Clinically unsuspected foreign bodies: the importance of sonography.

OBJECTIVE: To show the value of sonography in the detection of clinically unsuspected foreign bodies appearing as soft tissue masses. METHODS: High-resolution B-mode and color Doppler sonography was performed in 288 patients referred with superficial soft tissue masses over a period of 2 years. RESULTS: In 8 lesions in 6 patients, sonography showed small curved or linear echogenic structures surrounded by hypoechoic masses characteristic of foreign bodies with granulation tissue. One lesion had increased vascularity on color Doppler sonography. Patients were referred for other imaging studies, including magnetic resonance imaging, computed tomography, and bone and labeled red blood cell scintigraphy, which did not add relevant information. Three patients underwent surgery; foreign bodies were found in 2, and infected granulation tissue was found in 1. Spontaneous resolutions and no growth of the lesions were seen in the other 2 patients. CONCLUSIONS: The possibility of a foreign body should be considered when scanning soft tissue masses even in the absence of a relevant clinical history. Once a foreign body is diagnosed, no further workup is indicated.     

Detection of soft tissue foreign bodies in the presence of soft tissue gas.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the effect of soft tissue gas on the accuracy of foreign body detection by realtime sonography. METHODS: This was a prospective randomized study using glass, metal, and bone inserted into turkey breasts to simulate human soft tissue foreign bodies. Air was subsequently injected around a random selection of the foreign bodies to simulate soft tissue gas that can accompany a blast or high-force injury. Using a linear transducer, physicians credentialed in the use of sonography were each asked to scan the breasts, identify the location of any foreign body, and describe whether the object located was bone, metal, or glass. They were also asked to describe the characteristics of the foreign body, including surface echogenicity, visibility, and artifacts, if any. RESULTS: The sensitivity for localization of each foreign body by each sonographer was 100% (48 of 48) and was unaffected by the presence of soft tissue gas. The accuracy of classifying the foreign body was poor except with bone. Glass and metal were often confused with each other. With the addition of soft tissue gas over the foreign bodies, the sensitivity of classifying the foreign body was decreased further from a combined 58% to 28%. The presence of soft tissue gas decreased the amount of reflection of the foreign body and obscured the subtle differences in the brightness of each foreign body, leading to a decrease in the accuracy of identification but not localization of the foreign body. CONCLUSIONS: In an experimental model, soft tissue gas does not affect the localization of soft tissue foreign bodies. However, correct identification of the type of foreign body is limited by soft tissue gas because of loss of the typical sonographic characteristics.     

Evaluation of extremity trauma with sonography.

OBJECTIVE: To report on the use of bedside sonography in the diagnosis and treatment of penetrating extremity trauma. METHODS: Sonography was performed in the emergency department of a level 1 trauma center with both curved and linear array transducers. RESULTS: In both cases, foreign bodies and fractures resulting from gunshot wounds to the extremities were found. In addition, intra-abdominal and thoracic injuries were evaluated for using sonography. CONCLUSIONS: The increasing mobility and portability of sonography has led to its increasing use at the patient' bedside to diagnose a variety of conditions. It provides potential immediate diagnosis and has the flexibility for evaluating a multitude of injuries normally requiring several different imaging technologies. In circumstances in which conventional radiography is unavailable, such as at trauma scenes, mass casualty situations, or at the bedside with unstable patients, sonography can provide unique and essential information about these patients.     

Value of power Doppler imaging and the hypoechoic halo in the sonographic detection of foreign bodies: correlation with histopathologic findings.

OBJECTIVE: To present the power Doppler findings and evaluate the hypoechoic rim in increasing the conspicuity of foreign bodies detected on sonography and to correlate the sonographic and histopathologic findings. METHODS: Between 1998 and 2001, all sonographic examinations for evaluation of possible foreign bodies were reviewed retrospectively. Patients who had surgical exploration and pathologic evaluation were included in the study. Gray scale and power Doppler examinations were performed with high-frequency linear array transducers. Histologic evaluation was then correlated with the sonographic findings. RESULTS: Twenty-five patients were referred for evaluation of possible foreign bodies. Twelve patients underwent surgery and had pathologic correlation. Sonography had sensitivity of 92% for the overall detection of foreign bodies. There were 2 false-positive findings in which discrete foreign bodies were not seen at gross inspection, but inflammation and scar tissue were present at histologic examination. Pathologic findings were thought to represent chronic foreign body reactions. Hypervascularity immediately surrounding the foreign bodies was shown on power Doppler imaging in all cases, correlating with granulation tissue and neovascularity on pathologic examinations. The hypoechoic halo was shown in all but 2 cases and correlated with fibrinous exudate, granulation tissue, and collagenous capsule formation. CONCLUSIONS: Sonography is an effective and sensitive tool for the detection of soft tissue foreign bodies. The use of power Doppler imaging may aid in detection of possible foreign bodies by increasing the conspicuity of both the hypoechoic halo and the foreign body itself.     

气管、支气管内特殊异物取出术的临床研究

目的探讨气管、支气管内特殊异物的手术方法,提高手术成功率。方法气管、支气管内特殊异物30例,分别应用支气管镜、气管切开及开胸手术等不同方法将异物取出。结果93.3%(28/30)异物在支气管镜下取出,其中应用反张钳取异物占33.3%(10/30),成功率为90.0%(9/10);应用鳄鱼嘴钳取异物占20.0%(6/30),成功率为83.3%(5/6);应用普通异物钳取异物占30.0%(9/30),成功率为100%(9/9);应用尖嘴钳取异物占6.7%(2/30),成功率为100%(2/2);应用成人食管镜钳取异物占10.0%(3/30),成功率为100%(3/3);支气管镜下未取出病例分别经气管切开及开胸手术取出,成功率为100%(2/2)。结论只有根据异物特点选择合适异物钳,并设计合理的手术方法才能将气管、支气管内特殊异物顺利取出。     

Short- and long-term effects of emergency medicine sonography on formal sonography use: a decade of experience.

OBJECTIVES: It has been reported that use of formal sonographic studies by departments of radiology initially increases after inception of an emergency medicine (EM) sonography training program, but there are no data on whether this trend continues as the training program matures. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of an ongoing EM sonography program on formal sonography use after more than a decade of experience. METHODS: This retrospective, computer-assisted review compared emergency department (ED) abdominal sonographic studies ordered in the 3 years before inception of an EM sonography program (1992-1994) with those ordered in the 8 years after its inception (1995-2002). To determine the relative change, all abdominal sonograms ordered by ED physicians were compared with equivalent outpatient formal sonograms by all other physicians in the hospital. The study site is a community teaching hospital with a current ED census of 50,000. RESULTS: In the initial 4 years (1995-1998), the number of formal studies increased significantly in both absolute numbers (annual mean, 95 versus 162; P < .002) and as a percentage of all outpatient sonograms ordered at the institution (5.1% versus 8.5%; P < .0001). However, in the following 4 years (1999-2002), the absolute number of formal studies remained constant but decreased when adjusted for an increased ED census. Emergency department-ordered formal studies also decreased as a percentage of all sonograms ordered (5.1% versus 4.1%; P = .002). CONCLUSIONS: Emergency department use of formal sonography services increases with the introduction of ED sonography but decreases markedly as the program matures.     

Things that go beep: experience with an ED guideline for use of a handheld metal detector in the management of ingested non-hazardous metallic foreign bodies

Objectives

To review compliance with our emergency department (ED) guideline on the imaging of ingested non‐hazardous metallic foreign bodies in children, investigate adverse outcomes, and make suggestions for improving the guideline.

Methods

Retrospective analysis of patients presenting in a 3 year period to a paediatric ED with a history of possible metallic foreign body (MFB) ingestion, who were managed according to an ED guideline.

Results

We identified 430 episodes of possible MFB ingestion, of which 422 were eligible for inclusion in the study. Compliance with the guideline was 77.8% with no significant adverse events. The exclusion of symptoms as a criterion for x ray results in a reduction in the x ray rate of 56% in the symptomatic group with no increase in adverse events.

Conclusion

A handheld metal detector (HMD) can be safely and reliably used in lieu of plain radiography to investigate children with a history of MFB ingestion, irrespective of symptoms and without incurring any significant adverse events.     

Bedside ultrasound for the detection of soft tissue foreign bodies: a cadaveric study

The objective of this study was to evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of bedside ultrasound, as performed by emergency physicians with typical equipment, in detecting small, soft tissue foreign bodies, using a cadaveric model. This was a prospective study, using 6 unembalmed human cadavers and 6 ultrasound-credentialed, emergency medicine residency-trained physicians as sonographers. Incisions were made in 150 total sites of the extremities and each site was randomly assigned one of five groups: wood, metal, plastic, glass, or no foreign body. All foreign bodies were 2.5 mm³ in total volume or less, no longer than 5 mm in any dimension, and inserted to a depth of up to 3 cm. Ultrasound was performed with a SonoSite TITAN^® (SonoSite, Inc., Bothell, WA) ultrasound system using a L38/10-5 broadband linear array transducer. Sonographers were blinded to the number, type, and location of foreign bodies. A total of 900 ultrasound examinations were recorded. Overall sensitivity of ultrasound for foreign body detection was 52.6% (95% confidence interval [CI] 48.9%–56.2%), and overall specificity was 47.2% (95% CI 39.9%–54.5%). Positive predictive value was 79.9% (95% CI 76.3%–83.5%), and negative predictive value was 20.0% (95% CI 16.2%–23.7%). Sensitivity for individual sonographers ranged from 40.8% to 72.3% (average 52.6% ± 13.3%), and specificity ranged from 30% to 66.7% (average 47.2% ± 15.1%). Inter-observer reliability was poor. In our model, bedside ultrasound performed by emergency physicians was neither sensitive nor specific for the presence of small soft tissue foreign bodies.     

超声诊断软组织内金属异物的评价

目的通过超声观察软组织内金属异物,并与X线结果进行对照的方法,分析超声诊断的优势和不足。方法对一名足底嵌入金属异物的典型病例进行X线及在体、离体超声检查,记录图像和进行分析。结果X线所显示金属异物的形状大小与术后取出的实物完全相符。超声显示的异物形状与实物有明显的差异。但临床医生仅参考X线片未能取出异物,而在超声定位下手术成功。结论X线对金属异物的形态判断准确可靠,但定位精确度不够。超声定位不仅非常精确,还能在术中跟踪定位。但由于超声的某些物理特性,容易出现伪像,干扰了对异物形状的判断。所以将两者对照比较才是诊断软组织内金属异物的可靠方法。     

High‐Resolution Sonography Is Effective in Detection of Soft Tissue Foreign Bodies

Objective. Patients with penetrating trauma or field injuries are commonly encountered by emergency physicians. Clinical examination by inspection or palpation can detect superficial foreign bodies (FBs), and radiographs can detect radiopaque FBs. However, soft tissue FBs can be easily missed. The aim of our series was to evaluate the role of high‐resolution sonography in detection of soft tissue FBs. Methods. All patients referred to our center for sonographic evaluation of suspected soft tissue FBs from 1999 to 2008 were included in this analysis. Patients were scanned with an ultrasound machine using a 7.5‐MHz transducer. The suspected area was scanned in both axial and sagittal planes. The nature of the FB, length, and depth from the surface were recorded and reported. The presence of an FB was confirmed by surgical excision. Results. During the study period, 123 patients underwent sonography for a suspected FB, of which 12 were lost to follow‐up and excluded from the analysis. The study group included 73.8% male patients; the mean age was 36.2 years. Wood fragments and wooden thorns were the most frequently observed FBs, at 46.2% and 36.2%, respectively. The surgeon was satisfied with the reported depth of the FB from the surface in most cases (89%). The overall sensitivity and specificity of sonography were 94.5% and 53.8%. Conclusions. High‐resolution sonography is a very sensitive tool in diagnosis of soft tissue FBs. It also helps the surgeon with accurate localization, permitting easy removal.     

眼内异物的CT诊断和定位

目的 探讨CT在眼内异物定位中的使用价值。方法 参阅CT横扫序列片将异物按照测量的结果标画在CT眼内异物定位图上。结果 40例可疑眼内异物患者有16例查出为眼内异物或球壁异物(其中6例普通x线不显影)，采用此法定位，迅速、准确地作出了诊断和定位。结论 利用CT诊断和定位眼内异物，简便易行、迅速准确，值得推广。     

成年食管异物住院患者的临床分析

目的该研究旨在分析食管内异物住院患者的临床特征、手术方法、相关的并发症、术后住院时间以及多科协作的优势。方法回顾性分析71例食管内异物住院患者,将患者分为两组(A组,误食异物24 h内得到有效治疗;B组,误食异物超过24 h得到有效治疗)。比较两组患者的病历资料、食道异物的种类、并发症和术后住院时间方面的差异。结果最常见的异物为枣核、动物骨头和鱼骨。食管上段异物常见,其中A组比B组更常见。两组间的并发症发生率和术后住院时间存在明显差异。B组患者并发症发生率高,术后住院时间长,多科协作治疗能给患者提供更合适的治疗方法。结论大多数食管内异物能在内镜下取出,24 h内有效的治疗能减少并发症和缩短术后住院时间,消化内科、耳鼻喉科及胸外科多科协作能给患者提供有效安全的治疗。     

内镜治疗上消化道异物70例分析

目的对上消化道异物的临床特点及内镜下治疗措施进行分析。方法对1993年10月～2007年1月的70例内镜治疗的上消化道异物患者的资料作回顾性分析。结果70例中内镜下成功取出68例（97．1％），其中34例食管异物成功取出32例（94．1％），21例胃内异物全部取出（100．0％），15例十二指肠异物全部取出（100．0％）。21例尖锐形异物取出19例（90．5％），10例长形异物全部取出（100．0％），39例圆钝形异物全部取出（100．0％）。1例（1．4%）轻微并发症为异物嵌顿处黏膜少量出血。2例未能取出的异物为食管异物。病程超过48h有穿孔并发症迹象，其中1例为鱼骨，1例为塑料药品包装板，后经外科手术治疗成功。结论内镜消化道异物取出术是有效、安全的方法。     

Sonographic findings of intraabdominal foreign bodies due to retained gauze

The ultrasonic images obtained in 2 patients with retained gauze in the abdomen are presented. Identification of a cystic mass with highly irregular internal echoes in patients with previous laparotomy should alert the radiologist to the possibility of foreign body retention.     

Ophthalmologic Procedures in the Emergency Department—Part III: Slit Lamp Use and Foreign Bodies

The emergency physician (EP) must be familiar with carrrying out ophthalmologic procedures for evaluation and treatment of a multitude of eye complaints. This article is the last of three articles addressing ophthalmologic procedures of use by the EP. This article reviews the indications and the techniques for slit lamp examination of the eye and techniques of foreign body removal. Criteria for consultation also are addressed.     

儿童上消化道异物并发损伤的危险因素分析

目的:探讨儿童上消化道异物的种类、异物所处消化道位置及异物并发的消化道损伤,对儿童发生上消化道异物造成消化道损伤的相关危险因素进行分析,为上消化道异物的诊断及干预提供进一步的资料及依据.方法:选择安徽省儿童医院2018年6月-2021年6月期间因上消化道异物就诊且完善了无痛电子胃镜(胃镜型号为OLYMPUS EG-27...     

超声在探查和监测体内异物中的应用价值

目的：评价超声对体内各类异物监测的应用价值。方法：运用高频、低频和腔内探头对体腔内目标异物探查和术中实时监测。结果：声像图上可准确显示各类异物的位置,大小、形态和回声特征,结论：超声对不同物理性质的异物定位诊断是一种有效的方法。     

眼内异物的B超诊断及漏诊分析

目的 分析眼内异物的B超诊断图像特征及漏诊情况.方法 应用Cine-Scan法国光太AB超声诊断仪对我院126例手术前眼内异物外伤患者进行B超检查,并根据经手术后情况进行分析.结果 金属异物占74.6%,非金属异物占25.4%;球内异物占81.8%、眼球壁异物占9.5%和眶内异物占7.1%;漏诊占1.6%.漏诊原因主要是B超未能发现微小异物和临床医生未对有眼内异物征象的外伤患者行B超检查.结论 B超检查对眼内异物具有较高的临床诊断价值.在眼科临床诊疗过程中,对有眼外伤史尤其有眼内异物症状的患者,B超应列为常规检查,以避免漏诊、误诊.     

螺旋CT多平面重组对诊断眼眶内异物的应用价值

目的探讨螺旋CT多平面重组（MPR）技术在眼眶内异物的定位诊断中的价值。方法收集我科5年来12例经外科手术证实的病例，采用以色列Marconi公司Sele型螺旋CT进行眼眶轴位薄层扫描，并利用MPR技术对异物进行三维定位分析。结果所有异物通过MPR定位诊断与手术结果相符。结论CT多平面重组技术对眼眶异物的三维定位有重要价值。