孕期PM2.5暴露与子代认知-运动发育间关联性研究

目的 分析孕早期和孕中期PM2.5暴露与子代认知-运动发育间关联性,为孕期防护提供依据。方法 选取2014年6月-2015年4月期间来本院建卡并分娩的孕妇190例,于孕期建卡时进行问卷调查,获取孕妇的居住地址、房屋类型以及楼层分布等信息,通过渗透系数获得室外PM2.5进入室内部分的浓度,作为孕期PM2.5暴露水平。并于婴儿产后42 d体检时应用“年龄发育进程问卷-第三版”(ASQ-3)进行认知-运动发育水平评估。通过两独立样本t检验和多因素线性回归等方法分析孕期PM2.5暴露与子代认知-运动发育间的关联性。结果 孕早期正常暴露组孕妇所生婴儿粗大运动能区得分和精细运动能区得分均高于暴露超标组婴儿,且正常暴露组婴儿五个能区总分也高于暴露超标组婴儿,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。孕早期孕妇暴露PM2.5水平每增高一个单位,ASQ-3各能区得分平均降低0.53~0.62分,ASQ-3总分平均降低2.0分,且以上差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。与孕早期的PM2.5暴露效应不同,在孕中期虽然PM2.5暴露水平增高也呈现出ASQ-3多能区得分降低的趋势,但差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论 相对于孕中期的PM2.5暴露,孕早期的暴露更容易对子代认知-运动发育水平产生影响,因此针对大气PM2.5的防护应从孕早期就开始并且应重点做好孕早期的暴露防护。     

妊娠期双酚A暴露对子代行为和认知发育的影响

近年来,不少研究证实妊娠期双酚A(BPA)暴露对动物和人类子代情绪症状(焦虑、抑郁)、社会行为及非社会行为、记忆及脑执行功能等方面存在影响。鉴于BPA在日常消费品中广泛存在,其安全性问题日益受到关注,欧盟、加拿大及美国早已禁止婴儿奶瓶使用含BPA材料。我国对BPA的研究起步较晚,本文将从动物实验和人群研究两方面,对妊娠期BPA暴露与子代行为和认知发育之间的研究进展及主要存在问题做简要综述。     

氧化固醇对不同硒状态大鼠前列环素和内皮素的影响

目的 :　研究不同硒量下氧化固醇对血浆前列环素 (PGI2 )和内皮素 (ET)水平的影响。方法 :　采用低硒饲料饲养大鼠 1 3 w后 ,从尾静脉注射氧化固醇 (Ch- Ox) 3 β,5 α,6 β-三羟胆固醇 (3 - triol) ,2 4 h后采用放射免疫法测定其血浆 PGI2 、血栓烷 A2 (TXA2 )和 ET水平。结果 :　低硒组血硒含量及谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶 (GSH- Px)活性显著低于对照组 (P<0 .0 1 ) ,血浆 PGI2 水平也显著低于对照组 (P<0 .0 5 ) ,但其血浆脂质过氧化物 (LPO)水平及血浆 TXA2 水平显著高于对照组 (P<0 .0 5和 P<0 .0 1 ) ,从而导致 PGI2 /TXA2 比值显著低于对照组 (P<0 .0 1 )。对照 +3 -triol组血浆 PGI2 、TXA2 及 PGI2 /TXA2 与对照组相比均无显著性差异。虽然低硒 +3 - triol组血浆PGI2 与对照 +3 - triol组相比无显著性差异 ,但其血浆 TXA2 显著高于对照 +3 - triol组 (P<0 .0 0 1 )。低硒组与对照组相比 ,血浆 ET水平略有降低 ,差异不显著。对照组注射 3 - triol后血浆 ET水平显著升高 (P<0 .0 5 ) ,而低硒组注射 3 - triol后血浆 ET显著低于对照 +3 - triol组 (P<0 .0 5 )。给低硒 1 0 w的大鼠饮水补硒可一定程度上减小这些变化。结论 :　低硒和 Ch- Ox影响 PGI2 、TXA2 的浓度 ,使 PGI2 /TXA2 比值降低 ,Ch- Ox还使     

孕期锰暴露与儿童运动、认知及行为发育

锰作为一种人体必不可少的微量营养素,参与机体的骨矿化、蛋白质和能量代谢、代谢调节等,在正常生长发育特别是大脑的发育中起着至关重要的作用,但是当机体摄入剂量超过锰稳态时可能会产生神经毒性。近年研究显示,孕期过量锰水平会对儿童的神经发育及行为产生消极作用。本文从孕期锰过量与儿童神经发育比如运动能力、认知功能发育和行为问题和锰诱导神经毒性的机制两方面进行综述,探讨孕期锰过量对儿童运动、认知及行为发育的影响,并提出未来应努力探索一种稳定、准确并被普遍认可的生物标志物来降低不可控因素增加研究的可比性。     

妊娠期双酚A暴露对子代行为和认知发育的影响北大核心CSCD

近年来,不少研究证实妊娠期双酚A(BPA)暴露对动物和人类子代情绪症状(焦虑、抑郁)、社会行为及非社会行为、记忆及脑执行功能等方面存在影响。鉴于BPA在日常消费品中广泛存在,其安全性问题日益受到关注,欧盟、加拿大及美国早已禁止婴儿奶瓶使用含BPA材料。我国对BPA的研究起步较晚,本文将从动物实验和人群研究两方面,对妊娠期BPA暴露与子代行为和认知发育之间的研究进展及主要存在问题做简要综述。     

农村妇女孕期膳食模式对婴儿认知发育的影响

目的 探讨云南农村妇女孕期膳食模式(DP)对婴儿认知发育的影响,为促进婴儿认知发育提供科学依据。方法 依托云南农村出生队列,建立双向性队列,收集孕期膳食资料,自2018年1月-2019年12月共追踪获得228对母子对。随访婴儿既往健康状况、辅食添加种类和主要照护者学历等信息。运用BSID-Ⅲ对婴儿满1岁时进行认知发育评估。采用主成分分析提取孕期DP,运用多元线性回归分析孕期DP对婴儿认知发育的影响。结果 孕早中晚期及合并孕中晚期均得到3种DP:腌制型、动物蛋白型、传统型。腌制型包括腌菜/酸菜、火腿/腌肉;动物蛋白型包括动物内脏、畜肉、禽肉、鱼虾;传统型包括土豆/红薯、米面及制品、蔬菜。228名婴儿认知发育平均得分为98.84±16.66,发育落后20人(8.8%)。多元线性回归分析显示,妇女孕期越偏向选择传统型DP,婴儿认知得分越低(β=-12.272,P=0.002)。主要照护者学历越高,婴儿认知得分越高(β=12.476,P=0.035)。结论 云南农村地区婴儿认知发育水平略低于其他地区,有待提高,孕期传统型DP会延缓婴儿认知发育。     

氧化胆固醇对动脉毒性作用的研究

将Wistar大鼠随机分成氧化胆固醇组(Och)、纯胆固醇组(Pch)和对照组,分别用氧化胆固醇混合物(250mg/kg bw/d)、纯胆固醇(250mg/kg bw/d)以及悬浮固醇用的明胶液体给大鼠灌胃,连续二天。于第二次灌胃后18小时,从大鼠尾静脉注射伊文思兰溶液,并于注射后2小时处死;取出主动脉用荧光显微分光光度术测定主动脉内膜的通透性。此外,另一部分动物在第二次灌胃后24小时处死,取出主动脉作扫描电镜的内膜观察。结果表明,Och大鼠主动脉内膜的通透性显著高于Pch组与对照组大鼠(P<0.01),而Pch组大鼠主动脉内膜的通透性和对照组无显著差异(P>0.05)。     

孕期染毒双酚A对雄性子代生殖发育影响

目的 探讨母鼠孕期接触双酚A对子代雄鼠生殖发育的影响及作用机制.方法 将受孕SD雌鼠40只,随机分为双酚A0、10、50、250 mg/kg染毒组,以2 mL/kg容积自受孕第5d灌胃染毒至第20d;孕第21 d每组处理5只孕鼠,检测母鼠血中性激素水平,胎鼠数、死胎数、胎鼠重和胎盘重,高效液相色谱法检测母鼠血及胎盘中双酚A含量,另5只孕鼠自然分娩,待雄性子鼠性成熟后检测血中性激素水平,生殖器官脏器系数、病理、精子质量.结果 10、50 mg/kg剂量组母鼠血清中雌二醇(E2)含量分别为1 780.78、1 680.10 pmol/L,明显高于对照组的1361.74pmol/L(P＜0.01),低、中、高3个染毒组睾酮(T)含量分别为5.55、4.76、6.79 nmol/L,明显高于对照组的3.20 nmol/L(P＜0.01);50、250mg/kg剂量组雄性子鼠附睾及前列腺脏器系数分别为0.297、0.325和0.153、0.173,均高于对照组(P＜0.01),镜下可见附睾间质及前列腺上皮有增生改变;250 mg/kg剂量组精子活动率为52.9%,明显低于对照组的67.4% (P ＜0.05).结论 孕期染毒双酚A对胎鼠发育无明显影响,但影响子鼠生殖器官发育和精子生成质量.     

中链脂肪酸促进小鼠粪便中性固醇排泄

目的 探索中链脂肪酸(MCFAs)降低小鼠血胆固醇的作用机制是促进粪便的胆固醇排泄.方法 将C57BL/6J小鼠建造高胆固醇血症模型后,按血清总胆固醇(TC)水平随机分4组,分别用含2％的辛酸(C8:0)、癸酸(C10:0)、棕榈酸(C16:0)或硬脂酸(C18:0)的高胆固醇饲料喂养12周.分别在实验开始和结束时检测血脂及脂蛋白相关指标,采用气-质联用法检测其3d粪便中的中性固醇含量.结果 C8:0和C10:0组体重、TC和低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)均显著低于C16:0和C18:0组,C8:0组的粪便胆固醇排泄量及中性固醇排泄总量均显著高于C16:0和C18:0组.结论 MCFAs能促进小鼠粪便中胆固醇的排泄,降低TC和LDL-C水平,改善胆固醇代谢.     

早期缺铁与大脑发育

缺铁(iron deficiency, ID)和缺铁性贫血(iron deficiency anemia, IDA)是最常见的单一营养缺乏性疾病, 在孕妇与学龄前儿童中发病率最高。在缺铁所致的所有结局中, 最令人关注的是早期缺铁对儿童大脑和发育的影响。大量研究发现, 早期缺铁通过改变脑结构、神经递质功能和神经代谢, 伴随基因和蛋白组分的改变, 影响着感觉运动、认知语言和社会情绪的发育。新的研究进展提示了生命早期的脑发育存在着铁依赖的关键期, 重申了早期预防缺铁的重要性。     

Fish intake during pregnancy and early cognitive development of offspring

BACKGROUND: Fish is a source of many nutrients that can be beneficial during pregnancy, as well as a source of neurotoxicant contaminants such as methylmercury. Previous investigations of fish intake in relation to neurodevelopment have focused on possible damage from contaminants, whereas potential benefits of fish consumption have been relatively unexplored METHODS: We evaluated the association between maternal fish intake during pregnancy and offspring's early development of language and communication skills in a cohort of 7421 British children born in 1991-1992. Fish intake by the mother and child was measured by questionnaire. The child's cognitive development was assessed using adaptations of the MacArthur Communicative Development Inventory at 15 months of age and the Denver Developmental Screening Test at 18 months of age. Mercury was measured in umbilical cord tissue for a subset of 1054 children RESULTS: Total mercury concentrations were low and were not associated with neurodevelopment. Fish intake by the mother during pregnancy, and by the infant postnatally, was associated with higher mean developmental scores. For example, the adjusted mean MacArthur comprehension score for children whose mothers consumed fish 4 or more times per week was 72 (95% confidence interval = 71-74), compared with 68 (66-71) among those whose mothers did not consume fish. CONCLUSIONS: When fish is not contaminated, moderate fish intake during pregnancy and infancy may benefit development.     

孕前母亲肥胖对子代神经心理发育影响研究进展

成年女性肥胖是全球性的公共卫生问题。母亲孕前肥胖可能会对子代的认知功能和智力发育产生不良影响,并增加子代出现行为问题、注意力缺陷和多动障碍(attention deficit hyperactivity disorder,ADHD)以及孤独症谱系障碍(autism spectrum disorders,ASD)等的风险。孕前母亲肥胖对子代神经心理发育影响的具体机制尚未被完全理解,可能与脑源性神经营养因子(brain-derived neurotrophic factor,BDNF)、子代大脑代谢改变及炎症等有关。本文对孕前母亲肥胖对子代神经心理发育影响及可能机制作以简要综述,呼吁相关部门及医务人员积极预防母亲孕前肥胖发生,以促进后代身心健康发展。     

孕期及哺乳期n-6/n-3脂肪酸变化对仔鼠脑源性神经营养因子基因表达的影响

目的 探讨孕期及哺乳期n-3 多不饱和脂肪酸(n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids,n-3 PUFAs)摄入量及其与n-6 PUFAs比例对仔鼠脑源性神经营养因子(brain-derived neurotrophic factor,bdnf)基因表达的影响。方法 使用6~8周龄清洁级C57BL/6J雌性小鼠,随机分为5 组,分别给予n-3 PUFAs缺乏和4种不同含量n-3 PUFAs(n-6/n-3 PUFAs比值分别为15∶1、5∶1、1∶1及1∶5)饲料喂养。小鼠12~14周龄时雌雄合笼交配繁殖,仔鼠断乳后继续行母鼠相同饲料喂养,分别在生后7 d、21 d和3 月时被处死后取脑。同时,分别从n-3 PUFAs缺乏组和n-6/n-3 PUFAs(5∶1)组中选取等量仔鼠,21 d断乳后相互交换饲料喂养至3个月,处死后取脑。采用实时荧光定量PCR技术测定脑皮质bdnf基因mRNA的表达。结果 与n-3 PUFAs缺乏饲料组相比,对于7 d和21 d幼年仔鼠,只有n-6/n-3 PUFAs(1∶5)饲料组bdnf基因mRNA表达量显著升高;对于3 月龄成年仔鼠,各含n-3 PUFAs饲料组bdnf基因mRNA的表达均升高。对于孕期和哺乳期n-3 PUFAs缺乏饲料组仔鼠,断乳后给予含n-3 PUFAs饲料喂养未能提升脑皮质bdnf基因mRNA表达;而孕期和哺乳期含n-3 PUFAs饲料喂养的仔鼠,断乳后给予n-3 PUFAs缺乏饲料喂养时,脑皮质bdnf基因mRNA表达量见一定程度的升高。结论 孕期及哺乳期可能需要较高的n-3 PUFAs摄入,才能满足幼年期诱导脑bdnf表达之需。保证生命早期n-3 PUFAs的适量摄入,有助于维持成年期bdnf的正常表达。     

Protein malnutrition during pregnancy alters maternal behavior and anxiety-like behavior in offspring

Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of protein malnutrition during pregnancy on maternal behavior, on the early behavior in pups by ultrasonic vocalizations (USVs) emission, and on the behavior of offspring in adulthood in an elevated T-maze.

Methods: Pregnant female rats were fed a normal protein-powdered diet (22% casein; control) or a low-protein (hypoproteic) diet (6% casein; protein restriction) during the first 2 weeks of pregnancy. On the fifth postpartum day (PND5), the number of USV was rated. On PND7, maternal behavior was assessed. Male offspring in adulthood were evaluated for behavioral performance in an elevated T-maze.

Results: Our results demonstrated that a hypoproteic diet during early pregnancy increased the maternal behavior, increased the number of USV by pups, and reduced the inhibitory avoidance responses in an elevated T-maze during adulthood. In addition, there was a reduction in weight gain of rats during pregnancy and of offspring during lactation.

Conclusion: In conclusion, the data found in our study suggest that the increase in USV emitted by pups due to hypoproteic diet during pregnancy accentuated maternal behavior. In addition, an increase in maternal care promoted the reduction in anxiety-like behavior in adult male offspring.     

妊娠期甲状腺功能异常与不良妊娠结局的临床分析

目的 分析妊娠期甲状腺功能异常与出生缺陷及不良妊娠结局间的关系.方法 选取2008年11月至2014年3月在三亚市妇幼保健院进行常规产前检查1017例单胎孕妇,留取空腹静脉血,检测血清促甲状腺激素(TSH)、游离甲状腺素(FT4)及总甲状腺素(TT4)水平,并对孕妇进行随访.根据测定结果建立不同孕周甲状腺功能的正常值参考范围并分组,应用Logistic回归分析妊娠期各甲状腺功能异常组与不良妊娠结局关系.结果 妊娠期临床甲状腺功能减退症是死胎、治疗性引产与胎儿流失的危险因素(调整后OR值分别为44.24、44.24、13.45),亦是胎儿发生循环系统先天性畸形及分娩低出生体重儿的危险因素(调整后OR值分别为10.44和9.05).亚临床甲状腺功能减退症孕妇所分娩的新生儿头围和身长均低于甲状腺功能正常孕妇所分娩的新生儿(t值分别为6.834、7.223,均P<0.05),其也是早产、胎儿窘迫、婴儿视力及神经精神发育不良的危险因素(调整后OR值分别为3.32、3.65、5.34、10.49).妊娠期单纯高T4血症孕妇更容易发生自然流产(调整后OR值为6.02);而单纯低T4血症其胎儿更容易发生骨骼肌肉先天性畸形(调整后OR值为9.12).结论 妊娠期甲状腺功能异常与不良妊娠结局及出生缺陷有一定的关系,应注意识别并加强治疗,同时监测胎儿生长情况,以改善预后.     

Sustaining the support in four-year-olds in childcare services with the goal of promoting their cognitive and language development

This paper aims to describe the quality of play as offered by early childhood educators working with four-year-olds within an educational childcare service. It also aims to identify the correlation between the quality of play support and a child’s cognitive, language and socio-emotional development. Finally, it focuses on the factors associated with the quality of play support provided by educational childcare centres and the characteristics of the educators involved. The sample included 170 educators working with four-year-olds. Results show that higher quality of play are linked with higher cognitive and language development. Other factors with a positive impact on play include: group of eight children, higher educator-to-child ratios, groups with male educators and groups whose personnel have followed more than 24 hours of in-service training and who express positive feelings towards their work. The discussion addresses the significance of these findings in childcare services.     

The effect of maternal diabetes during pregnancy on the neurodevelopment of offspring

As many as 10% of pregnancies are complicated by maternal glucose intolerance. With the risk of diabetes and gestational diabetes rising because of the obesity epidemic, that figure is likely to rise. Many obese individuals suffer from the metabolic syndrome, which makes them more prone to glucose intolerance when they are pregnant. Among the potential risks posed by poor maternal glucose control are those to the developing fetal brain. The goal of this article is to acquaint physicians with the results and clinical implications of studies conducted at the University of Minnesota on outcomes of infants of diabetic mothers and, in particular, on the role of iron deficiency in differential brain processing.