甘油（TG）、胆固醇（TC）、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇（LDL—C）、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇（HDL—C）、血糖（Glu）检查膳食调查、膳食脂肪酸分析以及膳食脂肪与血脂相关性的分析。结果青岛居民日人均摄入量为粮谷类200g,薯类26g,畜禽肉及内脏类85g,海产品73g,坚果类23g,油脂类40g。蛋白质占摄入总热量16％,碳水化合物48％,脂肪37％。油脂类占脂肪摄入43％,坚果类占11％。饱和脂肪酸（S）：单不饱和脂肪酸（M）：多不饱和脂肪酸（P）（S：M：P=1：1．5：1．49,n-6／n-3=23）。脂肪摄入量较高,其主要原因是植物油及坚果类摄人量较多。ω-3多不饱和脂肪酸（n-3PUFAs）食物摄入量较低,长链n一3PUFAs为0．15g。血脂异常人群营养素摄人量和体质指数（BMI）均高于健康人群;脂肪日人均摄入量越高TC、TG、LDL水平越高,而HDL水平下降,长链n-3PUFAs对TG、LDL有正向调节的作用。结论青岛居民的膳食脂肪摄入量较高,长链n-3PUFAS的摄入量偏低。长链n-3PUFAS与血脂异常有负相关性,减少该地区居民膳食总脂肪摄入,增加膳食中富含n-3PUFAs的海鱼产品摄入,对该地区居民控制血脂,防治CHD的发生具有重要意义。     

2000年中国总膳食研究——膳食铅、镉摄入量

目的了解中国不同地区铅、镉的膳食摄入量,通过分析2000年中国总膳食研究的膳食样品,得到了中国不同地区铅、镉的含量值以及成年男子摄入量数据,并且评价了膳食铅、镉的安全性。方法采用中国总膳食研究方法,通过膳食调查、统计不同地区人群各种食物的消费量、按照所得的食物消费量数据烹调加工成可食的各种膳食、膳食样品中铅、镉含量采用石墨炉原子吸收光谱法测定,并按总膳食研究方法获得的成年男子各种食品的消费量与实测膳食中铅、镉的含量相乘得到不同地区铅、镉的实际摄入量。采用联合国粮农组织和世界卫生组织食品添加剂联合专家委员会推荐的暂定每周允许摄入量(PTWI)值评价中国四个大区成年男子膳食中铅、镉摄入的安全性。结果运用总膳食的方法得到了2000年中国四个大区成年男子和全国平均膳食中铅、镉摄入量及占暂定每周允许摄入量(PTWI)数据,北方一区、北方二区、南方一区、南方二区和全国平均分别为(PTWI%):135.6μg(60.3%)和18.4μg(29.1%)、33.6μg(14.9%)和12.1μg(19.2%)、25.6μg(11.4%)和27.6μg(43.8%)、129.8μg(57.7%)和30.8μg(48.9%)、81.1μg(36.1%)和22.2μg(35.3%)。除南方一区铅膳食摄入量的主要来源为谷类、豆类、蛋类和蔬菜类外,其他各区均为谷类和蔬菜类。镉膳食摄入量的主要来源北方一区为谷类、水产类和蔬菜类,北方二区和南方二区均为谷类和蔬菜类,南方一区为谷类、肉类、水产类和蔬菜类。膳食中铅、镉的含量除个别食物类别外,均符合食品限量标准。其中超标的食物类别有南方一区的蛋类超过标准8.1%,北方一区和南方一区水产类食品中镉的含量分别超过标准49.0%和27.6%。结论表明中国不同地区膳食铅、镉的摄入量是安全的,只有某些地区的个别样品超过中国食品中铅、镉限量标准。     

1991～2009年中国九省区中老年居民膳食脂肪与胆固醇摄入状况及变化趋势

目的研究中国九省区中老年居民1991～2009年膳食脂肪和胆固醇的摄入状况及变化趋势。方法从"中国健康与营养调查"资料中选取1991、1993、1997、2000、2004、2006和2009年7轮调查50岁及以上的健康调查对象作为研究对象,计算人群平均每日的脂肪摄入量、胆固醇摄入量和脂肪供能比,并与中国居民膳食脂肪适宜摄入量进行比较。结果 1991～2009年,九省区中老年居民脂肪摄入量和胆固醇摄入量增加,脂肪供能比不断提高,至2009年男性中老年居民已达到81.9g/d、270.8mg/d和31.8%,女性中老年居民已达到70.4g/d、238.5mg/d和32.2%;脂肪供能比超过30%以及胆固醇平均摄入水平超过300mg/d的人群比例显著增加,至2009年男性中老年居民已达到54.7%和35.8%,女性中老年居民已达到56.9%和29.8%。结论 1991年以来中国九省区城乡中老年居民膳食结构发生了显著的变化,居民脂肪供能比以及胆固醇摄入量已超过或接近中国居民膳食脂肪参考摄入量的要求,应控制含脂肪和胆固醇高的食物的摄入量。     

1992年中国总膳食研究—化学污染物(一)不同地区的比较

继１９９０年第一次中国总膳食研究后于１９９２～１９９３年进行了第二次中国总膳食研究。本文主要报道研究的总体设计、方法以及四大区重金属和其他有害元素以及农药的膳食摄入量和污染水平，并与ＷＨＯ的ＡＤＩ（每日允许摄入量）和ＰＴＷＩ（暂时每周允许摄入量）值进行比较。重金属铅的平均膳食摄入量比１９９０年略有降低，北方两个区的摄入量明显下降，而南方两个区摄入量明显增加，镉的摄入量普遍增加，而汞的摄入量普遍降低。首次得到铝和氟的总膳食摄入量。有少数元素在个别地区的食物中污染水平超过我国允许量标准，其中，北方一区豆类中汞超标９５．７％；谷类食品中的氟除南方二区外，均超标１１．９％～９５．３％。与１９９０年引比，１９９２年六六六（ＨＣＨ）摄入量大致相近，而滴滴涕（ＤＤＴ）则有所降低。在本次检测的１５种有机磷农药中共检出７种，其膳食摄入量均很低，仅占允许量的１％左右或更低。有机磷农药残留量除南方一区谷类敌敌畏和亚胺硫磷分别占允许残留量的６３．３％和２３．１％外，其他各区各种有机磷农药残留量占允许残留量的０．０５％～５．０９％。与１９９０年不同的是检出了乙酰甲胺磷、马拉硫磷、亚胺硫磷等３种有机磷农药，但未检出敌百虫。     

湖北省不同区域中老年居民膳食营养监测结果评价

目的探讨1991～2006年湖北省中老年居民膳食结构特点及变化趋势。方法利用"中国居民健康与营养调查"的资料,选取1991、1993、1997、2000、2004和2006年调查中45岁健康中老年居民作为研究对象。以能量、蛋白质、脂肪等营养素的摄入量占推荐摄入量(RNI)的百分比及谷类食物和动物性食物提供的能量和蛋白质在摄入的总能量和蛋白质中所占的比例作为营养素摄入和膳食状况评价的指标。结果2006年,城区、郊区、县城优质蛋白在总蛋白中所占比例均达到推荐摄入比例,但1991～2006农村居民动物性食物及豆类来源优质蛋白增幅较小,2006年优质蛋白在总蛋白质中比例仅为28.5%,低于推荐摄入比例。城区中老年居民每日脂肪功能比例偏高,其中1993、1997、2000及2006年的比例为31.3%、34.2%、35.5%和36.9%,均高于推荐摄入比例30%的上限;城区、郊区、县城及农村食用油脂消费量4个地区几乎全部超过中国居民膳食指南中平衡膳食宝塔每天最大消费30g的水平。结论城区、郊区和县城中老年居民动物性食物消费量显著提高,植物性食物的消费量下降,农村居民优质蛋白质摄入有待进一步提高。应控制湖北省城区居民食物中脂肪的摄入量和城区、郊区、县城及农村居民食用油脂的过高摄入状况。     

人群血清胆固醇水平与膳食营养的关系

本文利用一项国家“八·五”攻关研究中不同地区１３个人群心血管病危险因素调查资料，分析膳食营养对人群血清胆固醇水平的影响。通过多元回归分析（调整性别及人群的平均体重指数）发现：人群平均动物蛋白质、脂肪、饱和脂肪酸、膳食胆固醇、膳食脂质分值（Ｋｅｙｓ分值）等营养因素的摄入量以及肉类、蛋类及糕点类的平均食用量分别与人群血清总胆固醇均值正关联；人群平均碳水化合物的摄入量与人群血清总胆固醇均值负关联。本结果支持：在血清总胆固醇及膳食脂质相对较低的人群间，膳食脂质仍是影响人群血清总胆固醇水平的重要因素；适当控制肉类和蛋类食物的摄入量可预防人群血清胆固醇水平升高     

中国南北方居民一年中营养素摄入量的变化趋势研究

目的　了解我国南北方居民一年内营养素摄入量的变化 ,判定营养素摄入是否具有季节性差异。方法　采用 2 4小时膳食回顾调查法对中国典型的北方农村和南方城乡三地合计约 30 0名健康成年居民进行膳食调查 ,一年内共调查 6次 ,两月一次 ,每次连续调查 3天。根据食物摄入量的调查结果 ,计算出每人每天能量和各种营养素的摄入量。结果　三地居民平均每天的能量、蛋白质以及脂肪的摄入量是充足的。我国典型南北方居民能量以及三大营养素 (蛋白质、脂肪和碳水化合物 )摄入量的季节性差异较小 ;硫胺素、核黄素、维生素E、烟酸以及锌的季节性变化也不大 ;视黄醇当量、抗坏血酸、钾和钙的摄入量则存在明显季节性差异。结论　通过对我国南北方三地一年多次的膳食调查结果分析 ,农村地区若避开 1月份的农闲季节和 7月份的农忙季节 ,其它月份进行的营养调查结果可以代表调查对象平常的膳食摄入情况 ;城市地区在一年的任何月份进行营养调查 ,对结果的影响都不大     

Fatty acid composition of human milk from South African black mothers consuming a traditional maize diet

Fatty acid composition of mature human milk of rural and urban black South African mothers was determined by gas-liquid chromatography. Rural mothers consumed traditional diets low in animal protein and fat, and high in carbohydrate and fibre. Urban mothers consumed more varied, partially westernized diets, and two-thirds were overweight. Plasma cholesterol concentrations were significantly lower in the rural group (3.64 vs 4.75 mmol/l, P less than 0.01). Milk of rural mothers contained significantly higher percentages of C10:0, C12:0, and total saturated fatty acids. Fatty acids C8:0-C14:0 synthesized de novo in the mammary gland were substantially higher in the milk of the rural mothers (24.7 vs 15.9 per cent). Conversely, the milk of the urban group contained higher percentages of monounsaturated fatty acids, 18:3 omega 3 and 20:2 omega 6. The ratio of polyunsaturated to saturated fatty acids in rural samples was 0.36 +/- 0.13 compared to 0.41 +/- 0.15 in urban samples (P greater than 0.1). It is concluded that maternal dietary intake significantly affects milk composition, as demonstrated by the high percentages of fatty acids synthesized de novo in the mammary gland of rural mothers habituated to low-fat, high-carbohydrate intakes.     

Serum fatty acid composition in primary school children is associated with serum cholesterol levels and dietary fat intake

OBJECTIVE: To examine the serum fatty acid composition, serum cholesterol levels, and dietary fat intake associated with body composition in primary school children of both urban and rural regions in Taiwan. DESIGN: Subjects were randomly stratified by region and primary school. The sample consisted of 870 children aged 10 and 11 y old. The sample was equally distributed between an urban region (Kaohsiung City) and a rural region (Yunlin County). The gender ratio of samples from each area was matched. Food record-assisted 24-h dietary recalls and serum lipid measurements were collected for each child, and associations between serum total cholesterol (TC) and fatty acids composition as well as between body mass index (BMI) and triceps skinfold (TSF) were evaluated for both urban and rural regions. RESULTS: Compared with students in the urban region, those in the rural region had significantly lower total fat intake, BMI, TSF, TC, and LDL cholesterol (LDL-C) and higher HDL-cholesterol (HDL-C) (P<0.05). Increased total fat (P<0.05) as a proportion of total energy was associated with increased TC and LDL-C. Lauric, myristic, and oleic acid levels in the serum of urban boys were significantly higher (P=0.0001, 0.0003, and 0.0398, respectively) than those of rural boys. In girls, the different fatty acid compositions affected TC concentrations, and palmitic and stearic acids of serum in the high-TC group were significantly lower (P=0.0179 and 0.0001, respectively) than those in the low-TC group. CONCLUSIONS: Urban children had a dietary fat intake that both quantitatively and qualitatively differed from the traditional rural Chinese diet in Taiwan as reflected in rural children. Consumption of total fat was positively associated with BMI, TSF, TC, and LDL-C levels in Taiwanese children aged 10 and 11 y. SPONSORSHIP: This study was partly sponsored by a research grant from the Department of Health, Taiwan, ROC.     

Nutrient intakes among selected North American populations in the Lipid Research Clinics Prevalence Study: composition of fat intake

Components of fat and their relationship to total energy are described for 2,368 white male and 2,200 white female adults, aged 20-59 years, for whom 24-hour dietary recalls were completed between 1972 and 1975 in nine North American populations as a part of the Lipid Research Clinics (LRC) Program Prevalence Study. Men had higher absolute intakes of total fat and cholesterol than women, although both sexes consumed diets similar in relative composition of polyunsaturated, saturated, and monounsaturated fatty acids. Marked geographical differences in intakes of energy, total fat, and dietary cholesterol were observed. Compared with data from dietary surveys conducted in the 1960's the LRC data showed that consumption of cholesterol had decreased by the early 1970's, whereas consumption of polyunsaturated fatty acids appears to have increased, resulting in a higher ratio of polyunsaturated to saturated fatty acids. However, comparison of current dietary guidelines with these data, which are based on a single dietary recall, showed that few LRC participants met the recommendations of the Senate Select Committee on Nutrition and Human needs for dietary fat intake.     

Acyl pattern of adipose tissue triglycerides, plasma free fatty acids, and diet of a group of men participating in a primary coronary prevention program (the Oslo Study)

The acyl pattern of adipose tissue triglycerides and of plasma free fatty acids were determined after 7 yr of diet intervention on elevated plasma cholesterol in 42 men taking part in the smoking-lipid trial of the Oslo Study. Twenty-two of the men were advised to change dietary habits (mainly reduce saturated fat) whereas the remaining 20 were controls. The adipose tissue from men in the intervention group contained relatively more linoleic and linolenic acids and relatively less saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids compared to men in the control group. There were strong correlations between the relative content of several fatty acids in adipose tissue triglycerides and plasma free fatty acid. Furthermore, there was a close correlation between the intake of polyunsaturated fatty acids found in a dietary survey done 2 to 3 yr before this study and the relative content of polyunsaturated fatty acids in adipose tissue.     

Dietary studies of children from a biracial population: intakes of fat and fatty acids in 10- and 13-year olds

Dietary intakes of fat and fatty acids were examined in children randomly selected from a biracial community, Bogalusa, LA. Between two 10-yr-old groups examined 3 yr apart, temporal trends of 1) higher intakes of polyunsaturated fatty acids, linoleic and linolenic acids, and 2) lower intakes of animal fat, saturated fatty acids, and palmitic acid were documented. No racial differences were found, and the only difference between sexes was for myristic acid (boys greater than girls). Longitudinal comparisons of a cohort of 148 children examined at both 10 and 13 yr showed higher intakes over time of unsaturated fatty acids, polyunsaturated fatty acids, vegetable fat, oleic, linoleic, and linolenic acids, and lower intakes of cholesterol, saturated fatty acids, animal fat, and myristic acid. The percentage of energy intake from fat, saturated fatty acids and polyunsaturated fatty acids was quite similar to other reports of US children and adults. Few children's intakes of cholesterol, fat, and fatty acids were compatible with current recommendations for prudent diets. Patterns of dietary fat and fatty acid intake of Bogalusa children reflect reported food market trends of increased use of vegetable fats.     

Dietary fat and cardiovascular disease risk: quantity or quality?

When considering dietary fat quantity, there are two main factors to consider, impact on body weight and plasma lipoprotein profiles. Data supporting a major role of dietary fat quantity in determining body weight are weak and may be confounded by differences in energy density, dietary fiber, and dietary protein. With respect to plasma lipoprotein profiles, relatively consistent evidence indicates that under isoweight conditions, decreasing the total fat content of the diet causes an increase in triglyceride and decrease in high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol levels. When considering dietary fat quality, current evidence suggests that saturated fatty acids tend to increase low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol levels, whereas monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids tend to decrease LDL cholesterol levels. Long-chain omega-3 fatty acids, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) (20:5n-3) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) (22:6n-3), are associated with decreased triglyceride levels in hypertriglyceridemic patients and decreased risk of developing coronary heart disease (CHD). Dietary trans-fatty acids are associated with increased LDL cholesterol levels. Hence, a diet low in saturated and trans-fatty acids, with adequate amounts of monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids, especially long-chain omega-3 fatty acids, would be recommended to reduce the risk of developing CHD. Additionally, the current data suggest it is necessary to go beyond dietary fat, regardless of whether the emphasis is on quantity or quality, and consider lifestyle. This would include encouraging abstinence from smoking, habitual physical activity, avoidance of weight gain with age, and responsible limited alcohol intake (one drink for females and two drinks for males per day).     

Evaluation of fatty acids and cholesterol intake by a group of students

The main purpose of this work was the analysis of the composition of fatty acids and cholesterol. The investigation was done among 143 students, with 3-day dietary records method. The research was carried out in the years 2007 and 2008. The average fat intake was 92.7% of RDA. The intakes of saturated, monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids were 99.4%, 71.2% and 73.3% of recommended levels, respectively. The average intake of cholesterol was in accordance with recommended value 300 mg (91.00%). Intake of fat, fatty acids and cholesterol depended on gender Intake offat, saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids depended on state of health additionally. Intake of saturated fatty acids was different according to place of dwelling. In case of men too much energy from fat (37.9%) was recorded and too much intake of cholesterol (about 58%).