要重视婴幼儿认知功能的发展

儿童期是人生理、心理发展的关键时期,重视儿童认知功能的发展非常重要.儿童认知功能与神经系统的关系密切,而神经系统是机体最重要、最复杂的系统.目前,发育神经生物学的研究在我国尚处于起步阶段.随着生物学方法 的进步,使"认识脑、检测脑、开发脑和创造脑"及神经系统的发育再生、基因调控的研究成为学科关注的重点,由此,发育行为儿科学应运而生并快速发展.发育行为儿科学是研究从出生至18岁儿童正常发育行为规律与发育行为疾病的一门科学,从评估到干预,已形成了一个完整的学科体系,通过早期发现、早期干预和早期教育,对预防高危儿疾病形成和提高患病儿童的身心素质有非常重要的作用.该文从多角度阐述了与婴幼儿认知功能发展的相关问题.     

体育游戏活动对幼儿观察力和记忆力影响的实验研究

尽管人脑在出生前就已经形成,但它的发育完善却可以持续多年,尤以幼儿和青少年时期为主,之后随着年龄的增长,脑的可塑性变得越来越低[1].成年脑的结构和功能很大程度上取决于脑的早期发育,因此设法促进生命早期大脑的发育就显得尤为重要.神经系统的发育材料可以说是各种营养素,但神经系统的建构方式及分化需要儿童早期成长的环境刺激,其中运动就是一项必不可少的环境刺激条件.体育游戏是与体育运动相联系的一种游戏,是适合幼儿年龄特征的特殊体育活动,是与幼儿动作和语言发展相适应的.本研究采取体育游戏的方式对3~6岁幼儿进行运动干预,检测受试对象的观察力、记忆力,以此来求证体育活动在幼儿智力发展中的作用.     

二十二碳六烯酸与认知功能发育研究进展

二十二碳六烯酸(DHA)参与机体的多种生理功能,对生命早期大脑发育、机体的认知功能发育、视觉发育以及机体免疫功能具有重要作用。本文从DHA的来源及其对认知功能的作用进行综述,发现DHA对婴幼儿,特别是早产儿的大脑发育、认知功能发育、精神运动发育有积极作用。但随着年龄增加,对学龄儿童智力上的影响差异并无统计学意义。孕乳母及婴幼儿适量DHA的摄入对生命周期内大脑DHA水平的维持至关重要。     

二十二碳六烯酸与认知功能发育研究进展

二十二碳六烯酸(DHA)参与机体的多种生理功能,对生命早期大脑发育、机体的认知功能发育、视觉发育以及机体免疫功能具有重要作用。本文从DHA的来源及其对认知功能的作用进行综述,发现DHA对婴幼儿,特别是早产儿的大脑发育、认知功能发育、精神运动发育有积极作用。但随着年龄增加,对学龄儿童智力上的影响差异并无统计学意义。孕乳母及婴幼儿适量DHA的摄入对生命周期内大脑DHA水平的维持至关重要。     

多不饱和脂肪酸对儿童早期发育的影响

母乳中含有丰富的多不饱和脂肪酸,n-3系和n-6系多不饱和脂肪酸具有重要的生物学意义,两者在儿童脑发育、视觉发育和免疫调节方面起着重要作用.胎儿可通过胎盘获得多不饱和脂肪酸,婴幼儿则可通过母乳获得,而无法提供母乳者可服用强化多不饱和脂肪酸配方奶.由于早产儿在孕期获得的多不饱和脂肪酸相对足月儿较少,故对其在出生后应及时补充多不饱和脂肪酸,以促进早产儿的脑发育和视觉发育,调节早产儿的免疫功能,降低疾病的发生率.该文主要介绍了多不饱和脂肪酸的生理作用、来源及在儿童早期发育方面的促进作用.     

早期干预保护儿童视功能的正常发育

保障儿童视觉功能的正常发育非常重要,对视觉功能早期干预,加强儿童眼保健,可以大大地降低儿童盲症和视觉损害.本文从人眼的发育特点、人类视觉功能正常发育的干扰因素,以及我国儿童眼保健工作的发展与现状做一综述.     

蛋白质-能量营养不良与脑功能的关系

脑的正常发育和功能的实现需要氨基酸、维生素、微量元素和必需脂肪酸等营养成分的持续供应,而这些营养成分除参与体内能量代谢外,还参与蛋白质、酶和神经递质等的合成,直接或间接地影响脑的功能。以下就蛋白质-能量营养不良与脑功能关系的研究进展作一综述。     

象征性游戏测试在儿童语言发育异常临床评估中的应用价值

目的 通过象征性游戏测试判断语言发育异常儿童的早期概念形成,以及用最简单方式处理符号,表达自我经验和想象的能力,探索其在儿童语言发育评估中的价值,并为促进儿童的语言发育和语言治疗目标的制定提供依据。方法 2010年8月-2011年1月在上海儿童医学中心发育行为儿科因语言问题就诊的263例儿童,男206例(78.3%),女57例(21.7%)。对所有儿童进行象征性游戏、Gesell婴幼儿发育量表、婴幼儿语言发育筛查量表及ABC儿童孤独症量表测试。结果 263例儿童的象征性游戏测试的发育年龄明显落后于平均生理年龄,且4个年龄段的象征性游戏测试的发育年龄均显著落后于其平均生理年龄,随年龄增长,两者差距有增大的趋势。象征性游戏测试的原始分与Gesell婴幼儿发育量表的4个能区的发育商(DQ)、婴幼儿语言发育筛查量表总分存在显著正相关性(P<0.001),与ABC儿童孤独症量表总分存在显著负相关性(P<0.001)。结论 象征性游戏测试结果可以提示语言发育异常儿童的早期概念形成,以及用最简单方式处理符号,表达自我经验和想象的能力,有助于鉴别不同原因的语言发育异常,并为促进儿童的语言发育和语言治疗目标的制定提供依据。     

锌铁补充与儿童智商发育干预研究进展

微量元素铁、锌对脑的结构发育和功能完善至关重要。它们参与大脑组织的形成,影响大脑的代谢以及相关酶的构成和激活,它们的缺乏导致大脑功能失调,进而影响认知能力以及智商发育。就铁与锌补充对儿童智商影响的人群干预研究作一综述。     

婴幼儿语言发育规律及研究进展

婴幼儿语言发育是儿童神经心理发育的重要表现,也是儿童社会化过程的关键。掌握婴幼儿及早产儿的语言发育规律和脑功能的作用机制,进一步明确语言发育的关键期,将有助于早期发现语言障碍、阅读障碍、构音障碍等常见言语与语言的问题,采取综合干预措施,使儿童在关键期获得丰富的语言信息刺激,补偿先天及后天造成的缺陷,从而促进儿童达到最大形式的社会化。该文将重点阐述婴幼儿及早产儿语言发展规律及国内外关于婴幼儿语言发展量表的研究进展。     

父母洞察力与儿童早期发展关系的研究进展

父母洞察力是指养育者从儿童的视角看世界,并推测和解释儿童行为背后的动机和情绪的能力。依恋理论认为,父母洞察力是儿童形成安全依恋和早期健康发展的重要基础。现有研究发现,父母洞察力能够促进父母积极养育行为,提高养育质量,对儿童的早期社会情绪发展有重要作用。父母洞察力主要受养育者自身因素影响,并可以通过干预训练获得提升。本研究旨在以父母洞察力为切入点,为儿童发展、孤独症儿童等特殊儿童的早期康复研究及儿童保健的实践工作提供依据。     

脑科学视野下的养育照护

生命早期是脑发育的关键期,具有高度的可塑性。脑科学研究证据表明,养育照护环境与儿童大脑结构与功能、心理行为发育有关。在关键期内,良好的健康、充足的营养、回应性的照护、安全的保障和早期学习的机会为儿童脑发育提供所需的早期环境,促进儿童感觉、知觉、知觉动作、语言、认知、情绪、社会性等都认知能力发展,充分发挥儿童早期发展潜能。为促进儿童的健康发展,应开展脑科学指导下的养育照护,创造丰富而适宜的后天养育环境,支持儿童的早期发展尤其是大脑的发展。     

More than just play: The significance of mutually directed adult-child activity

In much current writing on developmentally appropriate practice in early childhood programs, emphasis is laid on the importance for young children's development and learning of spontaneous, self-initiated exploration and autonomous play (e.g. Bredekamp, 1987; Rogers & Sawyers, 1988. Adults are seen in this literature as setters of the stage for children and as responsive facilitators of children's activities. They are seldom seen as initiators of those activities or even particularly as co-explorers with children. Yet there is evidence that where adults actively engage with children in mutual pursuits -- especially everyday, family-style pursuits -- there is enhancement of children's social, emotional and cognitive development. Some of this evidence, drawn from both past and current studies, is presented.

The paper reviews a number of factors that appear to lie behind the present emphasis, in early childhood programs, on child rather than adult direction of activity, especially play. The proposal is advanced that young children's development and learning in a variety of settings would be better served and a more balanced curriculum achieved if adult roles as initiators and partners -- not only facilitators -- were recognized in a wide variety of activities -- not only play.

At an earlier time, it is suggested, children's developmental needs and individual interests were often largely disregarded as adults attempted to determine, in form and detail, the educational progress of their young tabulae rasae. The pendulum swing in educational theory is now giving central place, in the search for developmental appropriateness, to the autonomy of the child. This paper proposes a position between these two extremes, in order to draw more fully on the range of capacities of both adults and children. In short, it suggests that while retaining the baby and the bathwater, it is important not to throw mother (or caregiver or teacher) out instead.     

家庭养育与儿童早期语言发展

语言学习是儿童学习能力与语言环境相互作用的产物,其发生在儿童积极参与的社会环境中。语言能力的差异在婴幼儿期开始出现,贯穿并影响人的一生。近年来,越来越多国内外学者开展针对家庭养育对儿童早期语言发展的研究。了解家庭养育对儿童早期语言发展的影响,为从家庭养育角度制定预防及干预策略、促进儿童早期语言最佳发展提供依据。     

Preventing emotional and behavioural problems: the effectiveness of parenting programmes with children less than 3 years of age

BACKGROUND: Emotional and behavioural problems in children under 3 years of age have a high prevalence, and parenting practices have been shown to be strongly associated with their development. A number of recent systematic reviews have shown that group-based parenting programmes can be effective in improving the emotional and behavioural adjustment of older children (aged 3-10 years). The aim of this review was to establish whether there is evidence from controlled trials that group-based parenting programmes are effective in improving the emotional and behavioural adjustment of children less than 3 years of age, and their role in the primary prevention of emotional and behavioural problems. METHODS: English and non-English language articles published between January 1970 and July 2001 were retrieved using a keyword search of a number of electronic databases. RESULTS: Five studies were included and two meta-analyses were conducted, the first combining data from parent reports and the second combining data from independent observations of children's behaviour. The combined parent reports showed a non-significant difference favouring the intervention group, while the combined independent observations showed a significant difference favouring the intervention group. CONCLUSION: It is concluded that this review points to the potential of parenting programmes to improve the emotional and behavioural adjustment of children less than 3 years of age, but that there is insufficient evidence from controlled trials to assess whether the short-term benefit is maintained over time, or the role that such programmes might play in the primary prevention of emotional and behavioural problems. This review points to the need for further primary preventive research on this important public health issue.     

The role of child negative affect in the relations between parenting styles and play

Interactions between parenting styles and children's negative affect in the prediction of reticent, solitary-active, and rough-and-tumble play behaviours were examined. The present study involved 98 children, their mothers and their preschool teachers. Participants (53 boys and 45 girls) were a mean age of 3.83 years (standard deviation = 0.69). Mothers completed questionnaires pertaining to their disciplinary rearing styles and their child's negative affect. Preschool/daycare teachers completed a measure concerning children's indoor-free play behaviours. Hierarchical multiple regression analyses revealed two significant interactions between parenting styles and children's negative affect in the prediction of play behaviours. For example, it was found that emotion coaching parenting was negatively related to rough-and-tumble play for children low in negative affect but not for children high in negative affect. Implications of these findings, and others, are discussed in terms of goodness of fit, overprotective parenting and their overall importance for children's social development.     

儿童行为抑制测验及行为训练

行为抑制是执行功能的核心内容,是为完成任务而对无关信息或行为的抑制。其早期缺陷易导致社会性交流障碍,工作记忆、情绪调节、注意力等执行功能问题。随着对行为抑制认识的逐渐深入,出现了一系列成熟的测验方法,包括Stroop任务、侧抑制、Navon任务、Simon任务以及多源冲突任务等,这些行为抑制测验方法在行为障碍的诊断中发挥了重要作用。对正在发育的儿童实施行为抑制训练可促进执行功能发展。行为抑制的早期健康发展可有效提高儿童的自控力和注意力,从而改善学习能力。了解有关行为抑制的测验方法及行为训练,对促进儿童执行功能发展有重要作用。     

Influence of dietary gangliosides on neonatal brain development

Gangliosides are sialic acid-containing glycosphingolipids. Gangliosides are found in human milk; understanding of the potential role of gangliosides in infant development is emerging, with suggested roles in the brain and gut. Ganglioside accretion in the developing brain is highest in utero and in early neonatal life, during the periods of dendritic branching and new synapse formation. Further, brain contains the highest relative ganglioside content in the body, particularly in neuronal cell membranes concentrated in the area of the synaptic membrane. Gangliosides are known to play a role in neuronal growth, migration and maturation, neuritogenesis, synaptogenesis, and myelination. In addition to their roles in development and structure of the brain, gangliosides also play a functional role in nerve cell communication. It is less well known whether dietary gangliosides can influence the development of cognitive function. This review summarizes current knowledge on the role gangliosides play in brain development.     

早期语言暴露对儿童语言发育的中长期影响

早期语言暴露的数量和质量对儿童语言发育的影响是至关重要的。根据儿童的发育年龄,家庭语言输入的质和量应该及时调整。18个月前父母语言输入的总词汇数量最为重要;30个月时输入词汇的多样性与复杂程度尤为重要,其中成人-儿童的对话轮换数同样重要;42个月时叙述、解释等语言输入最为重要。屏幕暴露和电子(发声)玩具对婴幼儿语言发育和亲子交流是弊大于利,在低受教育家庭中的儿童特别容易受到早期屏幕暴露的不利影响。     

神经节苷脂对婴儿生长发育影响的研究进展

目的 综述神经节苷脂在母乳中的含量及其对婴儿早期生长发育的影响,为探讨神经节苷脂在婴幼儿配方食品中的强化补充提供科学依据。 方法 检索PubMed、Web of Science和CNKI数据库,收集相关文献。 结果 婴儿生长发育所需的神经节苷脂主要来源于母乳和婴儿配方粉,在生命早期的脑发育、认知能力发展和肠道免疫功能发育等方面发挥重要作用。 结论 神经节苷脂对婴儿的神经发育和肠道免疫发育至关重要,婴儿配方食品中神经节苷脂的添加对早产儿和人工喂养婴儿的早期发展具有潜在益处。