甲状旁腺腺瘤CT诊断

目的：探讨甲状旁腺腺瘤的CT诊断价值。方法：回顾性分析9例经手术病理证实为甲状旁腺腺瘤的CT及临床资料。结果：9例甲状旁腺腺瘤均起源于下甲状旁腺,右侧3例,左侧6例,均位于气管外血管内间隙。肿瘤呈卵圆形,边缘光滑完整,大小为0.9cm×1.0cm～4.0cm×6.0cm。平扫肿瘤呈等密度,较正常甲状腺为低密度。增强后9例肿瘤均有不同程度强化,但均较周围血管密度及正常甲状腺密度低,增强后肿瘤呈均匀强化者7例,2例肿瘤内可见坏死不强化区。结论：增强CT检查可准确显示甲状旁腺腺瘤的部位、形态、大小及其与周围结构的关系,对临床诊治有重要价值。     

甲状腺嗜酸细胞腺瘤的MSCT诊断

目的探讨甲状腺嗜酸细胞腺瘤(HCA)的MSCT表现。方法回顾性分析20例经手术和病理证实的HCA患者的MSCT及临床资料,并复习文献。结果 20例HCA患者中,10例病灶位于左叶,9例位于右叶,1例两侧叶均被累及。病灶大小0.6cm×1.3cm～4.0cm×5.2cm,形状呈圆形或卵圆形,边缘光滑,边界较为清楚,以实性成份为主。CT平扫呈不均匀低或等密度影,边界欠清;双期增强扫描,病灶实性部分均有不同程度明显强化,以动脉期强化为著,但较正常甲状腺及周围血管密度低,部分囊变区无强化。结论 MSCT表现结合相关的临床资料,对HCA的诊断有一定的提示作用,确诊依赖病理。     

甲状旁腺腺瘤MSCT和MRI影像诊断

目的探讨甲状旁腺腺瘤多层螺旋CT(MSCT)和MRI表现,并评估两种检查方法对甲状旁腺腺瘤诊断的价值。资料与方法回顾性分析经手术病理证实的48例甲状旁腺腺瘤的影像学资料,其中30例行CT平扫及增强检查,14例仅行CT平扫,5例行MRI平扫及CT平扫和(或)强化检查,4例仅行MRI平扫检查。结果 48例均为单发病灶,其中42例(87.5%)位于甲状腺下极气管-食管旁沟;6例(12.5%)为异位腺瘤。CT平扫,28例腺瘤呈均匀软组织密度,16例腺瘤密度不均匀,其内见低密度坏死区。MRI平扫,6例腺瘤呈均匀软组织信号,3例腺瘤内见长T2信号区。CT增强早期,30例腺瘤实体部分明显强化,但强化程度低于颈部大血管,晚期强化程度减低,但大血管强化程度的下降更为明显,两者之间的密度差逐渐减小。结论 MSCT可以清晰显示肿瘤的部位、大小、形态和质地。     

甲状旁腺腺瘤的临床影像分析

目的:探讨甲状旁腺腺瘤的CT和MR表现,提高对其认识水平。方法:回顾性分析10例经手术病理证实的甲状旁腺腺瘤患者的临床、CT和MR资料。结果:10例甲状旁腺腺瘤,6例起源于下甲状旁腺,3例起源于上甲状旁腺,均位于气管食管旁沟内,1例起源于异位甲状旁腺。肿瘤最大径为1.0~4.0cm,平均2.8cm。肿瘤呈圆形或卵圆形、边缘清楚的结节或肿块影,6例CT表现为等密度,4例MR表现为T1WI低信号或等信号,T2WI等信号或高信号。8例轻至中度强化,2例明显强化。6例强化均匀,4例强化不均匀。7例有全身广泛性骨质疏松,其中3例合并棕色瘤。结论:CT和MR易于检出甲状旁腺腺瘤,可准确显示其部位、形态、大小及与周围组织的关系,并对多数腺瘤作出定性诊断,对临床诊治具有重要价值。     

儿童甲状腺肿瘤的CT诊断

目的 探讨儿童甲状腺肿瘤的CT表现。资料与方法 对12例经手术及病理证实的儿童甲状腺肿瘤进行回顾性分析。其中甲状腺腺瘤9例，甲状腺癌2例，淋巴瘤1例。结果 甲状腺腺瘤中囊实性4例，实性5例。其中l例实性甲状腺腺瘤伴桥本甲状腺炎，表现为弥漫性甲状腺组织内-稍高密度肿块影，增强后明显强化；其余8例平扫为低于甲状腺组织的低密度肿块，均无钙化，增强扫描后呈均匀或不均匀明显强化。甲状腺癌2例均为弥漫性的肿块，增强前后密度极不均匀，与周围组织分界不清，并伴有颈部淋巴结增大。淋巴瘤1例，为局限性均匀低密度影，占位较明显，增强后强化明显。结论 CT有助于诊断儿童甲状腺肿瘤，为临床提供早期诊断。     

甲状旁腺瘤CT诊断

目的 :探讨甲状旁腺瘤 CT表现特征及意义。方法 :对临床、手术和病理证实为甲状旁腺瘤 4例的 CT表现 ,作回顾性分析。结果 :本文 4例甲状旁腺瘤 ,CT显示均位于甲状腺下方之食管气管隐窝区 ,左右侧各 2例。肿瘤呈卵圆形 ,大小自 2～ 5 cm,平均 3.75 cm,密度均匀。轻～中度强化 ,边缘光滑完整。与甲状腺下极相连 2例 ,与颈总动脉、颈内静脉或椎体毗邻 2例。结论 :CT可准确显示甲状旁腺瘤的部位、形态、大小、强化特点及其与周围结构的关系 ,对临床诊治具有重要价值     

多层螺旋CT多期增强对胸膜孤立性纤维瘤的诊断价值

目的探讨多层螺旋CT(MSCT)多期增强扫描对胸膜孤立性纤维瘤(SFPT)的诊断价值,以提高诊断准确率。方法回顾分析18例经手术或穿刺病理结果证实的SFPT患者的临床及CT资料。分析肿瘤的发生部位、大小、形态、密度、与周围组织关系及多期增强的强化特点,对其临床及影像表现进行分析总结。结果 18例病灶均为单发病灶,左侧10例,右侧8例。病灶最大径为0.8~7.5cm(中位3.2cm),5.0cm者6例,3.0cm者7例。18例病灶均行CT平扫和多期增强扫描,CT平扫稍低密度者5例,等密度6例,混杂密度7例(钙化3例,坏死4例)。增强扫描均匀强化者8个;"地图样"不均匀强化者10个;12例动脉期未见明显强化,静脉期及延迟期呈轻中度强化;4例动脉期呈轻中度不均匀强化,静脉及延迟期强化程度更高;2例动脉期呈中度不均匀强化,静脉期及延迟期强化程度稍减低。结论 SFTP在CT上具有一定特征性表现,多期增强扫描能反应病变强化特点,对于术前诊断具有重要的价值。     

腹壁型韧带样纤维瘤病的MSCT表现

目的探讨腹壁型韧带样纤维瘤病(abdominal wall type desmoids-type fibromatoses,DF)的MSCT表现,并评价MSCT在诊断DF及鉴别诊断的价值。方法回顾性分析经病理证实的DF患者12例MSCT表现,包括肿瘤部位、大小、形态、边缘、CT密度及强化特征。结果 12例均位于腹前壁肌肉,横截面积最大约14.6cm×14.3cm,最小3.5cm×1.8cm,椭圆形8例,浅分叶状4例,边界清楚2例,模糊10例。MSCT平扫示12例全部呈稍低密度,密度较均匀,肿块均未见明显出血、囊变、坏死及钙化,有10例平扫可见少量条状稍高密度影。肿块增强后呈渐进性轻、中度强化,其中有6例增强后可见斑片状更高强化区,条状影未见明显强化。结论腹壁型韧带样纤维瘤MSCT表现具有特征性,正确的认识能为DF的诊断及鉴别提供重要价值。     

CT密度测量在原发性肾上腺肿瘤诊断中的应用价值

目的:探讨CT值测量在原发性肾上腺肿瘤诊断中的价值.方法:回顾性分析48例经手术和病理证实的原发性肾上腺肿瘤的CT表现,并进行肿瘤CT值测量.结果:9例醛固酮腺瘤CT值为-12～17 HU,增强无明显强化;8例无功能性皮质腺瘤及10例皮质醇腺瘤CT值为28～45 HU,肿瘤轻度均匀强化;3例嗜铬细胞瘤肿块＜3 cm者密度均匀,CT值为40～55 HU,3例嗜铬细胞瘤肿块＞3 cm者密度不均,CT值为10～45 HU,肿瘤组织显著强化;2例皮质腺癌肿块内密度不均匀,CT值为35～50 HU,其内见低密度区及钙化影,呈不均匀强化;2例神经母细胞瘤密度不均匀,CT值为35～50 HU,瘤内见不规则低密度区,瘤内均见钙化;6例肾上腺囊肿呈均匀性水样密度,CT值为0～15 HU,增强扫描无强化;5例髓性脂肪瘤瘤内以脂肪密度为主,CT值为-50～100 HU,无明显强化.结论:不同类型原发性肾上腺肿瘤因所含组织成份各异而呈现不同的CT值,肿块密度及强化程度与细胞形态、瘤内结构及血供密切相关,肿瘤密度测量可为原发性肾上腺肿瘤的诊断与鉴别诊断提供有价值的信息.     

肾嫌色细胞癌的动态增强CT表现

目的探讨肾嫌色细胞癌CT增强特点,以提高诊断准确率。方法回顾分析17例经手术病理证实的肾嫌色细胞癌,术前均行CT增强三期扫描检查,从肿瘤的大小、形态、密度、强化程度、强化方式及强化均匀性等方面进行分析。结果 17例中肿瘤多呈圆形或椭圆形,边缘光整,CT平扫瘤体呈软组织密度,最大直径2. 8～13. 3cm,平均6. 4cm。动态增强扫描肿瘤强化程度:1例为中度强化,16例轻度强化,强化程度均低于肾皮质。肿瘤强化方式:14例为平台型,2例为流出型,1例为持续强化型。肿瘤强化均匀性:13例为均匀强化,2例为欠均匀强化,2例为不均匀强化。结论肾嫌色细胞癌体积较大,密度较均匀,多呈轻度平台型均匀强化,少数病例与嗜酸性细胞腺瘤等鉴别困难。     

颌下腺混合瘤的CT表现

目的：总结分析颌下腺混合瘤的CT表现。方法：回顾性分析13例经手术病理证实的颌下腺混合瘤的CT表现,所有病例均行轴面平扫和增强扫描,并与病理结果进行对比分析。结果：所有病例均为单侧单发病灶。平扫7例密度低于正常腺体,4例呈等密度,2例密度不均匀,病灶与正常腺体分界不清,13例患侧腺体均增大,肿瘤均未突出腺体包膜,与周围组织的脂肪间隙仍存在;增强扫描病灶强化程度均低于正常腺体,表现为轻至中度强化,3例病灶内出现大小不等圆形低密度影。病灶直径1.4-3.2 cm。结论：颌下腺混合瘤CT表现具有良性肿瘤的特点,结合临床病史,CT可做出正确诊断。     

咽旁间隙多形性腺瘤的CT表现

目的:探讨咽旁间隙多形性腺瘤的CT表现特点。方法:回顾性分析经病理证实的咽旁间隙多形性腺瘤17例,所有病例均行CT平扫及双期增强扫描,对肿瘤的部位、大小、边缘、形态、强化程度及方式进行分析。结果:17例病灶均位于咽旁茎突前间隙,所有病变均为单发,体积较大,病灶最长径为3～7cm,12例来源于腮腺深叶,5例来源于迷走的涎腺组织,病变增强动脉期均呈轻中度强化,15例(15/17)静脉期呈轻中度延迟强化。结论:咽旁间隙的多形性腺瘤诊断需依靠病变所在位置、茎突的移位情况及强化方式进行综合分析。     

Parathyroid adenomas: cinearteriography

Parathyroid adenomas in an ectopic location, either the mediastinum or high in the neck, can be relatively easily identified arteriographically because the lesions are separate from the thyroid gland and therefore are not confused with it. However, in most cases in which the adenoma is situated adjacent to thyroid tissue (85%-90%), arteriographic identification, particularly when the lesion is small, may be extremely difficult. Cineangiography during parathyroid arteriography has been found extremely helpful in positive identification of these juxtathyroidal adenomas. Movement of the head from side to side and swallowing maneuvers during cine recording of a selective arteriogram allow determination of the location of a suspicious "blush" in relation to the thyroid gland. As a rule, parathyroid adenomas stain densely in the tissue phase, are nearly always posterior to the thyroid, and separate from thyroid tissue on swallowing. In 10 of 14 parathyroid arteriographic examinations, cinearteriography was useful in confirming or excluding a parathyroid adenoma.     

颌下腺多形性腺瘤的CT诊断及鉴别诊断

目的:探讨颌下腺多形性腺瘤的CT特征,以期提高诊断水平.方法:回顾性分析18例经病理证实的颌下腺多形性腺瘤的CT表现.结果:病灶均为单侧单发,位于腺体内16例,腺体外2例,呈类圆形或椭圆形13例,分叶状5例.平扫时病灶相对周边正常腺体为稍低密度9例,等密度4例,稍高密度2例,等密度或稍低密度合并低密度囊变区3例;病灶与周边腺体分界欠清12例,分界较清6例;病灶内均未见钙化.增强后病灶轻、中度强化,强化较均匀,在周边明显强化腺体实质勾画下边界清晰;3例病灶行双期扫描均具有渐进性强化特征.病灶最大径1.3～4.6cm,平均2.9cm.结论:颌下腺多形性腺瘤CT表现有一定的特征,CT增强有很高的诊断及鉴别诊断价值.     

MRI对甲状旁腺腺瘤的诊断价值

目的探讨甲状旁腺腺瘤的MRI表现，结合文献评估MR对甲状旁腺腺瘤的定性、定位诊断价值。方法对临床及手术病理证实的5例甲状旁腺腺瘤患者术前均行MR检查，男3例，女2例，年龄21～39岁。所用设备为SIEMENS sonata1．5T超导型磁共振成像系统。结果5例腺瘤均位于甲状腺下极食管-气管隐窝区，4例表现为T1WI稍低信号，T2WI高信号，1例信号不均匀，病理检查示部分坏死。腺瘤边缘清晰，大小1．2cm×1．0cm×1．6cm-2．2cm×3．1cm×4．1cm。结论MRI是诊断甲状旁腺腺瘤的有效影像方法，可以准确显示腺瘤的大小、形态、部位及与周围组织结构的毗邻关系。对甲状旁腺腺瘤的诊断和临床治疗方式的选择具有重要意义。     

单发性结节性甲状腺肿和甲状腺腺瘤的CT诊断

目的：探讨CT对甲状腺腺瘤及单发性结节性甲状腺肿的诊断价值。方法：回顾性分别比较26例甲状腺腺瘤和22例单发性结节性甲状腺肿患者的病灶CT平扫均值及增强CT均值、周边正常腺体CT平扫及增强均值,并进行两两统计学分析。结果：腺瘤组平扫平均CT值（59．00±7．94）HU,结节性甲状腺肿组平扫平均CT值（47．86±6．79）HU,两者统计学上差异无显著性意义（P〉0．05）;腺瘤组增强平均cT值（131．43±24．80）HU,结节性甲状腺肿组增强平均CT值（72．57±21．31）HU,两者统计学上差异有显著性意义（P〈0．05）;正常腺体平扫及增强CT均值差异均无显著性意义。结论：甲状腺CT增强可以对单发性结节性甲状腺肿和甲状腺腺瘤鉴别诊断提供依据。     

Prevalence of the Polar Vessel Sign in Parathyroid Adenomas on the Arterial Phase of 4D CT

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE:The “polar vessel” sign has been previously described on sonography of parathyroid adenomas. We estimated the 4D CT prevalence of the polar vessel sign and determined features of parathyroid adenomas that are associated with this sign.MATERIALS AND METHODS:Twenty-eight consecutive patients with parathyroid adenomas underwent 4D CT between 2008 and 2012 at 2 institutions. 4D CT images were reviewed for the presence of the polar vessel sign and a second vascular finding of an enlarged ipsilateral inferior thyroid artery. The polar vessel sign was correlated with adenoma weight and size and arterial phase CT attenuation.RESULTS:Thirty-two parathyroid adenomas in 28 patients were studied, with a mean adenoma weight of 0.66 ± 0.65 g, a mean maximal CT diameter of 11.1 ± 4.9 mm, and a mean arterial attenuation of 148 ± 47 HU. The polar vessel sign was seen in 20/32 (63%) adenomas. Adenomas with a polar vessel had higher arterial phase attenuation than adenomas without a polar vessel (163 and 122 HU, respectively, P < .01). Size and weight were not significantly different for adenomas with and without polar vessels. An enlarged inferior thyroid artery was seen in only 2/28 (7%) patients with unilateral disease.CONCLUSIONS:The polar vessel sign was present in nearly two-thirds of parathyroid adenomas on 4D CT and was more likely to be present in adenomas that had greater arterial phase enhancement. This sign can be used along with enhancement characteristics to increase the radiologist''s confidence that a visualized lesion is a parathyroid adenoma rather than a thyroid nodule or lymph node.

4D parathyroid CT is increasingly used for preoperative localization of parathyroid adenomas. 4D CT was first described in 2006 and involves ≥2 contrast phases with high-resolution multiplanar images of the neck and upper chest.¹ The characteristic features of parathyroid adenomas on 4D CT are low attenuation on noncontrast imaging, peak enhancement on the arterial phase, and washout of contrast on the venous phase.^2–4 These allow differentiation between a parathyroid adenoma and its mimics, such as thyroid nodules and lymph nodes.Characteristic enhancement may not be evident in all cases due to adenoma composition, small adenoma size, or suboptimal arterial timing. In these cases, the radiologist must rely on his or her knowledge of the expected locations of adenomas and morphologic findings. A morphologic feature that has been previously described on sonography is a feeding artery (usually a branch of the inferior thyroid artery) to the adenoma.^5,6 Small arteries cannot be seen on nuclear scintigraphy or MR imaging because of lower spatial resolution, and they have not been described on single venous phase CT, to our knowledge. In a recent review article, the authors noted the presence of a “polar vessel” sign on the arterial phase of 4D CT.⁴ The polar vessel sign can represent either an enlarged feeding artery or a draining vein seen on the arterial phase of imaging, and it is characterized by a vessel that terminates in a parathyroid adenoma and that is larger than contralateral neck vessels in a similar location.The purpose of this study was to estimate the prevalence of the polar vessel sign on 4D CT and to determine features of parathyroid adenomas that are associated with this sign. We hypothesize that a polar vessel may be more commonly seen in adenomas that are larger or have more vivid arterial enhancement.     

慢性淋巴细胞性甲状腺炎的MSCT诊断

目的:探讨慢性淋巴细胞性甲状腺炎(CLT)的MSCT表现及其诊断与鉴别诊断。方法:回顾性分析经手术病理证实的CLT患者56例,其中伴有结节性甲状腺肿17例、甲状腺腺瘤15例和甲状腺癌9例。全部病例均行CT平扫,42例同时增强扫描。结果:CT平扫甲状腺增大49例,腺体密度均匀减低30例,不均匀减低16例;伴有结节或团块37例,其中单发结节24例,多发结节10例,弥漫小结节3例;出现钙化10例、囊变4例。增强扫描病变呈速升缓降型,60sCT值达峰值,然后缓慢下降,强化均匀或不均匀。结论:CLT常合并结节性甲状腺肿、腺瘤和甲状腺癌,MSCT表现有一定特点,帮助诊断及鉴别诊断。