Ambient pm2.5 and health: From exposure,health hazards to intervention北大核心CSCD

Ambient fine particulate (PM2.5) pollution has become one of the major environmental issues that endanger human health in China, and how to recognize and prevent its health hazards is one of current hot spots for scientific research. Ambient PM2.5 has maintained high levels over recent years, and accurate assessment of personal exposure to PM2.5 is the basis for in-depth investigation. Ambient PM2.5 contains various chemical constituents from multiple pollution sources, and can exert a series of short-term and long-term health hazards via a range of biological mechanisms. Epidemiological and toxicological studies are two major types of design used in the health hazards assessment of PM2.5. In addition, interventional studies on how to mitigate the adverse health effects of PM2.5 are emerging as a new important sphere for future scientific research.     

Environmental concerns and diet in Singapore

Many factors affect how people perceive the world and their environment, and how such perceptions affect lifestyle decisions, yet the relationship between personal perceptions about environmental hazards and diet is rarely examined. In this study, environmental concerns on a local and global scale were examined, along with dietary patterns, to determine if there were associations and age-related differences. The hypothesis that concerns about water pollution might be reflected in choices about seafood consumption was examined. Many aspects of dietary choices varied significantly by age, including (1) younger people ate more "fast food" than others, (2) subjects aged 22-32 yr ate more meals in restaurants than older or younger people, (3) older individuals drank more tea than younger subjects, while younger people drank more soda than older people, and (4) there were few significant differences in total fish and shellfish meals, although young people ate more meals of other types of meat. Individuals who rated their health the best reported significantly fewer seafood meals than others. People who listed pollution as the major environmental problem did not consume seafood less often than others. While pollution was listed as the most important environmental problem globally, people distinguished between air and water pollution only for Singapore. Although Singapore, with its rapidly expanding economy, has reason to be concerned about both water and air pollution, only 14% of those listing pollution as the main Singapore environmental problem mentioned "water pollution." Singapore has been able to take measures to reduce water pollution from internal sources. Respondents considered air pollution a greater problem, perhaps reflecting recent haze disasters from deliberately set forest fires in Indonesia, which are beyond the direct control of Singapore or Singaporeans.     

Indoor air pollution: an edifice complex

The collision of escalating technological sophistication and surging environmental awareness has caused the reexamination of many societal paradigms. Horror stories about lethal chemical exposures involving isolated cases of ignorance, carelessness or greed have caused the public to demand constant vigilance to prevent exposure to potentially hazardous substances. Accordingly, much time and resource has been expanded by the U.S. government and citizens to abate and prevent air and water pollution. While these efforts have met with measurable success, there is increasing public concern about a new generation of pollution-related human illness in office, home and transportation environments. New instances of Sick Building Syndrome or Building Related Illness are reported daily by the popular press. Human health effects such as cancer, infectious disease, allergy and irritation have been ascribed to indoor air pollution. The clinical aspects of indoor air pollution are often discounted by consulting engineers and industrial hygienists involved in indoor air quality. Physicians and clinically-trained scientists have received a "Macedonian call" to sift clinical relevance from the emotional aspects of indoor air quality problems. Point sources of pollutants, associated human health effects, and problem solving approaches associated with indoor air pollution are described. Regulatory and litigational aspects of indoor air pollution are also discussed.     

Developing risk-based priorities for reducing air pollution in urban settings in Ukraine

Ukraine, when part of the former Soviet Union, was responsible for about 25% of its overall industrial production. This aging industrial infrastructure continues to emit enormous volumes of air and water pollution and wastes. The National Report on the State of Environment in Ukraine 1999 (Ukraine Ministry of Environmental Protection [MEP], 2000) shows significant air pollution. There are numerous emissions that have been associated with developmental effects, chronic long-term health effects, and cancer. Ukraine also has been identified as a major source of transboundary air pollution for the eastern Mediterranean region. Ukraine's Environment Ministry is not currently able to strategically target high-priority emissions and lacks the resources to address all these problems. For these reasons, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency set up a partnership with Ukraine's Ministry of Environmental Protection to strengthen its capacity to set environmental priorities through the use of comparative environmental risk assessment and economic analysis--the Capacity Building Project. The project is also addressing improvements in the efficiency and effectiveness of the use of its National Environmental Protection Fund. The project consists of a series of workshops with Ukrainian MEP officials in comparative risk assessment of air pollutant emissions in several heavily industrialized oblasts; cost-benefit and cost-effectiveness analysis; and environmental finance. Pilot risk assessment analyses have been completed. At the end of the Capacity Building Project it is expected that the use of the National Environmental Protection fund and the regional level oblast environmental protection funds will begin to target and identify the highest health and environmental risk emissions.     

水环境中药物污染分析的研究进展

目的为我国开展水环境中残留药物污染的分析研究和环境生态风险评价提供参考依据。方法以近年来所发表的24篇文献为依据,对当前国内外水环境中残留药物的污染现状、危害和分析检测技术进行综述。结果世界范围内存在严重的水环境残留药物污染问题,对人和动物的健康造成了危害;水环境中残留药物的分析检测方法主要运用固相萃取技术进行样品前处理,并结合液质联用技术进行分析检测。结论水环境中的残留药物作为一种新的环境污染物,已经受到了全世界范围内的关注,我国也应尽快开展这方面的研究。     

Falls in older adults

Falls are prevalent among older adults and can lead to injury, hospitalization, and increased healthcare costs. Environmental hazards, medications, vision problems, and impairments in strength, gait, or balance can increase fall risk. A multifactorial fall-risk assessment including a fall history, physical exam, gait and balance evaluation, and environmental assessment is recommended for all older adults who present with a fall or problem with gait or balance. Multiple-component exercise programs, tai chi, vitamin D supplementation, withdrawal of psychotropic medications, and early cataract surgery have all been shown to reduce fall rates. Multifactorial interventions that include medication review, vision correction, management of orthostasis, environmental modification, and balance, strength, and gait training can also be beneficial in preventing falls.     

Resolving disputes about toxicological risks during military conflict : the US Gulf War experience

In the last 15 years, the US and UK have fought two major wars in the Persian Gulf region. Controversy has arisen over the nature and causes of health problems among military veterans of these two wars. Toxic exposures have been hypothesised to cause the majority of the long-term health problems experienced by veterans of the 1991 Gulf War. The assessment of these toxic exposures and the resolution of controversy about their health effects provide a unique case study for understanding how toxicological disputes are settled in the US. Neither clinical examination of ill war veterans nor scientific research studies have been sufficient to answer contentious questions about toxic exposures. Numerous expert review panels have also been unable to resolve these controversies except for the US National Academy of Sciences Institute of Medicine (IOM). The IOM has conducted exhaustive and independent investigations based on peer-reviewed scientific literature related to potential health risks during the two Gulf Wars. In four recent studies, IOM committees identified a wide range of previously documented illnesses associated with common occupational and environmental exposures after considering thousands of relevant publications; however, they did not identify a new medical syndrome or a specific toxic exposure that caused widespread health problems among Gulf War veterans. These IOM studies have, therefore, added little to our basic knowledge of environmental hazards because most of the health effects were well known. Nevertheless, this expert review process, which is on-going, has been generally acceptable to a wide range of competing interests because the findings of the IOM have been perceived as scientifically credible and independent, and because none of the postulated toxicological risks have been completely ruled-out as possible causes of ill health among veterans.     

Pesticide exposure--Egyptian scene

Pesticides have contributed to dramatic increases in crop yields and in the quantity and variety of the diet. Also, they have helped to limit the spread of certain diseases. But pesticides have harmful effects; they can cause injury to human health as well as to the environment. The range of these adverse health effects includes acute and persistent injury to the nervous system, lung damage, injury to the reproductive organs, dysfunction of the immune and endocrine systems, birth defects, and cancer. Problems associated with pesticide hazards to man and the environment are not confined to the developing countries. Developed nations have already suffered these problems, and still facing some problems in certain locations. For many reasons, the severity of pesticide hazards is much pronounced in Third World Countries. A number of long persistent organochlorines and highly toxic organophosphates, which have been banned or severely restricted, are still marketed and used in many developing countries. The misuse of pesticides by concerned individuals, in addition to lack of or weak national controlling plans are behind the outbreak of adverse effects in developing countries. Since about 25 years, the use of DDT and many other organochlorine pesticides in Egyptian agriculture has been banned. However, these long persistent compounds are still detectable in many different types of environmental samples (e.g., water, fish, sediment, vegetables, fruits, milk, foodstuffs, etc.). Large number of compounds known as "extremely hazardous", "highly hazardous", "probable human carcinogenic", and "possible human carcinogenic", are listed among the pesticides registered and recommended for use in Egypt during the season of 2001/2002. The present article deals with: trends and patterns of pesticide use, impact of pesticides on human health, factors contributing to pesticide risks, environmental impacts of pesticides, and bioaccumulation of pesticide residues in food; giving special concern to the situation in Egypt.     

欧盟农业和环境政策对化肥消费和生产的影响

农业施肥引起的环境污染不仅在发达国家,而且在发展中国家也日益受到重视.自1992年欧盟实施以农业-环境一揽子计划为主导思想的新的共同农业政策以来,已有效地控制了农业生产对环境的污染.但该政策也对欧盟化肥消费和生产造成了严重的影响.本文通过欧盟农业和环境政策对保护环境及对肥料生产消费影响的介绍,为国内了解欧盟目前农业和环境状况以及制定农业生产、环境保护政策和化肥生产方向提供借鉴.由于国内化肥用量过高,肥料养分利用率低,环境污染严重,尽管目前还没有类似欧盟农业和环境政策的法规,但相信不久的将来政府也会提出相应的法规,因此,化肥行业必须抓紧研究相关问题,尽快制定应对措施.     

Poison Control Centre and environmental pollution health care and risk assessment

In the past two decades several incidents of environmental pollution have become known in which people might have been exposed to the contaminating substances. In the Netherlands the National Poison Control Centre, a department of the National Institute of Public Health and Environmental Protection, plays a distinct role in dealing with the health problems arising from these incidencts. The health risk assessment of an environmental incident may be facilitated by utilizing a logical predetermined sequence of decision steps in order to avoid inappropriate responses which could induce many untoward effects within the population of the contaminated area. As an example of this general approach, the handling of a recent incident with mercuric chloride is described.     

Review of chinese environmental risk assessment regulations and case studies

Environmental risk assessment is an essential step in the development of solutions for pollution problems and new environmental regulations. An assessment system for environmental risks has been developed in China in recent decades. However, many of the Chinese technical guidelines, standards, and regulations were directly adapted from those of developed countries, and were not based on the Chinese environmental and socioeconomic context. Although existing environmental regulations for pollutants are usually obtained by extrapolations from high-dose toxicological data to low-dose scenarios using linear-non-threshold (LNT) models, toxicologists have argued that J-shaped or inverse J-shaped curves may dominate the dose-response relationships for environmental pollutants at low doses because low exposures stimulate biological protective mechanisms that are ineffective at higher doses. The costs of regulations based on LNT and J-shaped models could therefore be dramatically different. Since economic factors strongly affect the decision-making process, particularly for developing countries, it is time to strengthen basic research to provide more scientific support for Chinese environmental regulations. In this paper, we summarize current Chinese environmental policies and standards and the application of environmental risk assessment in China, and recommend a more scientific approach to the development of Chinese regulations.     

第29届奥运会室内环境健康危险识别、评价及管理

为了满足第29届奥运会比赛和住宿的需求,新建了一些宾馆、饭店和体育场馆,对原有的宾馆、饭店和体育场馆也进行了装修改造。由于新型建筑、装饰材料的使用,以及为了节约能源建筑物采取密闭化管理方式均可造成室内空气污染。第29届奥运会期间,来自世界各国的运动员、教练员、媒体记者等将聚集北京,造成各种室内公共场所的人群密集,由于人员的流动性大,易混杂各种污染源,室内环境中的设备及物品重复使用,容易造成疾病特别是传染病的传播。我们针对这一特点探讨了室内环境健康危险因素的识别、危险度评价,在预防第一的原则下,提出了危险度管理措施,最大限度地降低室内环境健康风险。     

Environmental equity in air quality management: local and international implications for human health and climate change

The health burden of environmental exposures, including ambient air pollution and climate-change-related health impacts, is not equally distributed between or within regions and countries. These inequalities are currently receiving increased attention in environmental research as well as enhanced appreciation in environmental policy, where calls for environmental equity are more frequently heard. The World Health Organization (WHO) 2006 Global Update of the Air Quality Guidelines attempted to address the global-scale inequalities in exposures to air pollution and the burden of diseases due to air pollution. The guidelines stop short, however, of addressing explicitly the inequalities in exposure and adverse health effects within countries and urban areas due to differential distribution of sources of air pollution such as motor vehicles and local industry, and differences in susceptibility to the adverse health effects attributed to air pollution. These inequalities, may, however, be addressed in local air quality and land use management decisions. Locally, community-based participatory research can play an important role in documenting potential inequities and fostering corrective action. Research on environmental inequities will also benefit from current efforts to (1) better understand social determinants of health and (2) apply research evidence to reduce health disparities. Similarly, future research and policy action will benefit from stronger linkages between equity concerns related to health consequences of both air pollution exposure and climate change, since combustion products are important contributors to both of these environmental problems.     

The toxicology of air pollution predicts its epidemiology

Abstract

The epidemiologic investigation has successively delineated associations of air pollution exposure with non-malignant and malignant lung disease, cardiovascular disease, cerebrovascular disease, pregnancy outcomes, perinatal effects and other extra-pulmonary disease including diabetes. Defining these relationships between air pollution exposure and human health closely parallels results of an earlier epidemiologic investigation into cigarette smoking and environmental tobacco smoke (ETS), two other particle-related exposures. Humic-like substances (HULIS) have been identified as a chemical component common to cigarette smoke and air pollution particles. Toxicology studies provide evidence that a disruption of iron homeostasis with sequestration of host metal by HULIS is a fundamental mechanistic pathway through which biological effects are initiated by cigarette smoke and air pollution particles. As a result of a common chemical component and a shared mechanistic pathway, it should be possible to extrapolate from the epidemiology of cigarette smoking and ETS to predict associations of air pollution exposure with human disease, which are currently unrecognized. Accordingly, it is anticipated that the forthcoming epidemiologic investigation will demonstrate relationships of air pollution with COPD causation, peripheral vascular disease, hypertension, renal disease, digestive disease, loss of bone mass/risk of fractures, dental disease, eye disease, fertility problems, and extrapulmonary malignancies.     

Interactive effects of cadmium and Microcystis aeruginosa (cyanobacterium) on the growth,antioxidative responses and accumulation of cadmium and microcystins in rice seedlings

Ecotoxicology - Cadmium pollution and harmful cyanobacterial blooms are two prominent environmental problems. The interactive effects of cadmium(II) and harmful cyanobacteria on rice seedlings...     

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: physicochemical properties, environmental appearance and impact on living organisms

Human exposure to environmental pollution is of great interest nowadays. Many substances present in the environment are considered as carcinogenic to humans. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are ubiquitous environmental carcinogens. In this paper, PAHs are described: their physicochemical properties, natural and anthropogenic sources, environmental, dietary and occupational exposure and impact on human health. Metabolical carcinogenic activation of PAHs and the role of metabolism products as biomarkers of PAH exposure have been discussed.     

Validity of Biomarkers in Environmental Health Studies: The Case of PAHs and Benzene

Exposure biomarkers, which have long been restricted to the framework of occupational hygiene, currently arouse increasing interest in the field of environmental pollution. To assess their validity, we propose here a conceptual framework that is based on their intrinsic characteristics and on properties related to the procedures for their analysis. The most important criteria are specificity for the toxic substance under consideration and sensitivity, that is, the ability to distinguish contrasted levels of exposure. Their analytic sensitivity and specificity are also important. Fulfilling these criteria is especially important in the context of environmental pollution, because the levels of exposure, and thus the contrasts, are low. This framework is used to assess the validity of some biomarkers for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (1-hydroxypyrene and DNA adducts) and for benzene (urinary and serum benzene, trans,trans muconic acid, and S-phenylmercapturic acid). This evaluation shows that the most relevant biomarkers for estimating individual exposure to environmental pollution are 1-hydroxypyrene for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and urinary benzene and S-phenylmercapturic for benzene.     

Validity of biomarkers in environmental health studies: the case of PAHs and benzene

Exposure biomarkers, which have long been restricted to the framework of occupational hygiene, currently arouse increasing interest in the field of environmental pollution. To assess their validity, we propose here a conceptual framework that is based on their intrinsic characteristics and on properties related to the procedures for their analysis. The most important criteria are specificity for the toxic substance under consideration and sensitivity, that is, the ability to distinguish contrasted levels of exposure. Their analytic sensitivity and specificity are also important. Fulfilling these criteria is especially important in the context of environmental pollution, because the levels of exposure, and thus the contrasts, are low. This framework is used to assess the validity of some biomarkers for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (1-hydroxypyrene and DNA adducts) and for benzene (urinary and serum benzene, trans,trans muconic acid, and S-phenylmercapturic acid). This evaluation shows that the most relevant biomarkers for estimating individual exposure to environmental pollution are 1-hydroxypyrene for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and urinary benzene and S-phenylmercapturic for benzene.     

Environmental hazards in Nepal: altitude illness, environmental exposures, injuries, and bites in travelers and expatriates

BACKGROUND: Adventure travel necessarily places travelers at risk of environmental hazards. We assessed the burden of "environmental" hazards among a cohort of travelers and expatriates presenting to a large travel clinic in Nepal. METHODS: Data on travelers and expatriates seen at the Canadian International Water and Energy Consultants (CIWEC) clinic in Kathmandu were prospectively collected and entered into the GeoSentinel Surveillance Network database. Data on individuals receiving predefined diagnoses related to environmental hazards were extracted and analyzed. RESULTS: Of 10,499 travelers and 4,854 expatriates in the database, 2,160 were diagnosed with 2,533 environment-related illnesses. Injuries were common among both travelers and expatriates [N= 788 (6.1%) and 328 (4.9%), respectively], while altitude illness was seen almost exclusively in travelers [N= 611 (4.7%) vs N= 8 (0.1%)]. Factors independently associated with environmental diagnoses include male gender (p < 0.001), traveling for tourism (p < 0.001), and lack of pre-travel advice (p= 0.043). Three percent of travelers and 2% of expatriates presenting to CIWEC sustained a bite wound or required rabies postexposure prophylaxis. Injured travelers were less likely than others to have obtained pre-travel advice (p= 0.003), while those who sustained bite wounds were more likely to have received pre-travel advice (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Environmental hazards are important causes of morbidity and potential mortality among adventure travelers and expatriates. Current pre-travel interventions are missing certain risk groups entirely and failing to have the desired educational impact in others.     

Air Pollution and the Heart

There has been increasing awareness in recent years of the adverse cardiovascular effects of ambient air pollution. The recent publication of a statement from the Expert Panel on Population and Prevention Science of the American Heart Association has highlighted this issue. It has been appreciated for several decades that major pollution episodes, such as that associated with the London Fog of 1952, are responsible for increased numbers of deaths and most of these are due to cardiorespiratory causes. Realisation of this prompted government and environmental health initiatives to reduce emissions through establishing air quality standards. Previously, the major sources of air pollution were related to domestic coal burning and industry. However, the pattern of emissions in modern developed countries has changed, resulting in a pollution mixture of different composition to that on which early air quality standards were based. Even current ‘lower’ levels of air pollution have been shown consistently to be associated with adverse health effects. Over the past two decades, a wealth of epidemiological studies have considered both long- and short-term health effects of air pollution. Although the relative risk of respiratory disease in relation to air pollution exposure seems to be higher than that of cardiovascular disease, the latter are of greater absolute significance in population terms. A number of hypotheses have been proposed in order to explain the observed associations, and recent research efforts have focused on examining the mechanisms underlying the effects. It is suggested that certain subgroups of the population such as the elderly or those with pre-existing cardiorespiratory disease may be more susceptible to the effects of air pollution, and analysis of survival data from cohort studies supports this observation.