经尿道前列腺等离子剜除术中保留尿控的策略

目的:探讨经尿道前列腺等离子剜除术(PKEP)中保留尿控的策略及技巧。方法:65例良性前列腺增生(BPH)患者,行保护尿控的PKEP,术中实施控尿策略,前(尿道精阜处):保护尿道外括约肌;中(尿道前列腺部):适当保留前列腺前叶,保护尿道内括约肌功能;后(尿道内口处):保留膀胱颈口完整性。比较同期54例行常规等离子完全前列腺剜除术患者的术后尿控情况。结果:所有患者均顺利完成手术,术后5 d拔除尿管,完全剜除组和保留尿控剜除组的尿失禁发生率:拔尿管后24 h为31.49%和13.85%,拔除尿管后1周为18.52%和4.62%,拔尿管后2周为14.81%和3.08%,两组间差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。术后1个月两组间尿失禁发生率分别为3.70%和1.54%,术后3个月为3.70%和0%,两组间差异无明显统计学意义(P0.05)。两组均未出现永久性尿失禁。术后3个月,两组最大尿流率均明显改善:完全剜除组[术前(7.42±3.26)ml、术后(20.58±3.22)ml,P0.05]和保留尿控剜除组[术前(8.04±2.28)ml、术后(20.66±3.08)ml,P0.05]。结论:PKEP治疗BPH安全有效,术中(前)避免尿道外括约肌钝性、锐性损伤,(中)适当保留前列腺前叶保护尿道内括约肌及(后)保存膀胱颈口完整性,有助于术后控尿功能的快速恢复。     

尿垫试验及调查表在根治性前列腺切除术后尿失禁随访中的应用

目的 :使用尿垫试验及调查表评价前列腺癌根治术后患者的尿失禁情况 ,观察尿失禁对生活质量的影响 ,研究保留尿道括约肌及患者年龄对术后尿失禁发生率的影响。　方法 :使用尿垫试验及调查表对 16 5例经耻骨后前列腺根治术患者进行连续性的 12～ 14个月的随访调查。患者保持与专职尿失禁护士的电话或直接联系 ,并于术后 12个月到门诊填写调查表、进行尿垫试验。按手术方法将病例分为括约肌修复组 (19例 )和括约肌保留组 (14 6例 ) ,对照观察效果 ;对年龄进行分组 (5 1～ 6 0岁组和 6 1～ 70岁组 )比较累积尿控制率的差异。　结果 :16 5例患者均获随访 :填写调查表并进行尿垫试验 ,7例患者回答使用尿垫而诊断为尿失禁 ,其中 1例有严重尿失禁 ,生活质量受到严重影响 ,其余 6例尿失禁轻 ,生活质量影响轻微 ;尿垫试验中 5例患者尿垫重量增加超过 1g而诊断为尿失禁 ,尿垫试验结果和调查表结果在诊断尿失禁上取得了 98.8%的一致率。按照尿失禁的一般诊断标准 ,本研究中尿道外括约肌保留组随访 12 + 个月时尿控率为 99.3% ,括约肌修复组为 94 .7% ;5 1～ 6 0岁组在刚拔除导尿管时 ,6 0 %的患者有尿失禁 ;6 1～ 70岁组在刚拔除导尿管时 ,82 %的患者有尿失禁 ,但在 3个月以后 ,两组趋于一致。　结论 :调查表与尿垫     

经尿道双极等离子前列腺剜除术与电切术后尿失禁发生率的随机对照研究

目的:比较经尿道双极等离子前列腺剜除术(PKERP)与经尿道双极等离子前列腺电切术(PKRP)术后尿失禁发生情况,为进一步推广PKERP的临床应用提供科学依据。方法:将180例BPH患者分段均衡随机化分组,其中90例行PKERP(剜除组),90例行PKRP(电切组)。两组患者术后拔除导尿管后第24 h、术后每周分别行尿垫试验。记录研究指标数据:前列腺特异性抗原(PSA)、前列腺体积(PV)、最大尿流率(Qmax)、残余尿(RU),国际前列腺症状评分(IPSS)、生活质量评分(QOL),术后拔除导尿管后24 h、术后4周内每周的尿垫试验结果,进行统计学分析,比较两组手术的术后尿失禁发生情况。结果:剜除组和电切组的尿失禁发生率分别为:术后24 h拔除导尿管后为35.56%和18.89%、术后1周时为20.00%和7.78%,两组间差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。术后2周后两组间尿失禁发生率(3.33%vs 2.22%)差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。术后各时间点尿失禁程度,两组之间差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。两组均未出现永久性尿失禁。结论:PKERP治疗BPH,虽然暂时性尿失禁的发生率较电切术为高,但程度相同,恢复速度相同,2周后恢复到与电切术相同水平,而真性尿失禁发生率并不增加。     

腹腔镜根治性前列腺切除术中尿控功能保护的方法和手术技巧

目的探讨腹腔镜根治性前列腺切除术中尿控功能的保护,预防术后尿失禁的手术方法及技巧。方法对2008年10月至2012年6月施行的81例腹腔镜前列腺癌根治术资料进行回顾性研究。81例TNM分期为T1C～T2C的前列腺癌患者行腹腔镜前列腺癌根治术,其中经腹膜外径路15例,经腹腔途径66例。术中注重以下策略：①可靠处理背血管复合体;②尽量保留神经血管束,对部分低危患者施行筋膜内根治性前列腺切除术;③保留足够的功能性尿道;④黏膜对黏膜无张力吻合。所有患者于术后1、3、6和12个月随访尿控情况。结果术后留置导尿管7～23d。所有患者均随访满6个月,77例患者随访满12个月。术后6个月,白天62例（76．5％）患者尿控良好,尿失禁19例;夜间68例（84．0％）患者尿控良好,尿失禁13例。术后12个月,白天70例（90．9％）患者尿控良好,尿失禁7例;夜间74例（96．1％）患者尿控良好,仍有尿失禁3例。筋膜内根治性前列腺切除术5例,术后7～11d拔除导尿管后,仅1例白天有尿失禁,随访至术后3个月,已无一例存在尿失禁。随访期间无一例出现尿道狭窄。结论腹腔镜根治性前列腺切除术后的尿控功能恢复是渐进式的,绝大多数患者在术后12个月恢复尿控能力。术野清晰,努力做到解剖性前列腺切除,保留尽可能多的功能性尿道长度,黏膜对黏膜无张力吻合（避免术后尿道狭窄）,将膜部尿道缝合至趾骨后就能获得良好的尿控效果。对低危的前列腺癌患者施行筋膜内根治性前列腺切除术将能获得最佳尿控结果。     

保留前叶的经尿道前列腺切除术及解剖学依据

目的：评价保留前叶的经尿道前列腺切除术的疗效及其对术后尿失禁的避免作用,并初步探讨本术式的解剖学依据。方法：在86例BPH患者中,32例行保留前叶的经尿道前列腺切除术（1组）,54例行传统的经尿道前列腺切除术（2组）;并对比两组各临床参数,结合尿道括约肌的解剖学特征进行分析。结果：1组术后排尿通畅,剩余尿量均小于5ml,无尿失禁发生。2组中有29例发生各种尿失禁。1组术后后尿道长度大于2组。结论：保留前叶的经尿道前列腺切除术疗效满意,并可有效避免对前列腺前方尿道括约肌的损伤,在一定程度上保留后尿道长度,从而有效避免术后尿失禁的发生。     

经尿道刀口变向钬激光前列腺剜除术术后尿失禁的多因素分析

目的 比较经尿道刀口变向钬激光前列腺剜除术(turning holmiun laser enucleation of the prostate, THo LEP)与经尿道直射钬激光前列腺剜除术(holmiun laser enucleation of the prostate, Ho LEP)治疗良性前列腺增生(benign prostatic hyperplasia, BPH)术后尿失禁的发生率,分析影响术后尿失禁发生的临床因素。方法 采用前瞻性、单盲、随机对照研究将120例前列腺增生患者随机分为THo LEP组和Ho LEP组,每组各60例。比较两组患者术后尿失禁的发生率,对可能引起尿失禁的危险因素进行进行单因素分析及多因素Logistic回归分析。结果 两组术前一般指标无统计学意义(P>0.05);两组均无真性尿失禁发生,THoLEP组术后拔除导尿管后24 h内尿失禁发生率低于Ho LEP组,但差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);手术时间≥60 min、前列腺体积≥80 m L、合并有糖尿病等因素是发生术后尿失禁的危险因素。结论 两种钬激光解剖性前列腺剜除术治疗BPH近...     

保留尿控功能在耻骨后前列腺癌根治术的应用

目的:探讨保护耻骨前列腺韧带和保护尿道膜部括约肌群在耻骨后前列腺癌根治术后减少尿失禁的作用.方法:Ⅰ组32例前列腺癌按常规操作行耻骨后前列腺癌根治术,Ⅱ组32例前列腺癌采用保留耻骨前列腺韧带和尿道膜部括约肌群的方法行耻骨后前列腺癌根治术,术后1、3、6、12个月分别随访尿失禁情况.结果:两组年龄和PSA无显著差异,两组前列腺尖端切缘均无肿瘤残留,前列腺侧缘阳性率类似.Ⅱ组术后1、3、6个月尿控效果明显优于I组(P<0.05),但1年随访,Ⅰ组和Ⅱ组尿控效果类似.结论:在耻骨后前列腺癌根治术中保留耻骨前列腺韧带作用和尿道膜部括约肌群有显著提高近期尿控的效果,但1年随访两组尿控率无明显差异.     

应用普通电切镜行经尿道前列腺剜除术1000例报告

目的探讨使用普通电切镜行经尿道前列腺剜除术（TUERP）治疗前列腺增生症（BPH）的可行性和安全性。方法采用普通电切镜行TUERP治疗BPH患者1 000例。结果手术时间30～150min,平均（51.7±31.6）min,术后3～5d拔除导尿管,50例出现短期尿频、尿急,60例出现暂时性尿失禁。结论 TUERP具有切除腺体彻底、无残留;外括约肌保留完整、无损伤;被膜完整、止血彻底;切割速度快、视野清晰等优点。可以在具有普通电切镜的单位广泛应用。     

经尿道前列腺电切术后不同时间拔除导尿管的安全性研究

目的探讨前列腺增生患者行经尿道前列腺电切术后不同时间拔除导尿管的临床疗效及安全性。方法回顾性分析2018年1月至2020年1月由河南大学淮河医院及信阳市中心医院收治的行经尿道前列腺电切术治疗的600例前列腺增生患者的临床资料, 按照术后留置导尿管时间的长短分为对照组和观察组, 每组300例。对照组术后留置导尿管7 d, 观察组术后留置导尿管3 d, 比较两组患者拔除导尿管后的排尿情况、术后6周复查时的尿道功能、术后国际前列腺症状评分(IPSS)、生活质量(QOL)评分及并发症发生率。结果两组患者拔除导尿管后的排尿情况、术后6周随访时的尿道功能、IPSS评分、QOL评分及相关并发症(下尿路症状、尿道狭窄、尿失禁、血尿)的发生率比较, 差异均无统计学意义(均P>0.05)。术后6周患者复查时, 两组患者的Qmax均显著提高, RUV明显下降, 与术前比较, 差异均有统计学意义(均P<0.05)。观察组患者的尿路感染发生率明显低于对照组, 差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论经尿道前列腺电切术后3 d与7 d拔除导尿管都是安全可行的, 但3 d拔除导尿管可使患者尿路感染的...     

经尿道前列腺电切术后早期拔除留置导尿管的可行性及安全性

目的探讨经尿道前列腺电切术后早期拔除留置导尿管对降低术后并发症及住院费用的影响及临床应用安全性。方法将200例患者随机分为2组,实验组患者术后3 d拔除留置导尿管。对照组术后4~5 d拔除留置导尿管,观察2组患者拔除留置导尿管后尿路感染、尿道热、重新留置导尿、继发性出血、深静脉血栓的发生率。结果术后3 d拔除留置导尿管能降低TURP术后尿路感染的发生率（P〈0.05）,减少住院费用,缩短平均住院日（P〈0.05）。结论前列腺经尿道电切术后早期拔除留置尿管不但可以减少术后并发症,而且可以降低手术费用,值得推广应用。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Immunomodulation in Transplantation with Photopheresis

Abstract: Photopheresis is a technique in which peripheral blood mononuclear cells, in the presence of a photoacti-vatable compound, are exposed extracorporeally to ultraviolet A light and reinfused, inducing a host autoregula-tory immune response. Experimental work and ongoing clinical studies are helping to define the role of this novel, safe, and non-toxic immunomodulating technology in the field of transplantation.