毒品快速定量测试方法的探讨

阐述了毒品金免疫层析试条的定量测试机理,推导出浓度值与吸光度之间的测试模型,并对主要干扰因素及消除方法进行分析.最后验证了毒品快速定量测试方法的可行性.     

吗啡和甲基安非他明单克隆抗体联合胶体金检测试卡的研制

目的:研制吗啡-甲基安非他明单克隆一步法毒品二合一胶体金检测试卡,用于毒品的检测和可疑人群的筛查。方法:应用杂交瘤技术制备抗吗啡-甲基安非他明的单克隆抗体(McAb);ELISA方法检测McAb效价;免疫胶体金技术制备二合一胶体金检测试卡。结果:①ELISA法检测McAb的效价:抗吗啡McAb的效价为1∶3.2×103,抗甲基安非他明McAb的效价为1∶1.6×103。②检测试卡的灵敏度:检测尿中吗啡的最低浓度为300ng/ml,甲基安非他明的最低浓度为1000ng/ml;③检测试卡的特异性:7天以上未吸毒者饮用可口可乐、口服感冒药及吸烟等其尿中未检出阳性反应。④与Pan Probe Biotech公司的单一检测吗啡和甲基安非他明试纸灵敏度对比实验显示出吸毒后4~5天的尿样仍呈阳性反应。结论:由于具有高度敏感性和特异性,以及快速、直观等优势,本试卡在毒品滥用筛查工作中有重要的定性判别意义。     

女性毒品犯人格的基本特征及其相关因素的研究

目的 探讨在押女性毒品犯人格的基本特征、类型特征及其影响因素。方法 以252名在押女性毒品犯为被试，对CPI的测验数据进行t检验、Z检验和F检验。结果 ①女性毒品犯不仅与常模团体相比较具有显著特征．而且与男性毒品犯相比较也存在特殊性；②女性毒品犯在4种人格类型上的分布不平衡．较多地在Delta型；③民族、地域、年龄及关押时间对女性毒品犯的人格特征的变异均有一定影响．但减刑次数未见反映出被试人格积极改变的效果。结论 女性毒品犯广泛而明显的消极性人格特征，并与民族、地域、年龄及关押时间有关。     

工读学校和普通中学学生的毒品使用行为及影响因素分析

目的:了解工读学校学生和普通中学生在毒品使用行为、抵制毒品效能、吸毒态度和拒绝毒品意图上的特点和差异。方法:选取我国西南某省673名普通中学和工读学校的学生为被试参加问卷调查。结果:工读学生和普通中学生曾使用毒品人数分别占40.9%和2.5%。随着年龄的增长,在校生的毒品使用行为越多。普通中学生的毒品拒绝意图和抵制效能显著地高于工读生,他们的吸毒态度比工读生更健康。此外,抵制毒品效能是影响18岁以下在校生毒品使用行为的重要因素之一。结论:高度关注工读生的毒品使用行为,应将抵制毒品效能等因素纳入到学校禁毒教育中,提高学校禁毒教育的实效性。     

海洛因依赖者对毒品相关线索的前注意偏向

目的:考察海洛因依赖者是否存在对毒品相关线索的前注意偏向及其影响因素。方法:选取55名来自某美沙酮门诊的海洛因依赖者和71名健康被试,要求被试完成掩蔽Stroop任务中对毒品词汇和中性词汇的颜色命名,并通过成瘾严重程度指数(ASI)访谈工具评估海洛因依赖者的成瘾严重程度,运用冲动性量表(BIS-11)对两组被试的冲动性进行测量。结果:海洛因依赖者的冲动性显著高于对照组;海洛因依赖者对毒品词汇的颜色命名反应时显著长于中性词汇;前注意偏向与成瘾严重程度和冲动性均无显著相关。结论:海洛因依赖者存在对毒品线索的前注意偏向,但前注意偏向与成瘾严重程度和冲动性不相关。     

毒品与暴力型、财产型罪犯人格特征及其类型的比较研究

目的　探讨毒品型与暴力型、财产型罪犯的人格特征及其类型分布特征。方法　以 3 78名毒品型罪犯、2 5 9名暴力型罪犯和 99名财产型罪犯为被试 ,对 CPI的测验结果进行 F检验、LSD检验、Z检验和 χ2检验。结果　 1 3个罪犯群体在绝大多数分量表上的平均值低于中国常模团体的平均值 ;2毒品型罪犯在支配性、社交性、社交风度、自我接受、独立性以及同众性上的得分显著低于财产型罪犯 ,而在社会化、自我控制、好印象和宽容性上的得分显著高于财产型罪犯 ;3 3个罪犯群体在人格的内向 -规范问题型有更高比例的分布。结论　罪犯群体具有广泛而明显的消极性人格特征 ,毒品型罪犯与暴力型罪犯的人格具有更多的相似性     

ＨＣＧ试条定量测试技术的探索

免疫金标试条是应用抗原、坑体特异性规律及胶体金显色原理工作的，用它做临床检验，具有直观、快速、操作简使、价格低廉等优点。但目前仅能智测试线有否显色进行定性检测，因此应用范围受到限制，以ＨＣＣ（绒毛膜促性腺素）为例，定性只能判断有否孕，其安妇女怀孕后，ＨＣＧ浓度会按一定规律变化，若规律异常，则可根据异常情况协助医生判断是否先兆流产、难免疫流产、异位妊娠，葡萄胎等，同时药物引流是否有残留，某些妇产科疾病、术后治疗过程等都需要跟踪ＨＣＧ指标变化，由于免疫金标试条具有快速、可单个测试等优点，越来越受到人们的极大关注，为此，本文作者研制一种专门仪器，以解决金标试条的定量测试问题，通过临床实验，效果良好。     

毒品复吸高危量表的初步修订

目的:初步修订适合我国文化背景的毒品复吸高危量表,探讨引起毒品复吸的高危因素.方法:随机选取中国某戒毒所344名被试进行测试,并进行信度、效度、探索性因素分析及验证性因素分析.结果:毒品复吸高危量表包括21个题目,探索性因素分析抽取了4个因素,即"线索引诱"、"强迫性"、"孤独无聊"、"含无助感的负面情绪",4个因子解释的总方差变异为55.24%;验证性因素分析表明,x2/df=1.54,CFI=0.90、IFI=0.90、RMSEA=0.025;信度分析表明量表整体内部一致性系数α为0.84,重测信度为0.76.结论:该问卷的结构清晰,信度、效度良好.     

项目竞争强度对毒品成瘾者提取诱发遗忘的影响

目的:考察项目竞争强度对毒品成瘾者提取诱发遗忘(RIF)的影响,以澄清RIF产生的机制。方法:采用提取练习范式对32名来自戒毒所的毒品成瘾者和32名对照组大学生的提取诱发遗忘进行测试。结果:大学生在高项目竞争强度条件下产生了显著的RIF,而毒品成瘾者则未产生显著的RIF,表明毒品成瘾者不能像大学生一样在提取练习过程产生抑制效应;毒品成隐者和大学生在低项目竞争强度条件下均未产生RIF。结论:毒品成瘾者的记忆抑制控制功能存在一定的缺陷,但尚未完全损伤。     

海洛因依赖者对毒品、非毒品信息记忆的对比研究

目的 探讨海洛因成瘾病人对毒品、非毒品信息记忆的差异。方法 图片的学习、内隐记忆和再认。结果对毒品图片的判断,无论是学习过的图片还是新图片,正确量大,反应时长。结论 毒品、非毒品信息对海洛因成瘾病人具有不同的意义,对毒品信息的反应更强,保持时间更长。     

Screening for bacteriuria with Clinitec-200.

A method of testing for bacteriuria with multiple reagent strips for blood, nitrite, and leucocyte esterase was evaluated. Of 669 urine specimens tested, 267 were negative on the reagent strips and so would ordinarily be discarded, creating a reduction in the workload of culturing urine specimens of 40%. Thirteen of these were false negative results, however, which represented 10% of all the samples with definite bacteriuria. Additional time was required for the screening test which reduced potential savings in manpower. Overall, we found costs to be slightly increased. In our laboratory this screening test was not economic and would produce an unacceptable rate of false negative results.     

Penaeus monodon nucleopolyhedrovirus detection using an immunochromatographic strip test

An immunochromatographic strip test is described for detection of the polyhedrin protein of Penaeus monodon nucleopolyhedrovirus (PemoNPV). The test employs one monoclonal antibody (MAb MBV5) conjugated to colloidal gold to bind to polyhedrin protein and a 1:1:1 mixture of 3 other MAbs (MBV8, 14 and 21) to capture colloidal-gold MAb-protein complexes at a test (T) line on the nitrocellulose strip. A downstream control (C) line of goat anti-mouse immunoglobulin G (GAM) antibody is used to capture excess free colloidal-gold conjugated MBV5 to validate test performance. Heating of homogenates of PemoNPV-infected P. monodon postlarvae prepared in PBS for 30min was necessary to maximize T line color intensity, and homogenates of infected postlarvae could still be scored as PemoNPV-positive when diluted 1:64. A strip test result was obtained within 15min of sample application, and although about 200-fold lower than a one-step PCR test for PemoNPV, its detection sensitivity was comparable to a dot blot. Due to its simplicity not reliant on sophisticated equipment or specialized skills, the strip test could be adopted to screen easily for PemoNPV infections at shrimp hatcheries and farms.     

Rapid diagnosis of schistosomiasis by antigen detection in urine with a reagent strip.

For the rapid and simple diagnosis of schistosomiasis, a reagent strip assay for detection of circulating cathodic antigen (CCA) in urine was developed. The test was based on a previously developed sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using a combination of two anti-CCA monoclonal antibodies. For the reagent strip assay, as the capture matrix, monoclonal antibody was coated onto a nitrocellulose membrane and mounted on polyvinyl chloride strips. Urine samples were then tested in an assay consisting of a combined incubation step of the urine sample and biotinylated detecting antibody followed by incubation in streptavidin peroxidase and a subsequent staining. The specificity and the sensitivity of the assay, as determined with urine samples of 61 uninfected controls and 67 Schistosoma mansoni-infected individuals, were 96.7 and 95.5%, respectively. The results of the reagent strip assay compared very well with microscopical parasitological diagnosis by the standard Kato-Katz method for the same individuals. The reagent strip test has a lower detection limit of 1 ng of CCA per ml and can be completed in 75 min. By the inclusion of two reference bands on the strips, standardized reading could be achieved. This reagent strip assay is a promising tool for qualitative diagnosis of S. mansoni infections in control programs.     

Comparison of 3 Methods to Assess Urine Specific Gravity in Collegiate Wrestlers

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the reliability and validity of refractometry, hydrometry, and reagent strips in assessing urine specific gravity in collegiate wrestlers. DESIGN AND SETTING: We assessed the reliability of refractometry, hydrometry, and reagent strips between 2 trials and among 4 testers. The validity of hydrometry and reagent strips was assessed by comparison with refractometry, the criterion measure for urine specific gravity. SUBJECTS: Twenty-one National Collegiate Athletic Association Division III collegiate wrestlers provided fresh urine samples. MEASUREMENTS: Four testers measured the specific gravity of each urine sample 6 times: twice by refractometry, twice by hydrometry, and twice by reagent strips. RESULTS: Refractometer measurements were consistent between trials (R =.998) and among testers; hydrometer measurements were consistent between trials (R =.987) but not among testers; and reagent-strip measurements were not consistent between trials or among testers. Hydrometer (1.018 +/- 0.006) and reagent-strip (1.017 +/- 0.007) measurements were significantly higher than refractometer (1.015 +/- 0.006) measurements. Intraclass correlation coefficients were moderate between refractometry and hydrometry (R =.869) and low between refractometry and reagent strips (R =.573). The hydrometer produced 28% false positives and 2% false negatives, and reagent strips produced 15% false positives and 9% false negatives. CONCLUSIONS: Only the refractometer should be used to determine urine specific gravity in collegiate wrestlers during the weight-certification process.     

An immunogold assay system for the detection of antigen or antibody

A colloidal gold-based semi-quantitative manual immunoassay method for the detection of antibody or antigen has been developed. The colloidal gold particles are coated with an organic reagent which, in turn, is attached to the antibody by covalent bonds. The antibody or the antigen are immobilized on simple chromatography paper. The paper strips are developed with an appropriate immunogold reagent in a test tube in the presence of urine (Pregnancy or Ovulation test) or serum (Rubella test). The mixture migrates up the strips towards the test band. A purple band develops which indicates the presence of the corresponding antigen (Pregnancy, Ovulation test) or antibody (Rubella test). In this format, 50 mIU or more of hCG in urine can be detected in 5 minutes or less, and antibody to Rubella virus at an HAI titer equivalent of 8 or above in serum can be detected in 10 minutes or less. These test kits, known as Result Plus test systems, are simple, rapid, highly sensitive, and require no instruments to perform.     

Evaluation of a screening test for detecting urinary tract infection in newborns and infants.

The results of a study of a screening test for urinary tract infection (UTI) in infants under 18 months is reported. Two hundred and forty three urine specimens were tested in the laboratory using AMES Multistix 8SG reagent strips read by photometer. The strips included three potential markers for urinary tract infection: leucocyte esterase, nitrite, and protein. The predictive value of a positive result (PPV) was low. The predictive value of negative test (NPV) when combining the screen of leucocyte esterase, nitrite, and protein was 99.4% with no difference between boys and girls. The test for leucocyte esterase had a 97.6% negative predictive value. An examination of the results by age confirms the good NPV in all age groups. Paediatricians should find Multistix 8SG strips a useful aid in the diagnosis of urinary tract infection in infants, and that costly culture of samples with negative strip tests can be avoided.     

Rapid Point-of-Contact Tool for Mapping and Integrated Surveillance of Wuchereria bancrofti and Onchocerca volvulus Infection

Elimination programs for Wuchereria bancrofti and Onchocerca volvulus are in critical need of sensitive, specific, and point-of-contact (POC) tools that can be used for surveillance years beyond cessation of mass drug administration when infection intensities are low. Previously, Wb123 and Ov16 were identified individually as potential filarial antigens for an antibody-based POC test. The present study compares single-antigen Wb123- and Ov16-based POC tests with an integrated configuration to detect antibodies to Wb123 and Ov16 simultaneously. Wb123 and Ov16 isolates were striped onto lateral flow strips containing anti-IgG4. Sera from W. bancrofti-, O. volvulus-, and other helminth-infected or -uninfected individuals were added to the strips with buffer. Strips were read for the appearance of a positive or negative test line for both antigens at 20 min and following drying. Sensitivity, specificity, and predictive values were calculated for the single-antigen and biplex strips. Single and biplex lateral flow strips showed nearly identical results, with >90% sensitivity for Ov16 and >92% sensitivity for Wb123. Overall specificities for the single and biplex tests were 98% and 96% for Ov16 and Wb123, respectively. Biplex tests performed as well as the single-antigen tests regardless of the intensity of patient IgG4 response. The high sensitivity and specificity make these new biplex tests extremely useful for POC long-term surveillance following mass drug administration in Africa that should reduce time and cost in areas where bancroftian filariasis and onchocerciasis are coendemic.     

Use of blocking reagent to confirm enzyme immunoassay results in Chlamydial conjunctivitis

A blocking reagent (Abbott) was used to test 153 conjunctival and nasopharyngeal samples from children with signs of early trachoma and from neonates and adults with conjunctivitis caused byChlamydia trachomatis in whom positive results had been obtained on at least one occasion in an enzyme immunoassay (EIA) (Abbott). EIA and cycloheximide-treated McCoy cell cultures of the eye sample were equally often positive in the non-trachoma cases (70 versus 71), the EIA results being confirmed by the blocking reagent test in these cases. The corresponding figures for the nasopharyngeal samples were 31 versus 25. There was full agreement between the results of the EIA and blocking reagent tests, except in two eye samples and one nasopharyngeal sample where the blocking reagent test was negative. Three EIA results were within the equivocal zone around the cut-off point, two of which were positive and one negative in the blocking test.     

Validation of a method for the rapid diagnosis of urinary tract infection suitable for use in general practice.

A combination of reagent strip testing and examining urine appearance can be used to screen out noninfected cases before urine specimens are sent to the laboratory. A validation of this method was carried out in a microbiology laboratory using 970 specimens received over a three-week period. When the tests for nitrite, blood and protein on N-Multistix reagent strips (Ames) were all negative in a clear urine then the predictive value for the absence of bacteriuria was 98.5%. Positive strip tests in a turbid urine detected 80.1% of infections. On the basis of these findings it is recommended that general practitioners test the urine samples of all patients with suspected urinary tract infections by this method and only send to the laboratory those specimens with positive findings. Using this method the routine laboratory workload involved in testing urine specimens would be reduced by 40%, instant results would be available in the general practitioner's surgery and the patient would receive immediate and appropriate treatment.     

全自动蛋白印迹仪吸液针残留液体对HIV确认结果的影响

目的 研究全自动蛋白印迹仪吸液针管外残留液体对HIV确认结果的影响,确定污染步骤,探讨排除引起交叉污染的实验方法.方法 用移液器吸取反应液,模拟全自动蛋白印迹仪吸液针管外的残留液体,反应液加到新的反应体系中反应,分析结果有无异常.结果 测试中,未加样本的试剂膜条出现任何HIV特异性条带即为污染.采用真空吸引器每次更换吸头吸出样本反应液.膜条未出现任何条带,可以排除交叉污染.结论 通过检测发现最易发生交叉污染的情况,采用合适的吸液方法,可防止污染的发生,能够提高使用全自动蛋白印迹仪检测结果的准确性和可靠性.