额隐窝的CT检查

目的:利用高速螺旋CT三维重建检查额隐窝,为鼻内镜额窦开放术提供术前参考。方法:利用16排高速螺旋CT对51例(102侧)临床资料进行额隐窝的三维重建,其中包括58侧慢性额窦炎,44侧非鼻窦炎。对钩突附着方式和鼻丘、筛泡进行辨认和统计,测量额隐窝相关参数,再分别统计和比较慢性鼻窦炎组和非鼻窦炎组的各项数据。结果:对51例(102侧)鼻窦的CT三维重建均可辨认出额窦、额窦内口及额隐窝,额隐窝的形态个人差异极大。慢性鼻窦炎组与非鼻窦炎组比较,鼻丘气房矢状位最大内径、额窦内口直径间的差异有统计学意义,而额窦内口与前鼻棘间连线的距离、连线与鼻底平面间的夹角、筛泡前壁与前鼻棘间连线距离、连线与鼻底平面间的夹角间差异无统计学意义。结论:钩突、鼻丘不同的形态和大小对额隐窝的形态产生决定性影响。鼻丘气房发生率高,位置恒定,可作为开放额隐窝的解剖标志。额窦内口位置恒定。鼻内镜手术时,以前鼻棘为起点,与鼻底平面成夹角50～60°、以半径100mm左右的扇形区域为手术的相对安全界,绝大多数患者可在此界限内找到并开放鼻丘气房、开放筛泡气房、扩大额窦内口。     

Surgery of the frontal recess and frontal sinus

Surgery on the frontal recess and frontal sinus remains a challenge for endoscopic sinus surgeons. This paper examines the philosophy behind such surgery and presents a technqiue for 3-dimensional reconstruction of the anatomy of the frontal recess and frontal sinus. Utilizing this anatomical reconstruction the surgeon is encouraged to develop a pre-operative step-by-step surgical plan for each cell identified within the frontal recess and frontal sinus and thereby predict the anatomy of this region before surgery is undertaken. An increased understanding of the anatomy of this region should improve the surgeon's surgical confidence and ability to remove all the obstructing cells from the frontal sinus ostium.     

鼻内镜下额隐窝解剖特征与额窦开放手术

目的　通过术中鼻内镜下解剖额隐窝 ,总结与内镜额窦手术相关的镜下额窦引流通道解剖特征 ,探讨额窦鼻内镜手术相关问题。方法　病例资料为慢性鼻窦炎、鼻息肉患者 30 1例 ( 5 6 2侧 ) ,有前期手术史者除外。术前鼻窦CT扫描证实合并额窦炎者 2 80例 ( 4 79侧 ) ,术前根据CT扫描判定额窦引流方式 ;术中以钩突为参考标志 ,2 5 0例 ( 4 2 1侧 )行鼻内镜下额窦开放手术 ,并对鼻内镜下额隐窝解剖结构特征进行分型。结果　冠状CT扫描提示额窦开口于钩突与中鼻甲之间为 2 0 3侧( 4 8 2 % ) ;额窦开口于钩突和眶纸板之间 2 18侧 ( 5 1 8% )。对应上述规律的鼻内镜下额隐窝解剖特征分型 :前者属Ⅰ型 2 0 3侧 ( 4 8 2 % ) ,后者属Ⅱ型 2 18侧 ( 5 1 8% )。结论　以额窦口为中心的额隐窝鼻内镜下解剖特征及分型 ,对额窦开放手术有重要意义 ;钩突上部为CT扫描和术中定位额窦口解剖参考标志     

The axillary flap approach to the frontal recess

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the access to the frontal recess using the axillary flap approach by identifying the frontal ostium during endoscopic sinus surgery. STUDY DESIGN: Prospective review of 64 consecutive patients (118 sides) undergoing axillary flap exposure of the frontal recess between November 1998 and July 1999. METHODS: Demographic data, identification of the frontal ostium, findings at surgery, use of nasal packing, the presence of postoperative symptoms, revision surgery, and the endoscopic appearance of the frontal recess were collected. The operative technique is presented. RESULTS: The frontal sinus ostium was identified in 96% of patients (104 of the 118 sides). Eight sides had Kuhn type 3 cells that required removal for clearance of the frontal ostium. Eighty-two percent of sides (97 sides) had endoscopically healed sinuses without symptoms after an average follow-up of 15.4 months. Six sides had middle meatal adhesions requiring division under local anesthetic. One patient has required revision surgery. CONCLUSION: The axillary flap approach to the frontal recess provides excellent access to the frontal recess and allows clearance of cells in the recess with identification of the frontal ostium in the vast majority of cases.     

Surgical techniques for the removal of frontal recess cells obstructing the frontal ostium

BACKGROUND: Cells pneumatizing through the frontal ostium may vary in the degree of frontal sinus penetration. This series describes the use of the axillary flap technique and the endoscopic modified Lothrop procedure (EMLP) for the removal of cells that pneumatize to a varying degree through the frontal ostium into the frontal sinus. METHODS: Out of a total of 204 patients undergoing endoscopic sinus surgery, 31 patients had a cell on one side and 7 patients had bilateral obstructive cells resulting in 38 sides undergoing an axillary flap approach for the removal of the obstructing cell. In 13 patients, the obstructing cell was deemed inaccessible by conventional technique and these patients underwent an EMLP for removal of the obstructing cell. RESULTS: All patients who underwent both the axillary flap approach and the EMLP had a patent frontal ostium confirmed endoscopically at the last follow-up visit. However, 8 of the 38 sides (21%) that underwent the axillary flap procedure had residual minor symptoms with four patients (30%) who underwent an EMLP having a recurrence of minor symptoms CONCLUSION: The axillary flap and the EMLP can be used to remove successfully ethmoidal cells that have pneumatized through the frontal ostium.     

额隐窝区域解剖结构CT影像学研究

目的：通过观察额隐窝区域的CT影像学特征，对该区域重要的解剖结构进行分析和研究。方法：选择82例（164侧）患者，对头部行多排螺旋CT扫描（螺距1mm，扫描层厚5mm，层距5mm），然后在图像工作站上进行冠状位图像重建。观察影像上鼻丘气房、钩突上端附着点、额气房、眶上气房、额泡气房和额窦内间隔气房等解剖标志的出现概率。结果：鼻丘气房的出现率为87．8％。钩突前上部参与构成鼻丘气房的内壁、上壁、下壁和后壁，后上部向上可有单一附着点（89％）或2个附着点（11％）。钩突后上部的单一附着点主要位于眶纸板（54．9％），也可附着于中鼻甲（30．5％）或颅底（3．0％）。钩突后上部的2个附着点主要附着于眶纸样板和颅底（15侧，9．2％），也可附着于眶纸板和中鼻甲（4侧，2．4％）。额气房的出现率为40．3％，其中Ⅰ、Ⅱ型（30．5％）最多见，Ⅲ型和Ⅳ型（9．8％）少见，额窦间隔气房的出现率为4．3％。结论：额气房在额窦炎的发病过程中起着重要作用。     

Investigation of C-arm cone-beam CT-guided surgery of the frontal recess

OBJECTIVE/HYPOTHESIS: A cone-beam CT (CBCT) imaging system based on a mobile C-arm (Siemens PowerMobil) incorporating a high-performance flat-panel detector (Varian PaxScan) has been developed in our laboratory. We hypothesize that intraoperative C-arm CBCT provides image quality and guidance performance sufficient to assist surgical approach to the frontal recess. STUDY DESIGN: A preclinical prospective study was conducted using six cadaver heads to assess the performance characteristics and the potential clinical utility of this imaging system. METHODS: The mobile C-arm was employed for intraoperative CBCT guidance of the endoscopic approach to twelve frontal recesses. RESULTS: The imaging system is capable of sub-mm 3D spatial resolution with bone and soft-tissue visibility and a field of view sufficient for guidance of head and neck surgery. The system can generate intraoperative, volumetric CT images rapidly with an acceptably low radiation exposure to the patient and with image quality sufficient for most surgical tasks. Moreover, the system is portable and compatible with the surgical setup, providing excellent access to the patient. Finally, the accuracy of the system is not bound to a registration process. CONCLUSIONS: The ability to create updated images as surgery progresses introduces the concept of 'near-real-time' CT guidance for head and neck surgery. We found that the use of CBCT increased surgical confidence in accessing the frontal recess, resolved ambiguities with anatomical variations, and provided valuable teaching information to surgeons in training in both preoperative planning and correlation between tri-planar CT scans and intraoperative endoscopic findings.     

额隐窝区域多排螺旋CT的影像学观察

目的通过观察正常额隐窝区域的cT影像学特征，加深对额隐窝区域部分重要解剖标志的认识。方法选择49例（98侧）无额窦疾病症状且额隐窝区域无病变表现的患者，对头部行16排螺旋cT扫描（螺距o．562，扫描层厚o．625mm，层距0．3mm），然后在图像工作站上进行冠状位、矢状位和水平位图像重建（层厚0．625mm，窗宽＋2000HU，窗位＋200HU）。观察cT影像上鼻丘气房、钩突上端附着点、终末隐窝、额气房、筛泡上气房、额泡气房和额窦内间隔气房等解剖标志的出现比率。结果鼻丘气房的出现率为94％（92／98）。钩突前上部参与构成鼻丘气房的内壁、上壁、下壁和后壁，后上部向上可有单一附着点（65％，64／98）或两个附着点（35％，34／98）。钩突后上端的单一附着点主要位于眶纸板（53％，52／98），也可附着于中鼻甲（9％）或颅底（3％）。钩突后上部的两个附着点主要附着于眶纸板和颅底（24％），也可附着于眶纸板和中鼻甲（10％），仅1侧（1％）附着于颅底和中鼻甲。87％（85／98）的钩突后上端在眶纸板上有附着点，与眶纸板接合部的下方形成终末隐窝。额气房的出现率为33％（32／98），其中I型最多见（23％）、Ⅱ型（2％）和Ⅲ型（7％）少见，未见Ⅳ型额气房。筛泡上气房、额泡气房和额窦间隔气房的出现率分别为31％、7％和14％。结论多排螺旋CT实现了单次扫描、多平面（多角度）、多参数重复成像，为有效地辨认额隐窝区域复杂的局部解剖特征提供了有益的帮助。     

CT morphological evaluation of anterior epitympanic recess in patients with attic cholesteatoma

The objective of this study is to analyze the possible variations in size and shape of the AER in the ear affected by acquired cholesteatoma versus the healthy ear in the same patient. A total of 22 patients affected by acquired cholesteatoma were included in our study. A CT morphological evaluation of both ears (pathologic and non-pathologic) was made. Measures of the AER were done, on axial plane, parallel to incudomalleal axis for the deepest anterior-to-posterior (AP) diameter and perpendicular to this line for the maximum transverse (T) diameter, selecting the most inferior cut that showed the Cog in its entirety. A third superior–inferior (SI) measure was done, on coronal plane from the tegmen tympani to the cochleariform process. Comparisons between the mean of AP, T and SI in affected ears versus non-affected have been carried out using a paired t test. The AER measurement was considerably smaller in affected ears than in the non-affected ones. Mean AP ± DS was 5.1 (1.46) versus 3.1 (0.90), P values <0.0001. Mean T ± DS was 4.1 (0.74) versus 3.2 (0.74), P values <0.0014. Mean SI ± DS was 4.0 (1.01) versus 2.0 (0.82), P values <0.0001. In conclusion, based on our results, the AER in an affected ear seems smaller than in a non-affected one. Whether a hypovolumetric AER could be a congenital morphological condition predisposing cholesteatoma despite adequate aeration of the epitympanic compartment, on the contrary the presence of membranous and/or ligamentous folds could exclude the AER from the posterior epitympanic space and from the protympanum, predisposing it for attical dysventilation, should be clarified in further studies.     

Utility of sagittal reformatted computerized tomographic images in the evaluation of the frontal sinus outflow tract

BACKGROUND: Anatomic and mucosal obstruction of the frontal sinus outflow tract (FSOT) can result in frontal sinusitis often associated with frontal headache. Thorough evaluation of symptomatic patients requires axial and coronal computerized tomographic (CT) scans of the paranasal sinuses (PNS). With the advent of multichannel multidetector CT scanning, the availability of high-quality sagittal images has become increasingly widespread. However, the utility of these images in the assessment of FSOT patency has not yet been established. METHODS: A retrospective review of coronal and sagittal images from 25 PNS CT scans (50 sides) were randomized, blinded, and independently evaluated by two neuroradiologists. FSOT obstruction by agger nasi cells, the ethmoid bulla, and mucosal disease was assessed. A degree of confidence was rendered for each of these findings. The results were then compared against a consensus diagnosis, which was rendered based upon simultaneous reading of the coronal and sagittal images. Generalized estimating equations were used to assess the difference between sagittal and coronal images in terms of reader confidence and diagnostic concordance with the consensus. RESULTS: Review of sagittal images had a higher degree of concordance with the consensus than did coronal images, and was highest for mucosal disease. Both readers were more confident in rendering a diagnosis based upon the sagittal images. CONCLUSION: Sagittal reformatted CT images of the PNS are helpful in the radiologic evaluation of the FSOT. Experienced neuroradiologists had a higher degree of confidence in the diagnosis of the obstruction of the FSOT using sagittal reformatted images.     

应用Wormald技术行额隐窝开放术20例报告

目的:探讨应用Wormald技术行额隐窝开放术的方法及疗效。方法:对20例(24侧)慢性额窦炎患者应用Wormald技术行额隐窝开放术,术前鼻窦CT尤其是矢状位重建明确病变范围、来源及其与重要结构的毗邻关系。结果:所有患者术后均随访6个月以上,平均9个月,手术有效率为90%。除2例术后复发再次手术外,余未见复发。结论:鼻内镜下应用Wormald技术行额隐窝开放术安全可行,未见颅内、眼眶等严重并发症。术前明确定位导致额隐窝阻塞的病变气房;遇到难以辨认的额窦和额隐窝,应意识到手术的潜在困难;术中注意保护隐窝口黏膜;术后加强换药、冲洗、氧喷雾治疗,以提高手术疗效。