2型糖尿病患者合并尿路感染的病原菌分布和耐药性分析

目的：探讨研究2型糖尿病患者（T2DM）合并尿路感染（UTI）的病原菌分布及其耐药性分析,指导临床合理使用抗生素。方法对2006年1月～2013年10月在笔者医院内分泌科住院的311例T2DM进行病原学鉴定及药敏分析。结果311例T2DM合并白细胞尿患者经中段尿培养分离出335株阳性致病菌,其中无症状性菌尿占尿路感染的69．45％。致病菌分布中革兰阴性菌株（G－）占65．37％,以大肠杆菌为主,占48．96％,其次为变形菌属。革兰阳性菌株（G＋）占25．67％,以肠球菌属为主,占11．94％,其次为无乳链球菌。真菌感染率为8．36％。药敏试验表明大肠杆菌对环丙沙星、氨苄西林、左旋氧氟沙星的耐药率高;变形菌属对复方新诺明、呋喃妥因、氯霉素的耐药率高;肠球菌属对复方新诺明、红霉素、环丙沙星的耐药率高;无乳链球菌对复方新诺明、环丙沙星的耐药率高。结论近年来2型糖尿病合并尿路感染患者中无症状性菌尿占主导地位,其病原菌分布中,大肠杆菌仍占首位,且比例逐年升高趋势,对传统抗生素耐药性明显,应高度重视,根据药敏结果合理使用抗生素。     

2型糖尿病合并尿路感染的尿培养和临床特点分析

目的:研究2型糖尿病(T2DM)合并尿路感染(UTI)及无糖尿病的单纯尿路感染的临床特点、尿培养病原菌的分布以及药物的敏感情况,为临床治疗提供依据。方法:回顾性分析我院自2007年1月～2011年12月5年T2DM合并UTI及同期无糖尿病的单纯尿路感染的临床资料、中段尿培养药敏结果进行分析。结果:无症状菌尿率2型糖尿病合并UTI组显著高于单纯UTI组。两组主要病原菌以革兰阴性杆菌占主要地位,其中以大肠埃希氏菌为主。T2DM合并UTI组耐药率均较不患有糖尿病单纯UTI组高。结论:2型糖尿病患者应常规做尿常规检查;怀疑尿路感染的患者应做尿培养及药敏试验以合理选用抗生素;2型糖尿病合并尿路感染无症状菌尿发病率高,临床应给予重视。     

尿路感染的病原学分布及抗生素药物应用的临床分析

目的探讨尿路感染病原学的分布及耐药性特征,为临床合理选用抗生素提供依据。方法选取62例门诊及住院尿路感染患者的尿液进行中段尿培养及药敏试验。结果尿路感染菌株以革兰阴性杆菌为主,占79.0%,其中大肠埃希菌以51.6%占第一位,革兰阳性球菌占16.1%,其中肠球菌占4.8%,真菌4.8%。革兰阴性杆菌对喹诺酮类、复方新诺明、阿莫西林耐药率高,对亚胺培南、丁胺卡那、头孢曲松/舒巴坦敏感。革兰阳性球菌对万古霉素、青霉素/棒酸、头孢唑啉敏感。结论尿路感染的主要致病菌为大肠埃希菌,对常用抗生素耐药,抗生素药物治疗应依据细菌学指导选择敏感药物,在未获得明确病原菌前应根据感染及耐药的流行趋势选择药物。     

105例老年人尿路感染临床分析

目的为提高老年人尿路感染的诊治水平。方法对105例老年人尿路感染患者进行问顾性分析。结果（1）老年尿路感染以男性多见，男女比例为1：0．8，老年男性尿路感染大部分有易感因素；（2）清洁中段尿培养阳性率低（40％），致病菌以革兰阴性菌（G^-）为主，依次为大肠杆菌、变形杆菌和克雷伯杆菌；革兰阳性菌（G^＋）以肠球菌占首位；（3）常见致病菌对氨苄西林、环丙沙星、复方新诺明的耐药率高达90％，对G^-菌（大肠杆菌）。以亚胺培南的耐药率最低（1．2％），其次为头孢三嗪（20．3％），阿米卡星（22．4％）。而对C^＋菌（肠球菌），万古霉素仍保持最低的耐药率（1．0％）。结论老年尿路感染致病菌主要为G^-菌，经验选用头孢三嗪、阿米卡星、氨苄西林、环丙沙星、复方新诺明已广泛耐药。临床上对老年疑诊有尿路感染者要做细菌耐药性检测，根据其结果合理用药，及时发现和纠正易患因素．     

尿路感染病原菌分布及耐药性分析

目的了解医院近两年尿路感染病原菌菌群分布及其耐药情况。方法935份尿标本经培养检测,分离的致病菌用API鉴定系统进行菌株鉴定及药敏试验。结果共分离出197株病原菌,尿培养阳性率21.1%。革兰阴性菌构成比明显高于革兰阳性菌,最常见的尿路感染病原菌是大肠埃希菌(41.1%),其次是真菌(11.7%)、粪肠球菌(7.1%)、屎肠球菌(5.6%)和奇异变形杆菌(5.1%)。主要致病性革兰阴性杆菌对阿米卡星、乙酰西梭霉素、亚胺培南、美洛培南与阿莫西林/棒酸均敏感。主要致病革兰阴性菌(奇异变形杆菌除外)对替卡西林、阿莫西林、替卡西林/棒酸、头孢呋辛、环丙沙星、头孢西丁、头孢噻肟、哌拉西林、复方新诺明、庆大霉素、妥布霉素与头孢噻吩均耐药。葡萄球菌对米诺四环素、奎奴普丁/达福普汀、呋西地酸、替考拉宁、万古霉素、呋喃妥因与利福平敏感,而对青霉素、红霉素、四环素、复方新诺明及庆大霉素耐药,凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌(CNS)对多种抗生素耐药情况较金黄色葡萄球菌严重。肠球菌对多数常用抗生素耐药,仅对万古霉素敏感。结论尿路感染病原菌以条件致病菌为主,检出菌中除奇异变形杆菌外,均存在严重耐药问题,及时监测病原菌变化及耐药趋势以指导临床用药至...     

儿童泌尿系感染病原菌分布及耐药性分析

目的 探讨儿童泌尿系感染的菌群分布及耐药性特点.方法 对自2004年1月至2007年12月因泌尿系感染收治入院患儿做清洁中段尿培养和药敏试验,并对其分析.结果 在分离的137 株病原菌中,革兰阴性杆菌占85.4% ,革兰阳性球菌占14.6% ,菌株以大肠杆菌为主,92例,占67.2 %,其中产超广谱β内酰胺酶( ESBLs) 22株,产酶率23.9%;其次为粪肠球菌和屎肠球菌共17例,占12.4%;以下依次是奇异变形杆菌5例,占3.6% ;枸橼酸杆菌5例,占3.6%;肺炎克雷伯菌3例,占2.2%.大肠杆菌对氨苄西林、复方新诺明、庆大霉素的耐药性均在50%以上;大肠杆菌对环丙沙星的耐药性为33%;对第三、第四代头孢菌素的药物敏感性在70%以上;药物敏感性大于90%的药物分别是亚胺培能96.6%、阿米卡星95.6%及头孢西丁93.4%.结论 小儿尿路感染病原菌构成仍以革兰阴性杆菌为主,其中大肠杆菌占绝大多数.肠球菌属的检出率上升.细菌耐药严重,临床应重视中段尿细菌培养,合理选用抗生素.     

小儿尿路感染致病菌分布及药敏分析

目的:了解小儿尿路感染病原菌的构成和药敏试验,指导临床用药.方法:分析118例尿培养阳性的尿路感染患儿致病菌分布和耐药情况.结果:小儿尿路感染的病原菌仍以革兰阴性杆菌为主,占88.43%,革兰阳性球菌占10.74%,大肠埃希菌的检出率最高,其次为肺炎克雷伯杆菌、奇异变形杆菌及粪肠球菌.革兰阴性杆菌对氨苄西林的耐药性最高,对环丙沙星的耐药性达30%以上,第二、第三代头孢菌素的某些药物对革兰阴性杆菌的敏感性在逐渐下降,呋喃妥因对革兰氏阴性和阳性菌的敏感性均较好,大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯杆菌产ESBLs的机率很高,分别为34.1%和22.2%;大肠埃希菌仍然是小儿复杂性尿路感染的主要致病菌,占61.3%,肺炎克雷伯杆菌及肠球菌比例有所增加.结论:目前小儿尿路感染仍以大肠埃希菌为主,耐药菌株不断增加,临床医师在选择抗生素时,应参考细菌药敏结果合理用药.     

小儿尿路感染致病菌分布及药敏分析

目的了解小儿尿路感染病原菌的构成和药敏试验,指导临床用药。方法分析118例尿培养阳性的尿路感染患儿致病菌分布和耐药情况。结果小儿尿路感染的病原菌仍以革兰阴性杆菌为主,占88.43%,革兰阳性球菌占10.74%,大肠埃希菌的检出率最高,其次为肺炎克雷伯杆菌,奇异变形杆菌及粪肠球菌,革兰阴性杆菌对氨苄西林的耐药性最高,对环丙沙星的耐药性达30%以上,第二、第三代头孢菌素的某些药物对革兰阴性杆菌的敏感性在逐渐下降,呋喃妥因对革兰氏阴性和阳性菌的敏感性均较好,大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯杆菌产ESBLS的机率很高,分别为34.1%和22.2%;大肠埃希菌仍然是小儿复杂性尿路感染的主要致病菌,占61.3%,肺炎克雷伯杆菌及肠球菌比例有所增加。结论目前小儿尿路感染仍以大肠埃希菌为主,耐药菌株不断增加,临床医师在选择抗生素时,应参考细菌药敏结果合理用药。     

1029例尿培养病原菌分布和耐药性分析

目的:分析医院尿路感染患者病原菌的分布情况和耐药性,为临床合理选用抗生素提供依据.方法:回顾性分析2013年-2014年1029株尿培养阳性标本病原菌的分布情况和耐药性.结果:1029株病原菌中,革兰阴性杆菌649株(占63.1％),革兰阳性球菌286株(占27.8％),真菌94株(占9.1％);其中大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌和肠球菌属是尿路感染的主要致病菌.大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌对氨苄西林和哌拉西林的耐药率最高,对碳青霉烯类药物的耐药率最低;肠球菌属对常用抗生素的耐药率普遍较高,但对利奈唑胺的耐药率较低,未发现对万古霉素的耐药株.结论:及时准确的尿培养和药敏试验结果对于合理选择抗生素、提高治疗效果和减少耐药菌株的产生具有重要意义.     

699例尿路感染病原菌分布及药敏试验分析

目的探讨尿路感染病原菌和耐药性的变化。方法分析我科699例尿液培养阳性的尿路感染病原菌分布及其对抗菌药敏感性。结果革兰氏阴性杆菌占75.59%,其中大肠埃布菌60.33%;革兰氏阳性球菌占24.41%,其中肠球菌属占15.67%,真菌占1.39%;大肠埃布菌对氨苄西林的耐药率最高（80.63%）;对阿米卡星的耐药率明显低于庆大霉素（P〈0.01）,对喹诺酮类耐药率为41.45%～73.60%,对复方新诺明耐药率达60.10%。结论大肠埃希布菌仍是尿路感染的主要病原菌,肠球菌属、变形杆菌、克雷伯菌属、铜绿假单胞菌等病原菌比例有所增加,这些病原菌耐药性高,尤其氨苄西林、喹诺酮类、复方新诺明耐药性高,应注意根据药敏试验调整用药。     

Value of D-Dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection

Objective: To evaluatel the value of D-dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection (AAD). Methods: This study consisted of 16 patients with AAD and 27 non-AAD patients. Serum D-dimets were measured by Sta-Liatest D-DI immunoturbidimetric assay. Results: D-dimer level was higher (P ＜ 0.001) in patients with AAD(7.91 ± 5.52 μg/ml) than that in non- AAD group(1.57±1.24 μg/ml). D-dimer was positive (＞0.4 μg/ml) in all patients with AAD and in 10 control group patients (37%). Among patients with acute AAD, D-dimers tended to be higher in Stanford A than in Stanford B (8.67 ± 4.31 μg/ml vs. 3.24±1.27 μg/ml, P ＜0.01). D-dimer values tended to be higher in more extended disease(3.84 ± 1.65 μg/ml, 8.57 ± 3.58 μg/ml and 11.87 ± 5.69 μg/ml in thoracic aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta and iliacal arteries, respectively, P ＜ 0.05 for both 8.57 ± 3.58 and 11.87 ± 5.69 vs. 3.84 ± 1.65 ). Including the control group into the analysis, we found a sensitivity of 100%, a negative predictive value of 100%, and a specificity of 66% and a positive predictive value of 64% for D-dimer in diagnosis of AAD in our patients with suspected AAD. Conclusion: D-dimer was elevated in patients with AAD. A negative D-dimer test result could be useful in excluding AAD.     

Research of combined liver-kidney transplantation model in rats

Objective： To set up a simple and reliable rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation. Methods： SD rats served as both donors and recipients. 4℃ sodium lactate Ringer＇s was infused from portal veins to donated livers,and from abdominal aorta to donated kidneys, respectively. Anastomosis of the portal vein and the inferior vena cava （IVC） inferior to the right kidney between the graft and the recipient was performed by a double cuff method, then the superior hepatic vena cava with suture. A patch of donated renal artery was anastomosed to the recipient abdominal aorta. The urethra and bile duct were reconstructed with a simple inside bracket. Results： Among 65 cases of combined liver-kidney transplantation, the success rate in the late 40 cases was 77.5%. The function of the grafted liver and kidney remained normal. Conclusion： This rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation can be established in common laboratory conditions with high success rate and meet the needs of renal transplantation experiment.     

BLOOD PRESSURE CHANGE WITH AGE IN SALT-SENSITIVE TEENAGERS

Objective To observe blood pressure change with age in salt-sensitive teenagers whose salt sensitivity were determined by repeated testing.Methods Salt sensitivity was determined through intravenous infusion of normal saline combined with volume-depletion by oral diuretic furosemide in 55 teenagers. After five years, salt sensitivity was re-examined and subject blood pressure was followed up. Blood pressure changes in salt-sensitive teenagers were compared to that of non-salt sensitive teenagers over five years.Results After 5 years, the repetition rate of salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading is 92.7%. In teenagers with salt sensitivity on the baseline, both the systolic blood pressure increments and increment rates were much higher than non-salt sensitive teenagers (12.7±12.1 mmHg vs. 2.8±5.2 mmHg, P＜ 0.01; 12.2%± 12.0% vs. 2.5% ±4.4%, P＜ 0.001,respectively). There was a similar trend for diastolic blood pressure (8.4 ± 6.4 mmHg vs. 3.7 ± 6.4 mmHg, P = 0.052; 13.2% ±10.6 % vs. 6.8%± 10.1%, P = 0.053, respectively).Conclusions Salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading showed good reproducibility. Blood pressure increments with age were much higher in salt-sensitive teenagers than non-salt sensitive teenagers, especially in terms of systolic blood pressure.     

安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术后生活质量影响的研究

目的：评价使用安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术（PPCI）术后生活质量的影响.方法：将160例接受PPCI的急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者随机分为安心颗粒组（术前顿服安心颗粒8.8g,术后安心颗粒4.4 g/次,每日2次）和对照组（仅接受基础药物治疗）.所有患者均服用阿司匹林、氯吡格雷和阿托伐他汀.分别在入院时、出院前1d、出院后180 d时,应用心肌梗死多维度量表（MIDAS）、中文版SF-36评价量表对患者生活质量评分.并观察术后30 d以内的出血并发症、血小板减少症发生情况.结果：入院时和出院前1d,两组患者的心肌梗死MIDAS、SF-36量表评分比较无差异（P＞0.05）;出院后180 d时,与对照组比较,安心颗粒组MIDAS、SF-36评分明显减低（P＜0.05）;组内与入院时比较,两组出院前1d、出院后180 d时,MIDAS、SF-36评分均降低（P＜0.05）.两组患者在随访期间均无大量出血、少量出血、重度和极重度血小板减少症发生,安心颗粒组有4例、对照组有7例发生不明显出血（P＞0.05）.两组发生轻度血小板减少症的患者数比较无差异（P＞0.05）.结论：PPCI使用安心颗粒,能改善急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者的生活质量,且不增加出血风险.     

The comparative studies of the influences of Urapidil and Nicardipine on sino-atrial node function, atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics

Objective:To investigate the influences of urapidil and nicardipine on rabbit sinus function,atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics.Methods:Thirty-two Angora's rabbits were selected and randomly divided into four groups.U1 group:urapidil 0.25 mg/kg;U2 group:urapidil 0.5 mg/kg;N1 group:nicardipine 10 μg/kg;N2 group:nicardipine 20 μg/kg.All these medicine were administrated within 30 seconds.Measurements were taken before and after the administration of urapidil or nicardipine for the following data:mean blood pressure(MAP),heart rate(HR),sino-atrial conduction time(SACT),maximal sinoatrial recovery time(SNRTmax)corrected sinus node recovery time(CSNRT),index of sinus node recovery time(SNRTI),Wenckebach A-V conduction frequency (WB),and P-R interval.Results:Significant MAP and HR changes were identified in all of the four groups before and after administration of both urapidil and nicardipine.No significant changes could be found in the rest of the parameters.Intergroup analysis showed that SACT and CSNRT of N1 and N2 groups were shorter than those of the U2 group(P＜0.01);the MAP decreased(P＜0.01)and the HR increased drastically(P＜0.01).Conclusions:Neither urapidil(0.25 mg/kg,0.5 mg/kg)nor nicardipine(10μg/kg,20μg/kg)has any significant influence on rabbit sinus function or rabbit atrio-ventricular node function.Nicardipine could be a better choice than urapidil for parafunctional sinus node patients.     

Expression of OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the patients of hip fracture due to osteoporosis

Objective：To investigate the gene expression of osteoprotegerin（OPG） and osteoclast differentiation factor（ODF） in the bone tissue of patients with hip fracture due to osteoporosis. Methods：OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the bone tissue in 50 cases of osteoporosis sufferers（over 50 years old） with hip fracture（Observer Group） and 30 cases of hip facture sufferers with no osteoporosis（Control group） were analyzed with the Semi-Quantitative RT-PCR method. Results：The mRNA expressed of ODF, OPG were both high in the patients with hip fracture. In the control group, the expression of OPG mRNA was observed, while the expression of ODF mRNA was very slight. Conclusion：Aged patients contained all signals including OPG, ODF that are essential for inducing osteoclastogenesis and promoting bone resorption.     

Dynamic Changes in Serum Estradiol and Progesterone levels in Patients of Premenstrual Syndrome with Adverse Flow of Liver-qi

Objective:To probe into the influence of changes of ovarian hormones on the pathogenesis of the specific sub-type premenstrual syndrome(PMS)and reveal partial microcosmic mechanisms of adverse flow of liver-qi.Methods:Estradiol(E2)and progesterone(P)levels in serum were determined at different phases of menstrual cycle by radioimmunoassay.Results:In the group of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.the secretive peak value Of E2 and P at the follicular phase significantly decreased,and the secretive peak value at the luteal phase did not come into being.Conclusions:Low E2 and P secretive peak at the follicular phase and absence of secretive peak at the luteal phase is one of the microcosmic mechanisms of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.One of the pathophysiologic mechanisms of specific sub-type PMS is probably the continuous low level of E2and P.     

Real-time Three-dimensional Echocardiography in Assessment of Left Ventricular and Right Ventricular Volumes

Real-time three-dimensional echocardiography (RT3DE)is a new ultrasound technique that enables dynamic threedimensional visualization and quantification of the heart in real time. Investigation of feasibility and methodology of RT3DE in determining left ventricular (LV) and right ventricular (RV) volumes, RT3DE was performed in 35 normal adults using Philips SONOS 7500 system with a 2-4 MHz matrix array transducer. The 60°×60° "pyramid" volume database was obtained and analyzed on a TomTec echo workstation. Both LV and RV volumes were calculated with four 3DE methods (i.e. apical 2, 4, 8, and 16-plane) through manually tracing ventricular endocardial borders in end diastole and end systole. Stroke volumes were then calculated. LV volume was also measured by 2DE Simpson's rule using GE VIVID 7 ultrasound machine.     

SCREENING FOR A 21-CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITY IN PREIMPLANTED EMBRYOS OF ELDERLY WOMEN

Increasing maternal age is the only etiological factor unequivocally linked to Down's syndrome in humans. The occurrence rate of newborns with Down's syndrome is about 1/220 in women over 35 years old. However, the occurrence rate in embryos fertilized in vitro, of the elder woman is unclear. Using FISH we screened the number of chromosome 21 in preimplanted embryos of 5 elderly women (average age, 38.4 years) to study the feasibility and necessity of screening trisomy 21 in embryos in patients over 35 years old at the in vitro fertilization (IVF) center.     

Scientific principles and rigorous processes should be followed in developing clinical guidelines for therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine

A clinical guideline for the therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine may be defined as a written document which states a series of recommendations on therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine for a special disease or condition. The guideline may provide assistance to medical professionals in making clinical decisions aimed at improving the clinical outcome of patients and reducing the costs of medical care（~＇4~. Recommendations issued by a guideline should be based on the best available evidence in both Western and Chinese medicine. For fulfilling this purpose, the development of clinical guidelines for therapeutic interventions in the field of integrative medicine should follow scientific principles and undergo a rigorous processes.