颞下-经小脑幕入路切除复发性听神经瘤

自1973年1月到1984年12月,采用颞下-经小脑 幕入路切除6例复发性听神经瘤。6例中5例第一次手术是经常用的枕下入路将肿瘤部分切除,术后7个月到7年病人因肿瘤复发再次入院。第二次手术均采用颞下-经小脑幕入路,有2例肿瘤全切,3例肿瘤次全切除;另1例第一次由耳科医生经迷路后入路,将肿瘤部分切除,6个月后因肿瘤复发再次入院,第二次手术采用枕下入路,亦部分地切除了肿瘤,1年后,病人又出现颅内压增高症状入院,第三次手术采用颞下-经小脑幕入路,终于将肿瘤全切除。治疗结果:5例恢复原工作或轻工作,1例由于视力障碍需别人照顾。 文中简要地介绍了6例病人的治疗情况,讨论了复发性听神经瘤的手术入路,颞下-经小脑幕入路的操作方法,以及此入路的优缺点。     

第四脑室室管膜瘤的临床特点和治疗(附19例临床分析)

目的探讨第四脑室室管膜瘤的临床特点和治疗方法。方法回顾性分析2011年1月至2015年12月安徽省立医院收治的19例第四脑室室管膜瘤患者的临床特点、治疗和预后。结果首发症状多为头痛、呕吐等高颅压症状,常伴有梗阻性脑积水。本组患者肿瘤全切除12例,次全切除4例,大部切除2例,部分切除1例。无手术死亡病例。术后接受放疗9例,3例还接受了化疗。术后随访16例,平均随访36.2个月,复发5例,再次手术2例,死亡4例。结论第四脑室室管膜瘤容易复发,治疗应采用手术联合放疗。复发患者可再次手术。     

复发听神经瘤的临床特征分析与显微外科手术治疗

目的 探讨不同类型复发听神经瘤的临床特征及其显微外科手术治疗方法.方法 回顾性分析2010年1月至2016年10月华中科技大学同济医学院附属同济医院神经外科收治的29例复发听神经瘤患者的临床资料.初次手术全切除后复发11例（全切复发组）,初次不全切除后复发18例（非全切复发组）.比较两组患者的年龄、原发肿瘤最大径、复发肿瘤最大径、肿瘤囊性变、两次手术间隔时间、并发症、House-Brackmann面神经功能分级（H-B分级）.结果 全切复发组的平均年龄大于非全切复发组[分别为（52.2±10.8）岁和（33.0±5.5）岁,P〈0.05],前者两次手术间隔时间也明显大于后者[分别为（93.3±30.0）个月和（45.0±15.6）个月,P〈0.001].两组的原发肿瘤最大径、复发肿瘤最大径、肿瘤囊性变的比率、并发症发生率、面神经功能良好（H-B分级Ⅰ、Ⅱ级）比率的差异均无统计学意义（均P〉0.05）.29例患者的随访时间为3-37个月,平均（11.7±3.1）个月.肿瘤全切除28例,近全切除1例.术中面神经解剖保留率为93％ （27/29）.术后实用听力保留率为7％ （2/29）,面神经功能良好的比率为41％ （12/29）.结论 听神经瘤不全切除后残留复发者的两次手术间隔时间明显较全切除者短.在保护神经功能的前提下,初次全切除是听神经瘤患者获得最佳临床疗效的首选方法.对于复发听神经瘤建议早期积极手术.     

听神经瘤术后复发的再手术治疗(附31例分析)

目的探讨复发性听神经瘤的再手术治疗经验。方法回顾性研究31例复发性听神经瘤病人的病例资料,均行显微再手术治疗。结果肿瘤全切除15例,次全切除10例,大部切除6例。术后并发颅内感染5例,脑脊液切口漏4例。结论复发性听神经瘤的再手术治疗难度远大于第1次,手术应注意对并发症的防治。     

手术治疗复发听神经瘤的临床分析

目的 研究复发听神经瘤的手术方法和疗效。方法 回顾性分析27例复发听神经瘤病人的临床诊治资料。手术方法采用原手术切口枕下乙状窦后入路25例，颞下入路2例；术中使用内窥镜辅助切除肿瘤10例。结果 27例再手术病人中肿瘤全切除21例，次全切除4例，大部分切除2例。无死亡病例。12例在手术后面神经得到解剖保留。有2例手术后出现伤口脑脊液漏，1例出现脑脊液耳漏，经腰穿置管引流等保守治疗后好转。2例于半年内复诊时仍伴有明显脑积水，行分流手术后症状改善。术后按GOS评估，15例患者正常生活和工作，8例可做轻量工作或生活能自理，4例需要他人照顾。结论 虽然复发听神经瘤与面听神经、脑干等结构有不同程度的粘连。但大多数患者经显微手术治疗可取得良好的效果。     

颅内软骨瘤的临床特点

目的 提高对颅内软骨瘤临床特点及诊治方法的认识.方法 回顾性分析经病理学证实的30例颅内软骨瘤病人的临床资料、影像学特点及治疗方法.全部病人行手术治疗,5例病人术后行放射治疗.结果 颅内软骨瘤主要发生在颅底软骨的结合处,多见于中颅窝,临床表现为头痛及多组脑神经损害症状.影像表现多数伴有明显钙化,相邻骨质可受累.手术33例次,有3例病人复发后再次行手术治疗.肿瘤全切除11例次,近全切除13例次,大部及部分切除9例次.手术死亡1例.随访到26例病人,平均时间为45.8个月.恢复正常活动21例,复发3例,死亡2例.结论 颅内软骨瘤手术不易全切除,放疗效果不确定.临床和影像方面不易与黏液瘤及脊索瘤鉴别,病理仍是主要确诊手段.     

复发性胶质瘤的神经导航手术治疗(附28例临床报道)

目的探讨复发性胶质瘤的手术治疗及神经导航系统在手术中的作用。方法总结28例采用神经导航系统进行手术的复发性胶质瘤病人的病例资料。位于大脑半球深部者18例,浅部者8例,位于小脑者2例。手术经原切口进入者20例,改变切口者8例。结果导航平均注册误差小于2 mm。全切除22例(78.6%),次全切除4例(14.3%),大部切除2例(7.1%)。术后症状改善或不变25例(89.3%),加重3例(10.7%)。术后对21例随访6个月,均无复发;17例随访1年,复发2例;9例随访3年,复发5例。结论神经导航系统应用于复发性胶质瘤手术治疗,有助于肿瘤的术中定位和切除范围的实时判断,从而提高肿瘤的全切除率,延缓肿瘤再复发。     

神经内镜辅助经眶上锁孔入路显微手术切除大、巨型垂体腺瘤

目的总结神经内镜辅助经眶上锁孔入路显微手术切除大、巨型垂体腺瘤的经验及体会。方法对我院2001年2月-2006年10月收治的10例大、巨型垂体腺瘤患者行神经内镜辅助经眶上锁孔入路显微手术切除术。结果肿瘤全切除3例，次全切除4例，大部切除3例。术后无死亡，无严重的手术并发症。术后随访6个月～5年，原有症状均有所改善。9例视力受损病人中改善8例。6例激素水平异常增高病人中降至正常4例。2例次全切除的患者术后接受γ刀治疗，大部切除3例中1例再次经鼻蝶窦内镜手术全切除了肿瘤，另一例行普通放疗控制症状。所有病例随访期间均未发现有明显复发迹象。结论神经内镜辅助经眶上锁孔入路显微手术切除大、巨型垂体腺瘤损伤小、疗效满意。     

脊髓黏液乳头型室管膜瘤的临床特点和治疗(附11例报告)

目的 探讨脊髓粘液乳头型室管膜瘤的临床特点和治疗方法.方法 回顾性分析北京天坛医院神经外科收治并获得随访的11例原发和复发脊髓黏液乳头型室管膜瘤患者的临床特点、治疗和预后.结果 本组11例患者共接受17次手术,首次手术全切3例,近全切除6例,大部切除1例,部分切除1例.术后接受放疗7例,同时接受化疗2例.术后平均随访38.1个月,无死亡病例,原位复发2例,播散转移2例,再次手术切除.结论 脊髓黏液乳头型室管膜瘤容易复发和播散转移,最有效的治疗方法是完整切除肿瘤.无法全切除病变建议放射治疗.     

40例听神经瘤显微手术治疗分析与观察

目的分析并评价采用显微手术治疗听神经瘤的临床疗效。方法我院2008—122010一12收治40例听神经瘤患者,均采用枕下乙状窦后人路切除听神经瘤。结果本组肿瘤全切除32例,次全切除者8例,面神经解剖保留30例。通过治疗后全部病人均痊愈出院。对32例肿瘤全部切除病人随访6～12个月,复查CT或MRI,无复发。术后面神经功能恢复程度分级显示1～Ⅱ级17例,Ⅲ～Ⅳ级15例,V～Ⅵ级8例。结论采用枕下乙状窦后入路切除听神经瘤临床疗效满意,值得临床推广应用。     

Denervation study of synapses of organ of corti of old world monkeys

Fine structural characteristics of synapses in the spiral organ of Corti were examined, with reference to differences between inner and outer haircell systems, and to location of neurons of origin of efferent axons. Surgical interruption of crossed olivocochlear bundle, of vestibular nerve, of facial nerve, and excision of superior cervical ganglia were used to determine the pathways of efferent axons. Interruption of the vestibular nerve near the brainstem results in degeneration of all efferent terminals on outer hair cells. Mid-line lesions at, and caudal to, the facial colliculus result in degeneration of about half of these efferent terminals. Efferent synaptic bulbs to the inner hair-cell system are small, of the order of one micron, and form type 2 junctions with afferent dendrites. They tend to have more large dense-core vesicles (about 80 nm) than the large efferent terminals of the outer hair-cell system, and appear to be the terminals of axons in the habenula perforata, which exhibit varicosities laden with large dense core vesicles. The varicosities are unaffected by excision of the superior cervical ganglia. So far as our material can reveal, it appears that the varicosities in the habenula perforata do not survive vestibular root interruption, nor do the efferent processes in the internal spiral bundle or at the base of inner hair cells. Most interestingly, the afferent processes of the inner hair-cell system, as identified for example by their relation to pre-synaptic bodies in the inner hair cells, are subject to a trans-synaptic reaction after severance of the vestibular root. They undergo a dramatic cytological transformation, characterized by increase of volume, engorgement with microtubules, microfilaments, microvesicles of various sizes, and clusters of lysosomes. Thus, both the efferent and afferent terminals of the inner hair-cell system show marked cytological differences from the corresponding terminals of the outer hair cell system.     

Mechanism of action of tubocurarine on nicotinic cholinoreceptors of neurons of the sympathetic ganglia of rats

Tubocurarine (Tc) effect on membrane currents elicited by acetylcholine (ACh) was studied in isolated superior cervical ganglion neurons of rat using patch-clamp method in the whole-cell recording mode. The "use-dependent" block of ACh current by Tc was revealed in the experiments with ACh applications, indicating that Tc blocked the channels opened by ACh. Mean lifetime of Tc-open channel complex, tau, was found to be 9.8 +/- 0.5 s (n = 7) at -50 mV and 20-24 degrees C. tau exponentially increased with membrane hyperpolarization (e-fold change in tau corresponded to the membrane potential shift by 61 mV). Inhibition of the ACh-induced current by Tc (3-30 microM/1) was completely abolished by membrane depolarization to the level of 80-100 mV. Inhibition of ACh-induced current was augmented at increased ACh doses. It is concluded that the open channel block produced by Tc is likely to be the only mechanism for Tc action on nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in superior cervical ganglion neurons of rat.     

The effect of age of onset of PD on risk of dementia

Background Dementia occurs in the majority of patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD). Late onset of PD has been reported to be associated with a higher risk for dementia. However, age at onset (AAO) and age at baseline assessment are often correlated. The aim of this study was to explore whether AAO of PD symptoms is a risk factor for dementia independent of the general effect of age. Methods Two community-based studies of PD in New York (n = 281) and Rogaland county, Norway (n = 227) and two population-based groups of healthy elderly from New York (n = 180) and Odense, Denmark (n = 2414) were followed prospectively for 3–4 years and assessed for dementia according to DSM-IIIR. All PD and control cases underwent neurological examination and were followed with neurological and neuropsychological assessments. We used Cox proportional hazards regression based on three different time scales to explore the effect of AAO of PD on risk of dementia, adjusting for age at baseline and other demographic and clinical variables. Findings In both PD groups and in the pooled analyses, there was a significant effect of age at baseline assessment on the time to develop dementia, but there was no effect of AAO independent of age itself. Consistent with these results, there was no increased relative effect of age on the time to develop dementia in PD cases compared with controls. Interpretation This study shows that it is the general effect of age, rather than AAO that is associated with incident dementia in subjects with PD. Received in revised form: 22 December 2005     

Limits of deinstitutionalization--perspectives of relatives of psychiatric patients

After a hopeful beginning, the social process of the reintegration of those with severe mental illness has come to a standstill. I am led to wonder whether "the community" really wants to live together with people suffering from severe mental illness, and if so, how closely? As long as the medical treatment of mental illness provided by the general practitioners is fundamentally deficient, as they are not able to prescribe the necessary interventions--such as out-patient psychiatric nursing, and service providers in the out-patient sector are content with offering increasingly intensive forms of care for the less seriously ill at the cost of the Social Welfare System--the reintegration of those with serious mental illness remains an illusion--which is mainly to the benefit of providers of residential care in homes and hostels.