22例腹腔镜下子宫全切术患者的临床分析

目的评价腹腔镜下子宫全切除术（TLH）的临床效果。方法回顾性研究分析2004年5月～2007年10月在苏大一附院因子宫良性病变行子宫全切除术的患者50例,其中TLH组22例和TAH（经腹子宫全切除术）组28例,研究标准包括：手术时间、出血量、并发症、术后恢复情况及住院费用等。结果TLH组并发症率、术中出血量、术后住院天数均明显低于TAH,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.01）;但LTH组的手术时间明显高于TAH组,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。结论TLH,手术安全,并发症发生率低,失血量少,住院时间短,恢复快,是治疗妇科良性病变的一种很好的术式。     

探讨应用子宫浆肌层缝扎加双侧子宫动脉上行支结扎对产后出血的治疗效果

目的：探讨应用子宫浆肌层缝扎加双侧子宫动脉上行支结扎对产后出血的治疗效果。方法选取我院收治的68例剖宫产术中子宫腔内出血的患者,随机分为观察组和对照组,每组34例。对照组患者给予子宫按摩,并使用催产素干预治疗,观察组在对照组基础上行子宫浆肌层缝扎加双侧子宫动脉上行支结扎术。比较两组患者产后出血率、出血量、血性恶露消失时间差异。结果观察组出现产后出血3例,产后出血率为8.8%,显著低于对照组的20.6%(7/34)(<0.05)。观察组产后出血量和血性恶露消失时间分别为(624.7±41.3)mL、(5.1±1.3)d,均显著低于对照组(<0.05)。结论子宫浆肌层缝扎加双侧子宫动脉上行支结扎术对产后出血疗效显著,操作简单,能有效降低出血量,缩短血性恶露消失时间,值得临床推广使用。     

腹腔镜下子宫动脉阻断后子宫肌瘤剔除术的临床应用价值

目的探讨腹腔镜下子宫动脉阻断后子宫肌瘤剔除术临床应用价值。方法选择2011年1月至2015年1月我院接诊的子宫肌瘤80例患者进行研究。随机分为对照组和观察组,对照组(40例)实施腹腔镜下子宫肌瘤剔除术,观察组(40例)实施腔镜下子宫动脉阻断后子宫肌瘤剔除术,记录分析2组患者手术时间、住院时间、术中出血量、病发率和复发情况。结果 2组患者平均手术时间比较,差异无统计学意义(P0.05);观察组在排气时间与住院时间上均明显短于对照组,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05),对照组的术中出血量(145.20±35.50)mL,明显高于观察组(50.80±21.60)mL,差异具有统计学意义(χ~2=14.367 5,P=0.000 0);观察组术后月经过多改善率达100%,对照组仅为25%,2组比较差异具有统计学意义(χ~2=4.599 6,P=0.032 0);观察组无术后病率(体温高于38℃)、复发的情况发生,对照组术后病率和复发分别为5例(12.50%)和11例(27.50%),2组患者比较差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论腹腔镜下子宫动脉阻断后子宫肌瘤剔除可显著降低患者术中出血量,缩短患者住院时间,降低患者术后并发症发生率,对子宫肌瘤的复发起到很好的抑制作用。     

非脱垂子宫腹腔镜辅助下阴式全子宫切除术与腹腔镜鞘内宫颈上子宫切除术的比较

目的比较腹腔镜辅助下阴式全子宫切除术与腹腔镜鞘内宫颈上子宫切除术在非脱垂子宫切除中的临床应用价值。方法回顾性分析比较2001年3月至2002年6月在我院妇科行腹腔镜辅助下阴式全子宫切除术(LAVH)和腹腔镜鞘内宫颈上子宫切除术(CISH)共107例患者围手术期情况。结果LAVH组的平均手术时间、术后病率、平均住院日均明显少于CISH组。术中出血量CISH组虽然较少,但无统计学意义。结论LAVH术式优于CISH术式,在临床应用和推广上有更广阔的前景。     

腹腔镜巨大子宫切除探讨

目的:探讨腹腔镜切除巨大子宫的可行性.方法:对7例巨大子宫(体积如孕5个月)实施腹腔镜下子宫切除.术中通过上移进腹穿刺点、凝切子宫动脉后,使用电动子宫旋切器切除宫体.结果:所有病例均顺利完成手术,无一例中转开腹.手术时间113～156 min,平均(139±11)min;术中出血量105～214 ml,平均(167±21)ml.术后随访2～18个月,平均(8.9±2.7)个月.无穿刺孔感染,无输尿管、膀胱、肠管损伤,阴道残端愈合良好.结论:腹腔镜切除巨大子宫,通过上移穿刺点和凝切子宫动脉后立即使用电动子宫旋切器切除宫体两项措施,能有效地为手术创造操作空间,有助于提高腹腔镜切除巨大子宫的安全性和可行性.     

阴式全子宫切除术与其它术式比较分析

目的 探讨阴式全子宫切除术与其它术式的优点.方法 取同期手术非脱垂子宫的患者随机分为三组:分别为阴式全子宫切除术组、腹腔镜组、开腹组.分别记录和比较各组的手术时间、术中出血量、术后病率、术后排气时间、术后体温持续时间及平均住院天数.结果 阴式全子宫切除术、腹腔镜手术二者具有术后病率低、并发症少、肛门排气时间早、住院天数少等优点,二者差异无显著性,但阴式全子宫切除术费用低,二者与开腹比较有显著差异.结论 每组手术各有优点,适应阴式全子宫切除术的患者,应首选阴式全子宫切除术,腹腔镜手术是对阴式全子宫切除术的补充.     

腹腔镜在瘢痕子宫全子宫切除术中的应用

目的 分析腹腔镜在瘢痕子宫全子宫切除术中应用的可行性和安全性。方法 选择2018年3月~2019年3月在我院行腹腔镜全子宫切除术的患者98例,依据子宫是否瘢痕分为瘢痕组和非瘢痕组,各49例。比较两组手术时间、术中出血量、肛门排气时间、下床活动时间、并发症以及1次剖宫产与2次或以上剖宫产患者手术指标和并发症情况（术中出血量＞500 ml、膀胱穿孔、盆腔血肿、阴道残端出血）。结果 瘢痕组手术时间、术中出血量均高于非瘢痕组,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）;瘢痕组肛门排气时间、下床活动时间与非瘢痕组比较,差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）;瘢痕组并发症发生率为12.24%,与非瘢痕组的16.33%比较,差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）;1次剖宫产患者手术时间、术中出血量均低于2次或以上剖宫产患者,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）;1次剖宫产患者并发症发生率为17.86%,与2次或以上剖宫产患者的14.29%比较,差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）。结论 腹腔镜应用于瘢痕子宫全子宫切除术中难度大于非瘢痕子宫,手术时间相对较长,术中出血量相对较多。但仍具有良好的安全可行性,且多次剖宫产患者在有经验的医生操作下,仍可经腹腔镜完成手术。     

改良式筋膜内子宫切除术与传统子宫切除对比分析

目的 探讨改良式筋膜内子宫切除术的临床实用价值.方法回顾性总结2008年1月～2010年12月96例因子宫良性病变行改良式筋膜内子宫切除术(观察组)与同期96例传统子宫切除术(对照组)的临床资料,比较2组的手术时间、术中出血、术后肛门排气、术后平均住院时间、切口愈合、术后病率、性生活等方面对比.结果 观察组在手术时间、术中出血、术后肛门排气、术后平均住院时间、切口愈合、术后病率、性生活等方面与对照组比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.01或P<0.05).结论 改良式筋膜内子宫切除恢复快,后遗症少明显优于传统子宫切除术,值得在未开展腹腔镜手术或腹腔镜技术落后基层医院推广.     

腹腔镜下全子宫切除术学习曲线分析

目的 分析腹腔镜下全子宫切除术同一团队不同阶段的手术效果,探讨腹腔镜下全子宫切除术的学习曲线。方法 回顾性分析2015年8月~2017年8月承德医学院附属医院妇科由同一术者连续开展的最初80例腹腔镜下全子宫切除术病例,按照住院开展手术时间的先后顺序分为A、B、C、D组,每组20例。比较各阶段手术时间、术者出血量、术后住院日及并发症发生情况,分析不同阶段手术效果的差异。结果 A组手术时间长于其余各组,术中出血量高于其余各组,差异具有统计学意义（P＜0.05）,但B、C、D组比较,差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）;4组间术后住院日及并发症发生情况比较,差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）。结论 腹腔镜全子宫切除手术经过约20例能达到平稳的状态。     

不同手术方式对前置胎盘的疗效比较

目的比较传统普通剖宫产术、子宫动脉结扎术和Bakri球囊填塞术在前置胎盘患者剖宫产中的疗效。方法选取185例前置胎盘孕产妇,按照手术方式的不同分为子宫动脉结扎组(60例)、Bakri球囊填塞组(61例)和普通剖宫产组(64例)。比较3组患者手术相关指标及并发症发生情况,使用多变量线性回归和Logistic回归分析3种手术方式对孕产妇结局的影响。结果在术中及术后出血量、剖宫产子宫切除术和转入ICU方面,子宫动脉结扎组、Bakri球囊填塞组优于普通剖宫产组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。3组均未出现子宫积脓、粘连或坏死等并发症。多变量线性回归分析显示,子宫动脉结扎技术、手术时间、最后一次剖宫产与目前分娩时间间隔以及Bakri球囊填塞术对术中出血和子宫切除的影响较为显著。Logistic回归分析显示,子宫动脉结扎技术和Bakri球囊填塞术与剖宫产子宫切除的风险显著相关(P<0.05)。结论与传统普通剖宫产手术相比,子宫动脉结扎术和Bakri球囊填塞术具有较高的实用价值,可以有效保留子宫,显著减少术中及术后出血量。     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.