液相色谱-质谱联用法测定人血浆中多潘立酮

目的:建立测定人血浆中多潘立酮的液相色谱-电喷雾串联质谱(LC/ESI-MS/MS)法。方法:待测血浆0.1 mL 用甲醇沉淀蛋白,取离心后的上清液进样10μL在 Phenomenex Gimim-C_(18)柱(2.00 mm×50 mm,5 μm)上分离,流动相为甲醇-水(40:60,v/v,含0.3%醋酸),流速0.2 mL·min~(-1),LC/ESI-MS/MS 采用多离子反应监测,正离子模式,用于定量分析的离子反应分别为 m/z426→m/z175(多潘立酮)和 m/z 379→m/z 264(氨溴索,内标)。结果:血浆中的内源性物质不干扰测定,每个样品分析时间约2 min;本法线性范围为0.3～100 ng·mL~(-1),最低定量浓度为0.3 ng·mL~(-1);日内、日间 RSD 分别小于7.1%和13.3%,相对误差小于5.4%。结论:该法操作简便、快速、准确,灵敏度高,可用于多潘立酮临床治疗剂量的药物动力学研究。     

超快速液相色谱-质谱/质谱联用法测定人血浆中兰索拉唑的浓度

目的 建立测定人血浆中兰索拉唑(抗胃及十二指肠溃疡药)含量的超快速液相色谱-质谱/质谱联用法(UFLC-MS/MS).方法 血浆样品经甲醇沉淀蛋白后,以乙腈-0.1%甲酸(27:73)洗脱,用Ultimate XB-CN(5μm,2.1mm×150mm)色谱柱,通过电喷雾离子化三重四级杆串联质谱,经多反应监测模式检测,m/z370.4→m/z252.2(兰索拉唑),m/z 237.2→m/z 194.3(卡马西平,内标).结果 兰索拉唑在5.01～5007.90μg·L-1内线性关系良好(γ=0.998 5),最低定量浓度为5.01μg·L-1.方法 回收率(n=5)分别为90.21%,89.71%,92.27%,日内和日间精密度均<9%.结论 该法操作简单,灵敏,准确,重现性好,适用于该药的临床药代动力学研究.     

液相色谱-质谱／质谱联用法测定人血浆中加兰他敏

目的:建立测定人血浆中加兰他敏浓度的液相色谱-质谱/质谱联用法,用于其人体血药浓度测定。方法:血浆样品经液-液萃取后,以甲醇-水-甲酸(65:35:1)为流动相,Zorbax SB-C_8柱(150mm×4.6mm,5μm)分离,采用大气压化学电离源,以选择反应监测方式进行正离子检测。内标为双氢吗啡酮,用于定量分析的离子反应分别为 m/z 288→m/z 213(加兰他敏)和 m/z 286→m/z 185(内标)。结果:血浆中加兰他敏最低定量限为0.5ng·mL~(-1),其线性范围为0.5～100ng·mL~(-1)。其高、中、低3个浓度的平均提取回收率为80.9%,方法回收率为100.5%,日内及日间 RSD 均<8%。结论:方法选择性强,灵敏度高,快速准确,可作为加兰他敏人体内药动学研究的手段。     

液相色谱-质谱-质谱联用法测定猕猴血浆中阿德福韦液相色谱-质谱-质谱联用法测定猕猴血浆中阿德福韦

目的 建立测定猕猴血浆中阿德福韦(adefovir)的液相色谱-质谱-质谱联用法。方法 取血浆样品0.25 mL经甲醇沉淀蛋白后,以甲醇-水-甲酸(20∶80∶1)为流动相,用Diamonsil C₁₈柱分离,通过电喷雾离子化四极杆串联质谱,以选择离子反应监测方式进行检测。用于定量分析的离子反应分别为m/z 274→m/z 162(阿德福韦)和m/z 288→m/z 176［内标,9-(3-膦酸甲氧基丙基)腺嘌呤］。结果阿德福韦线性范围为0.02～4.00 mg·L^-1,最低定量限为20 μg·L^-1,日内、日间精密度(RSD)小于5.8%,准确度(RE)在±4.5%范围内。在临床前药代动力学研究中,应用此法测试了3只猕猴po给予阿德福韦地匹福酯(adefovir dipivoxil)后血浆中阿德福韦的浓度。结论该法操作简便,准确,适用于临床前药代动力学研究。     

液相色谱-串联质谱法测定健康人体内阿德福韦浓度及其药动学研究(英文)

目的建立人血浆和尿样中阿德福韦浓度的液相色谱-串联质谱(LC-MS/MS)测定方法。方法10名健康受试者单剂量口服阿德福韦10mg。于服药前(0h)和服药后抽取静脉血及留取尿样。采用BDS-Phenyl column(250mm×4.6mm,5μm)色谱柱,流动相为甲醇-0.35mol·L-1冰醋酸梯度洗脱,流速为0.3mL.min-1;电喷雾离子化正离子选择性反应检测;检测离子为m/z274.1→162.1(阿德福韦),m/z254.1→135.0(喷昔洛韦,内标)。结果LC-MS/MS测定阿德福韦血浆样品线性范围为0.50～200μg.L-1,尿样线性范围为50～20000μg·L-1,线性关系良好。血浆样品分析的回收率、精密度和准确度均良好,定量限为0.50μg·L-1。主要药动学参数为:ρmax(24±s4)μg·L-1,tmax(1.0±0.6)h,AUC0～t(278±45)h.μg·L-1,AUC0～∞(285±45)h.μg·L-1,t1/2(8.8±1.6)h,CL(F)(36±6)L.h-1,Vd(F)(456±136)L,0～48h的尿累计排泄量为(48±12)%。结论建立的LC-MS/MS测定法专属性强、灵敏度适宜,可以用于阿德福韦的药动学研究。     

超滤法配合LC-MS/MS法监测人血浆中游离型阿德福韦的浓度

目的:建立一种快速、准确、灵敏度高、专属性强的测定人血中游离型阿德福韦浓度的方法。方法:应用超滤法处理样品,配合高效液相色谱-串联质谱(LC-MS/MS)检测技术,以(R)-9(-2-磷酸甲氧基丙基)腺嘌呤(PMPA)为内标,采用正离子方式检测,选择多反应监测(MRM)模式扫描,检测离子通道为阿德福韦m/z274.2→226.1和PMPAm/z288.4→176.2。结果:阿德福韦和PMPA的保留时间分别是3.78min和3.54min。阿德福韦血药浓度在0.25～50.00ng/ml范围内线性关系良好,定量限为0.25ng/ml,平均加样回收率为92.2%～93.2%,日内、日间RSD均<10%,稳定性试验的RSD<10%。结论:本方法分析时间短、专属性好、准确度高,可用于阿德福韦临床血药浓度监测。     

HPLC-MS/MS法测定人血清中鲁拉西酮的浓度

目的 建立快速测定人血清中鲁拉西酮质量浓度的高效液相色谱-串联质谱(HPLC-MS/MS)方法。方法 以乙腈为沉淀剂,经蛋白沉淀法处理,进高效液相串联质谱系统(HPLC-MS/MS)分析,色谱柱：Shim-pack VP-ODS柱(2.0 mm×150 mm, 5μm),流动相：甲醇-水(75∶25,v/v,含5 mmoL·L^-1甲酸铵),流速：0.4 mL·min^-1,柱温：35℃,进样量：1μL,用电喷雾离子源,多反应监测模式(Multiple Reaction Momitoring, MRM),定量分析离子对为m/z 493.15→m/z 166.10(鲁拉西酮)、m/z 501.30→m/z 166.10(鲁拉西酮-D8)。结果 鲁拉西酮在2～200 ng·mL^-1线性关系良好,批间和批内精密度在2.17%～6.93%,准确度在102.80%～109.00%,提取回收率在100.00%～105.04%。血清质控品在常温放置24 h、反复冻融1次、3次,-70℃冻存14 d以及放置于进样盘24 h后稳定性均在85%...     

HPLC-MS/MS同时测定人血浆中对乙酰氨基酚和咖啡因含量的方法学研究

目的建立同时测定人血浆中对乙酰氨基酚和咖啡因浓度的HPLC-MS/MS法。方法以茶碱为内标,血浆样品用甲醇沉淀蛋白后直接进样。用Waters symmetry C18（150 mm×4.6 mm,5μm）为分析柱,甲醇-0.2%醋酸=35∶65（v/v）为流动相,流速为0.9 mL·min^-1,采用柱后分流,0.2 mL·min^-1进入质谱,柱温35℃。选择监测的离子为m/z152.1→109.9（对乙酰氨基酚）、m/z195.3→138.1（咖啡因）和m/z181.1→123.9（茶碱）。结果血浆中对乙酰氨基酚和咖啡因的线性范围分别为0.02-4.04μg·mL^-1,5.05~1 010 ng·mL^-1;日内日间精密度RSD均〈7.94%。结论本方法专属性强,灵敏度高,操作简便、快速,符合生物样品分析要求,适用于临床药动学研究。     

液相色谱-质谱-质谱联用法测定人血浆中阿德福韦的浓度

目的:建立快速、灵敏的液相色谱-质谱-质谱联用(LC-MS-MS)法测定人血浆中阿德福韦的浓度,并研究其在中国男性健康志愿者人体内的药动学。方法:以乙腈-0.1%甲酸为流动相,采用梯度洗脱,以5-溴尿嘧啶为内标。血浆样品经乙腈沉淀蛋白后用二氯甲烷提取,经ZorbaxXDB-C8柱分离后,通过电喷雾离子化三重四极杆串联质谱仪,以多反应检测(MRM)方式进行测定。结果:阿德福韦的线性范围为0.167～83.3μg.L-1(r=0.9989),平均相对回收率在88.3%～110.0%之间,日内、日间精密度的RSD均小于12%,阿德福韦的定量下限为0.167μg.L-1。结论:该方法具有快速、准确、灵敏等优点,适用于阿德福韦的药动学研究。     

液相色谱-电喷雾质谱联用法测定人血浆中二甲双胍

目的:建立测定人血浆中二甲双胍浓度的液相色谱-电喷雾质谱联用(LC/ESI-MS-MS)法。方法:待测血浆0.2 mL经甲醇沉淀除去蛋白,离心,取上清液5 μL在氰基柱上分离,流动相为甲醇-20 mmol·L~(-1)醋酸铵水溶液(30:70),流速为1.0 mL·min~(-1),LC/ESI-MS-MS 多反应离子检测,正离子模式,用于定量分析的离子分别是二甲双胍 m/z 130.1→70.7和吗啉双胍(内标)m/z 172.2→59.6。结果:血浆中无干扰测定的内源性物质,每个样品分析时间小于5 min,线性范围为10.08～1008 ng·mL~(-1),定量下限为10.08 ng·mL~(-1),日内、日间精密度均小于10%,提取回收率大于85%。结论:该法操作快速、简单、准确、灵敏度高,适用于临床药代动力学研究。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.