非小细胞肺癌组织表皮生长因子受体基因突变的临床意义

目的探讨非小细胞肺癌(NSCLC)肿瘤组织表皮生长因子受体(EGFR)基因突变及其相关因素.方法抽取80例手术切除肿瘤组织DNA,采用巢式PCR方法对编码EGFR基因的第18、19和21外显子片段进行扩增和测序,用Chromas软件分析基因突变或缺失.结果21例肿瘤组织存在EGFR基因突变或缺失,发生率为26.25%,其中13例为EGFR第19外显子阅读框内多核苷酸的缺失,8例为第21外显子2 573位核苷酸点突变.这些突变均为杂合子型.肺腺癌突变率为42.10%(16/38),显著高于鳞癌的9.68%(3/31)和鳞腺混合癌的18.2%(2/11)(χ2=9.702,P ＜0.01);女性患者突变率为48.28%(14/29),显著高于男性患者的13.73%(7/51)(χ2=11.4,P＜0.01);不吸烟者突变率为40%(16/40),显著高于吸烟者的12.50%(5/40)(χ2=7.812,P＜0.01).EGFR基因突变与患者年龄、TNM分期等因素无关.Logistic回归分析提示患者性别和组织类型是影响EGFR突变的2个主要因素.结论NSCLC存在EGFR基因的突变或缺失,其中以女性、腺癌和不吸烟患者突变率较高.     

扩增耐突变系统对非小细胞肺癌表皮生长因子受体基因突变的检测

目的:探讨扩增耐突变系统检测非小细胞肺癌(NSCLC)患者肿瘤组织EGFR基因突变的应用价值.方法:选取70例NSCLC患者的病理切片,提取基因组DNA,分别使用EGFR外显子19和21突变检测试剂盒检测EGFR外显子19和21的突变情况,并结合临床资料进行分析.结果:70例肺癌组织中检出EGFR基因突变29例,基因突变检出率为41.4％,其中外显子19突变20例(69.0％),外显子21突变9例(31.0％);腺癌基因突变23例(79.3％),检出率为51.1％;鳞癌基因突变6例(20.7％),检出率为24.0％;肺泡癌基因突变4例(13.8％),检出率为66.7％.女性、不吸烟和肺腺癌患者的EGFR 2个外显子基因突变率均较高,P＜0.01.结论:NSCLC患者EGFR基因突变主要表现为外显子19和21的突变,女性、肺腺癌和不吸烟的患者多见.     

非小细胞肺癌表皮生长因子受体双向基因测序研究

目的 探讨中国人非小细胞肺癌表皮生长因子受体（EGFR）第18、19、21外显子基因突变状态。方法 32例病理证实的非小细胞肺癌组织标本,通过模板DNA提取、定量和Touchdown PCR扩增EGFR exon18、19、21序列,进行正、负链基因测序分析,并与10例非小细胞肺癌患者血液标本对照。结果 32例非小细胞肺癌组织发现7例共9种突变,即已报道的5例19外显子缺失和未见报道的21exonT〉G（L833V）及A〉T（H835L）杂合性突变,另有2例内含子多态改变。中国人非小细胞肺癌突变率为28．1％（9／32）,肺腺癌突变率为31．6％（6／19）。结论 中国人非小细胞肺癌的EGFR突变率与已报道的亚洲人女性肺腺癌的突变率相似,但存在中国人自身新的突变位点（L833V和H835L）及内含子改变,该突变率与国内易瑞沙治疗非小细胞肺癌有效率基本吻合。     

化疗对晚期非小细胞肺癌患者表皮生长因子受体基因突变状态的影响

目的 探讨化疗对晚期非小细胞肺癌(NSCLC)患者表皮生长因子受体(EGFR)基因突变状态的影响.方法 选取85例晚期NSCLC患者作为研究对象.化疗前、化疗4~6个周期后均采集所有研究对象的外周血,采用酶切富集联合变性高效液相色谱法(REDE-DHPLC)检测EGFR-19外显子、EGFR-21外显子的突变状态.结果 85例晚期NSCLC患者化疗前EGFR突变阳性率为55.29%(47/85),化疗4~6个周期后EGFR突变阳性率为35.29%(30/85),化疗前后EGFR突变阳性率比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).化疗前后共有37例晚期NSCLC患者发生EGFR突变,其中27例从EGFR突变阳性转为EGFR突变阴性,10例患者从EGFR突变阴性转为EGFR突变阳性,两种突变模式发生率比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).结论 晚期NSCLC患者化疗过程中EGFR突变状态可能会发生改变,因此在给予其靶向治疗前应重新对其进行EGFR突变检查.     

非小细胞肺癌表皮生长因子受体分子影像研究进展

肺癌是全球累积危险性最高的肿瘤,每年有超过135万的新发病例,近120万人死于这一疾病,死亡人数超过乳腺癌、结肠癌和前列腺癌三者死亡人数的总和.由于肺癌的早期诊断方法至今没有突破性的进展,确诊后仅少数患者具备手术切除条件,因此,放、化疗在肺癌的治疗中占有重要地位.但传统放、化疗对肺癌的疗效有限,患者常出现难以忍受的毒副反应,而以铂类为基础的化疗疗效已达到一个不易突破的状态[1],因此,临床上迫切需要新的诊断手段和治疗药物的出现.     

表皮生长因子受体突变晚期非小细胞肺癌患者的抑郁情况及诊疗进展

近年来,肺癌的发病率不断升高,居全球第二位,病死率居全球首位,肺癌已成为严重威胁人类生命健康的恶性肿瘤之一.目前,肺癌的治疗疗效和生活质量成为临床关注的重点,其中情绪因素对治疗疗效和生活质量的影响也逐渐被重视.抑郁和焦虑是晚期肺癌患者的主要情绪因素,但晚期肺癌患者确诊和治疗过程中抑郁情绪的发生较为隐匿,易被忽视.目前,...     

表皮生长因子受体突变:gefitinib和erlotinib治疗非小细胞肺癌的靶点研究进展

Gefitinib和erlotinib是表皮生长因子受体酪氨酸激酶抑制剂(EGFR-TKI)类药物,是目前治疗非小细胞肺癌(NSCLC)的热点,已在多个临床试验中证实,东亚人群、女性、无吸烟史和腺癌患者有效,进一步的研究揭示癌症病人EGFR酪氨酸激酶区突变与对EGFR-TKI的敏感性密切相关。这些突变包括框架缺失、点突变等多种类型。本文综述了EGFR突变的研究现状和进展。     

中国人群非小细胞肺癌表皮生长因子受体基因突变的分析

目的探讨中国人群非小细胞肺癌(NSCLC)患者表皮生长因子受体(EGFR)基因的突变情况。方法经病理确诊的254例NSCLC患者,采用聚合酶链反应(PCR)扩增、突变富集PCR和基因测序的方法检测EGFR第18、19、20和21外显子的突变情况。结果 204例NSCLC患者EGFR突变率为29.1%。EGFR在不同NSCLC类型中的突变率存在差异(P<0.001)。结论中国人群NSCLC患者的EGFR突变率基本与之前的报道相符,与西方人群的比例无明显差异。     

非小细胞肺癌患者表皮生长因子受体突变对靶向治疗的疗效影响及生存分析

目的 探讨表皮生长因子受体(EGFR)基因突变对非小细胞肺癌(NSCLC)患者靶向治疗疗效及生存的影响.方法 83例经一线化疗失败的中晚期NSCLC患者,通过基因测序按照是否存在EGFR基因第19或21号外显子突变分为突变型组和野生型组,两组均给予吉非替尼口服治疗,250 mg/次,期间进行其他常规检查和定期随访.分析EG-FR突变与患者疗效及生存的关系.结果 女性、腺癌、不吸烟的NSCLC患者的突变率高于相应的男性、鳞癌、吸烟的NSCLC患者,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05),而年龄、TNM分期与EGFR突变无明显相关(P>0.05).78例患者获得随访,其中突变型组32例,患者治疗的客观有效率(ORR)和疾病控制率(DCR)分别为64.7%和94.1%;明显高于46例野生型组的38.8%和71.4%,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05).突变型组患者的无进展生存期(PFS)和中位生存时间分别为7.3个月和16.1个月,均较野生型组患者的3.5个月和8.3个月显著延长(P<0.01).结论 存在EGFR基因第19或21号外显子突变的NSCLC患者对应用吉非替尼治疗较敏感,效果较好,生存时间较长.EGFR基因突变可作为评估NSCLC患者分子靶向治疗疗效及生存的预测因子.     

非小细胞肺癌表皮生长因子受体基因突变的临床意义

表皮生长因子受体（EGFR）酪氨酸激酶抑制剂（TKI）已成为晚期非小细胞肺癌标准二线或三线治疗;其疗效受EGFR基因突变等诸多因素的影响。EGFR基因突变具有癌变作用,可能影响到非小细胞肺癌预后、化疗和靶向药物的疗效。     

Update on epidermal growth factor receptor mutations in non-small cell lung cancer.

In 2004, several investigators reported that somatic mutations in the epidermal growth factor receptor gene were associated with clinical responses to erlotinib and gefitinib in patients with non-small cell lung cancer. Since then, multiple groups have examined the biological properties that such mutations confer as well as the clinical relevance of these mutations in patients with non-small cell lung cancer. Although a tremendous amount of knowledge has been gained in the past 2 years, there remain a number of important epidemiologic, biological, and clinical questions.     

Targeting the epidermal growth factor receptor in non-small cell lung cancer

The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) has been implicated in a multiplicity of cancer-related signal transduction pathways like cellular proliferation, adhesion, migration, neoangiogenesis and apoptosis inhibition, all of them important features of cancerogenesis and tumour progression. The inhibition of this receptor has been discovered as a suitable pharmaceutical intervention aimed at interrupting tumour activity. In cancer, both monoclonal antibodies and small molecules with anti-tyrosine kinase activity have been assessed in several trials with significant efficacy in clinical applications. The current review focuses in particular on the clinical data of EGFR inhibition in non-small cell lung cancer with emphasis on tyrosine kinase inhibition.     

Erlotinib-induced autophagy in epidermal growth factor receptor mutated non-small cell lung cancer

Purpose

Erlotinib is a commonly used tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Autophagy is a catabolic process in response to stress and deprivation of nutrients. This study aims to investigate whether autophagy confers acquired resistance to erlotinib treatment in NSCLC.

Methods

Four NSCLC cell lines (HCC827, HCC4006, H358 and H1975) with different epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutation status (exon 19 deletion, exon 19 deletion, wild-type and L858R/T790M respectively) were selected. MTT assay, crystal violet staining and Annexin-V assay were performed to determine cell viability and apoptosis. Autophagic proteins were detected by Western blot. Acidic vesicular organelle (AVO) formation was determined by acridine orange staining. Autophagy inhibitor (chloroquine) and RNA interference were used to demonstrate the biological effect of erlotinib-induced autophagy.

Results

In line with EGFR mutation status, it was shown that both HCC827 and HCC4006 cells were sensitive to erlotinib, while H358 and H1975 cell lines were resistant. Erlotinib treatment at clinically relevant concentrations induced autophagy (increased LC3II expression, Atg-5/Atg12 conjugation, formation of AVO and p62 degradation) in sensitive NSCLC cell lines, via p53 nuclear translocation, AMPK activation and mTOR suppression. Addition of chloroquine, as an autophagy inhibitor, enhanced erlotinib sensitivity in sensitive cells. Similarly, silencing of Atg5 or Beclin-1 significantly increased sensitivity to erlotinib in both sensitive cell lines. In contrast, there was no induction of autophagy in resistant H358 and H1975 cell lines upon erlotinib exposure.

Conclusions

Erlotinib can induce both apoptosis and autophagy in sensitive NSCLC cell lines with activating EGFR mutation (exon 19 del). Inhibition of autophagy can further enhance sensitivity to erlotinib in EGFR-mutated NSCLC, suggesting that autophagy may serve as a protective mechanism.     

非小细胞肺癌原发灶与相应转移灶之间EGFR基因突变状况的不一致性研究

背景与目的表皮生长因子受体(epidermal growth factor receptor,EGFR)突变是晚期非小细胞肺癌(non-small cell lung cancer,NSCLC)患者获益于酪氨酸激酶抑制剂(tyrosine kinase inhibitor,TKI)治疗的预测因子,本研究旨在探讨NSCLC原发灶与相应转移灶之间EGFR基因突变状况的不一致性。方法应用TaqManRT-PCR的方法检测35例病理确诊为NSCLC患者原发灶和相应转移灶的EGFR基因突变状况。结果原发肺癌病灶中有29例为EGFR基因突变型,余下6例为EGFR野生型。35例转移灶中18例为EGFR基因突变型,17例为EGFR野生型。35对配对标本中,11对(31.43%)标本出现原发灶EGFR基因突变,而转移灶为EGFR基因野生型,18对原发灶及转移灶均为EGFR基因突变型,且突变具体位点相同,6对原发灶及转移灶均为EGFR基因野生型。NSCLC原发灶与转移灶的EGFR基因表达不一致率为31.43%(11/35,P=0.008)。结论 NSCLC原发灶与转移灶的EGFR基因表达存在不一致性。     

Epidermal growth factor receptor mutations in patients with non-small cell lung cancer

A year has passed since mutations of the tyrosine kinase domain of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) were discovered in patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) who had dramatic clinical responses to treatment with gefitinib. Additional laboratory and clinical studies have provided further insight into the biological impact of EGFR mutations in cell culture experiments and in patients with NSCLC. In vitro characterizations of NSCLC cell lines and host cell lines transfected with these mutant and wild-type EGFR show that most cell lines with mutated EGFR are growth-inhibited by 10- to 100-fold lower concentrations of gefitinib and erlotinib compared with wild-type EGFR. NSCLC lines with mutations of the EGFR treated with concentrations of gefitinib and erlotinib that are achievable in the plasma undergo apoptosis rather than growth arrest. Retrospective studies of patients with NSCLC-treated gefitinib have reported a close association between EGFR mutations, increased chance of clinical response and longer survival. This review will provide information on the impact of EGFR mutations on gefitinib and erlotinib treatment by in vitro experiments, the outcome of NSCLC patients with these mutations when treated with gefitinib and erlotinib, and the subsets of patients with NSCLC in whom these mutations arise.     

Characterization of epidermal growth factor receptor in primary human non-small cell lung cancer

Membrane preparations from 36 human non-small cell lung cancers were examined for the expression of epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptors, and comparisons were made between tumor types and stage. Eight normal lung membrane preparations were also examined. The concentrations of EGF receptors were assessed by ligand binding studies using 125I-radiolabeled EGF. In two point saturation experiments using 0.3 nM 125I-EGF incubated with membranes from 35 primary lung tumors, a median of 18 fmol/mg of protein (range, 1.1 to 530) was found. This was significantly greater than binding to eight lung membranes: median, 6.1 fmol/mg of protein (range, 1.0 to 14.5) (P less than 0.02). Scatchard binding curves obtained in 21 of the 36 tumors and seven of eight of the normal lung preparations showed high and low affinity sites for EGF receptors on all but two tumor membranes. The dissociation constant of the high affinity sites was similar on tumor and normal lung membranes: range, 0.75 to 30 x 10(-10) M/liter. However, the tumors had a significantly higher concentration of these receptor sites: median, 30.4 fmol/mg of protein versus a median of 6.2 fmol/mg of protein on normal lung membranes (P less than 0.01). Likewise, there were significantly more low affinity sites on tumors: median, 237 fmol/mg compared to 60.2 fmol/mg on normal lung (P less than 0.01). No differences were found in this analysis between tumors of different histological subtypes or clinical stage. It is possible that the high level of expression of high affinity sites on lung tumors could be used as a target for ligand-complexed drugs.     

Second-generation epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors in non-small cell lung cancer

Inhibiting epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signaling has proven to be an effective strategy for treating non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients and the first generation of agents developed for this purpose, gefitinib and erlotinib, stimulated a unique escalation in both biologic and clinical research within the field. Second-generation EGFR-targeted agents that aim to further improve patient outcomes are now in preclinical and clinical trials. This review discusses four promising agents that are currently being studied in NSCLC: EKB-569, HKI-272, CI-1033, and ZD6474.     

EGFR在非小细胞肺癌中的表达及临床意义

目的：探讨表皮生长因子受体（EGFR）在非小细胞肺癌（NSCLC）中的表达及其与NSCLC发生、发展及预后的关系,指导非小细胞肺癌的靶向治疗。方法：回顾性分析82例NSCLC手术病例临床病理资料及随访资料,用免疫组化（EnVision法）的方法观察EGFR在非小细胞肺癌组织中的表达,对比分析20例非恶性肺组织中EGFR的表达。结果：EGFR在NSCLC中的表达率为53.66%,在非恶性肺组织中EGFR均呈阴性表达;EGFR在NSCLC中的表达与患者的性别、病理类型、TNM分期及淋巴结转移有显著统计学意义（P〈0.05）;EGFR高表达者生存期短。结论：EGFR在NSCLC中高表达;女性患者高于男性,并且与患者的病理类型、TNM分期及淋巴结转移有密切的关系,可作为判断NSCLC患者病情进展及预后的重要指标,还可以指导NSCLC患者的靶向治疗。     

TaqMan-MGB探针实时荧光聚合酶链反应快速检测非小细胞肺癌表皮生长因子受体基因突变

目的探讨非小细胞肺癌(NSCLC)瘤组织表皮生长因子受体(EGFR)基因突变及TaqMan MGB探针实时荧光PCR快速检测EGFR突变的诊断价值。方法应用聚合酶链(PCR)反应,对80例手术切除NSCLC瘤组织EGFR基因的第18、19和21外显子片段进行扩增和测序, Chromas软件分析基因突变。设计EGFR突变位点的TaqMan MGB探针,采用实时PCR检测瘤组织EGFR突变,并与测序结果比较。实时PCR的敏感性与特异性评价,用不同混合数量的PC-9细胞(19外显子缺失)为阳性参照。结果21例NSCLC瘤组织存在EGFR基因突变,总体突变率为26.3%。其中13例为EGFR第19外显子阅读框内多核苷酸的缺失,8例为第21外显子2573位核苷酸点突变。诊断的特异性与敏感性均为100%。当PC-9突变型细胞仅占10%时或PC-9细胞数低达50只时,PCR仍然检测到EGFR基因突变的存在。女性、不吸烟和肺腺癌患者EGFR基因突变率显著高于男性、吸烟和非腺癌患者(P<0.05)。EGFR基因突变与患者年龄、TNM分期等因素无关。结论NSCLC存在EGFR基因的突变或缺失,其中以女性、腺癌和不吸烟患者突变率较高。TaqMan MGB探针联合实时PCR可有效地检测出EGFR基因突变,操作简便,易于临床推广。